Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija (ukupne površine 9272,37 km2, 122 870 stanovnika 2001. godine), najjužnija je županija u Republici Hrvatskoj, a teritorijalno je organizirana u 22 jedinice lokalne uprave i samouprave. Na temelju terenskih istraživanja i analize različitih izvora prostornih podataka te postojeće prostorno-planske dokumentacije (svih razina planiranja) obrađene su značajke i posebnosti prostornog planiranja u Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji koje su značajno utjecale na povijesno-geografski te društveno-gospodarski razvitak spomenutog prostora. Prostorno planiranje svoje korijene na ovim prostorima ima u Statutu Grada Dubrovnika iz 1272. godine, a kao početak suvremenog razdoblja smatra se izrada Regionalnoga prostornog plana Južnog Jadrana (1964.-1968.) i Generalnoga urbanističkog plana Dubrovnika 1969. godine. ; Dubrovnik-Neretva County (area 9,272.37 sq km, population 122,870 in 2001) is the southernmost county of the Republic of Croatia and it is territorially divided into 22 units of local government and self-government. Characteristics and specifics of regional planning in Dubrovnik-Neretva County which considerably influenced historical and geographical as well as socio-economic development of the aforementioned area were analyzed on the grounds of field researches and analysis of different sources of physical data and available documents concerning regional planning (all levels of planning were studied). Regional planning in this area dates from the 1272 Statute of Dubrovnik, but Regional Plan of the Southern Adriatic (1964-1968) and General Urban Plan of Dubrovnik from 1969 are considered to be the beginning of the modern period of planning.
Do lokalnog se razvoja dolazi na temelju pažljivo pripremljene i provedene lokalne razvojne strategije. U jedinicama lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave nužno je usvojiti nov način strateškog planiranja, koji objedinjava proračunsko planiranje i strategiju razvoja lokalne jedinice s ciljem praćenja ostvarivanja rezultata trošečnjem proračunskih sredstava. U razvijenim se državama strategija lokalnog i regionalnog razvoja provodi putem participativnog pristupa u planiranju. To znači da u izradi strategije sudjeluju svi važni dionici koji djeluju na lokalnoj razini. U Hrvatskoj, slično kao i u većini drugih zemalja istone i jugoistočne Europe, ne postoji dovoljno iskustava u primjeni participativnog pristupa. Teorijska rješenja i praktična iskustva uspješnih država upućuju na važnost usklađivanja svih važnih elemenata da bi se pripremila uspješna strategija lokalnog razvoja. Suvremeni pristup strategiji lokalnog i regionalnog razvoja analizira se u okviru decentralizacije javnih poslova, odgovornosti za njihovo obavljanje i načina njihova financiranja. Lokalne i regionalne vlasti mogu najbolje upravljati lokalnim razvojem, a efektivnost se postiže u koordinaciji sa širom razinom vlasti, koja osigurava jasan okvir za strateško planiranje i donošenje odluka, kao i u suradnji i partnerstvu s privatnim i nevladinim sektorom. U oblikovanju lokalnih razvojnih strategija pristup dobrog upravljanja postaje ključnim pristupom za ostvarenje dobrih rezultata i korištenje konkurentskih prednosti. Premda fiskalna teorija poznaje više pristupa planiranju proračuna, programski proračun ključni je preduvjet za mjerenje lokalnih i regionalnih rezultata. Time se postiže veća učinkovitost i transparentnost, jer je programski proračun usmjeren na djelotvornost i mjerenje rezultata. Onda je odgovore na pitanja: što se želi postići? i Koliko će koštati ostvarenje cilja? Ta vrsta planiranja zahtijeva strateško planiranje koje uključuje jasno određenje misije, ciljeva i mjera za praćenje rezultata. Upravljanje na temelju mjerenja rezultata nalazi sve širu primjenu i u javnom sektoru, uključujući lokalnu i regionalnu razinu. Uspješno praćenje i vrednovanje rezultata ostvarenih u jednoj lokalnoj ili regionalnoj jedinici zahtijeva jasno prikazivanje rezultata u skladu s postavljenim strateškim ciljevima. ; Local development is the result of a care fully planned and implemented local development strategy. It is necessary to adopt a new way of strategic planning for local and regional self-government units, which would include budget planning and local unit(s) development strategy. The purpose is to monitor the results achieved by budget expenditures. In the developed countries, local and regional development strategies are implemented by using the participative approach. It means that all the relevant local and regional stake holders participate in designing a local and regional development strategy. Similar to the countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, there is a lack of experience with the use of the participative approach in designing local and regional development strategies in Croatia. Theoretical solutions and real-life experiences of the successful countries stress the importance of co-ordination of all the relevant elements in order to design a successful local development strategy. Modern approach to the local and regional development strategy is analysed within the framework of decentralisation of public affairs, responsibility for their performance and the manner of their financing. Local and regional authorities are able to manage local development most successfully. Effectiveness is achived in co-ordination with the broader level of government, which provides a clear frame work for strategic planning and decision-making, and in co-operation and partnership with the private and NGO sectors. The good governance approach has become essential for achieving good results and using the competitive advantages. Although fiscal theory has several approaches to budget planning, program budgeting is the key precondition for assessing the results achieved at the local and regional levels. It leads to increased effectiveness and transparency, since program budgeting is focused on the effectiveness (planning) and measuring the achieved results, as well as answering the questions such as "What is the goal?" and "What are the costs of achieving that goal?". In order to achieve these objectives, program budgeting requires strategic planning which means clearly defined mission, objectives, and measures for monitoring the results achieved by local self-government units. Performance management has been spreading in the public sector, and consequently at both local and regional levels. Successful monitoring and assessment of the results achieved by a municipality, town, or region is going to require their transparent description in accordance with the strategic goals.
Komentiraju se slijed dosadašnjih pokušaja te aktualni napo-ri u vezi s decentralizacijom. Elaborira se četrnaest prijedloga za korjenitu decentralizaciju, koja jedina ima smisla ako se lokalna i regionalna samouprava želi konstituirati kao jedan od ključnih aktera ekonomskog, društvenog i socijalnog razvoja te ekonomske stabilnosti zemlje. Riječ je o: oblikovanju strategije decentralizacije; u čvršćenju strukture za regionalni razvoj; zadržavanja dvostupanjske strukture terito- rijalne samouprave, ali različite od postojeće; formiranju pet regija umjesto sadašnjih dvadeset županija; spajanju preko 550 lokalnih jedinica u 150 velikih općina; zadržavanju i ja-č anju mjesne samouprave; preoblikovanje županija u uprav- ne okruge s primjenom načela one-stop-shop, smanjenjem broja tih okruga na desetak i širenjem njihova djelokruga na poslove sadašnjih područnih jedinica središnjih tijela državne uprave; jačanju financijskog kapaciteta lokalne samouprave tako da se dosegne udio lokalnih rashoda u rashodima opće drž ave od 25% u narednih pet godina; uvođenju mješovitog izbornog sustava tako da se pored proporcionalnog uvede većinsko predstavništvo; formiranju Agencije za lokalne službenike kao nezavisnog tijela na razini države; usposta- vi jedinstvenog informacijskog sustava lokalne samouprave; prenošenju dijela poslova državne uprave na obavljanje većim jedinicama lokalne samouprave; formiranju ekspertne radne skupine za pripremu decentralizacije; planiranju decentralizacije tako da se čitav program provede do lokalnih izbora 2017. Navode se i mogućnosti usavršavanja postojećeg centraliziranog modela organizacije države, ponajprije kroz diferencijaciju položaja objektivno različitih jedinica te poticanje i nametanje intermunicipalne suradnje. ; The paper begins with a comment on the sequence of previous attempts at decentralisation and a description of current efforts made concerning the decentralisation process. Fourteen suggestions for substantive decentralisation are elaborated. A substantive decentralisation is the only reasonable decentralisation form if local and regional self-government is to be constituted as one of the key actors of economic and social development, and of economic stability of the country. These fourteen sugges- tions include: (1) designing a decentralisation strategy; (2) strengthening the structure for regional development; (3) maintaining the two-tier system of territorial self-government, which should nevertheless differ from the existing model; (4) forming five regions instead of the existing twenty counties; (5) merging more than 550 local units into 150 large municipalities; (6) maintaining and strengthening forms of intra-municipal self-government; (7) reshaping counties into state administrative units with the implementation of one-stop-shop principle, by reducing them to ten units and by widening their competences to the tasks of the existing branch of- fices of various ministries; (8) strengthening the financial capacity of local self-government so as to rise the share of local expenditures in the general state expenditures to 25 per cent in the next five years; (9) considering the introduction of mixed electoral system, so as to introduce plurality representation along with proportional; (10) establishing an Agency for Local Civil Servants as a central level independent body; (11) establishing an integrated information system on local governments; (12) transferring certain state administrative tasks to larger local self-government units; (13) forming an group of experts that would professionaly prepare decentralisation; (14) planning decentralisation so that the whole programme will have been finished by 2017 local elections. The author has also made suggestions for the another scenario – improvement of the existing cen- tralised model of state organisation, primarily via deeper differentiation between the objectively different local units, and stimulation and imposition of intermunicipal cooperation.
Napor na uključenju načela održivosti u osnove prostornog planiranja u današnjem postsocijalističkom svijetu traži nove odnose između ustaljenih i suvremenih sudionika. Pojedini interesenti uključeni u razvoj, upravljanje i politiku djeluju na ishod regionalnih i urbanih sustava u Hrvatskoj ponekad bez obraćanja pozornosti na održivost. Njihovo djelovanje pokazuje nedostatak svijesti i negativan odnos prema održivosti u planerskoj praksi gdje je glavni cilj unaprijediti kakvoću života sadašnjih i budućih naraštaja. Bez dobrih ideja o nosivim kapacitetima i održivosti, neki od ovih sudionika zanemaruju planerska znanja i ekspertizu (CAVRIĆ, NEDOVIĆ – BUDIĆ, 2007.). Vještinama i znanjima planeri ih savjetuju, međutim, glavna pokretačka sila još je uvijek politički utjecaj. Takvi predlagači uspijevaju zaštititi svoje osobne probitke glede prostora i zemljišta nauštrb javnosti i običnih građana, podržavajući sustav izrade "preslikanih" planerskih izvješća, pogodujući tek daljem urbanom širenju i nenadziranoj izgradnji. Na žalost, poradi dužega vremenskog društvenog ignoriranja i jake sveze lobija investitora, arhitekata i građevinara, različite međunarodne planerske ideje s "održivošću na umu" još ne utječu na hrvatsku teoriju i praksu planiranja. Neke su od njih jednostavno neprihvaćane, netočno tumačene ili odbacivane zahvaljujući krutoj zakonskoj regulativi, nepostojanju formalnog školovanja planera i povlaštenom položaju tek jednog tipa ovlaštenih planera tj. arhitekata . Osjetljivost za alternativna razvojna rješenja, sudjelovanje javnosti, novine u ponašanju, organizaciji i tehnologijama, raznovrsnost pomagala za provedbu u planerskoj "kutiji s alatima", kao i različite vrste planerskih poslova u usmjeravanju održivih promjena, tek treba prepoznati u zemlji koja je u procesu pristupanja EU. Unatoč tomu, ovaj rad teži sumirati održivost i njezine sastavnice kao nove postavke, u kojima je glavna misao vodilja novoga globalnog pristupa planiranju, objavljena od Centra za ljudska naselja Ujedinjenih Naroda (UNCHS) kako slijedi: "Novo planiranje je manje kodirano i tehničko, više inovativno i poduzetničko. Ono je više sudioničko i usmjerenije projektima nego cjelovitim prostornim sustavima. Plansku ekspertizu sve češće ne zahtijeva samo država već i dioničarski i javni dijelovi građanskog društva. Prijeporno nije planiranje samo po sebi, nego njegov cilj: da li ga voditi uglavnom učinkovitošću, jačajući postojeću razdiobu bogatstva i moći, ili bi trebalo odigrati distribucijsku ulogu da može pomoći pri stvaranju minimalnih standarda urbanog življenja" (Hague, 2001.). ; Effort to incorporate sustainability aspects into the spatial planning agenda requires new relationships between conventional and new players in today's post-socialist world. Some stakeholders engaged in development, management and governance are sometimes tailoring the destiny of regional and urban systems in Croatia without sustainability concerns. Their activities show the lack of awareness and negative attitude towards sustainable planning practices where the major goal is to improve the quality of life of current and future generations. Without sound ideas about carrying capacities and sustainability, some of these actors have ignored the planning knowledge and expertise (CAVRIĆ, NEDOVIĆ – BUDIĆ, 2007). Planners advise upon them with their professional skill and knowledge but the driving force is still political power. These proponents have managed to safeguard their own spatial and land interests on the expense of the public and ordinary citizens, by maintaining the system of "copy-paste" planning blue prints, suitable for supporting emerging urban sprawl and uncontrolled construction activities. Unfortunately, due to the long-term social ignorance and strong alliance of developer's lobbies, architects and constructors, various international planning ideas with "sustainability in mind" have not affected Croatian planning theory and practice, yet. Some of them are petrified, misinterpreted or simply abolished owing to obstinate legislation, the non-existence of formal planning education, and the privileged position of only one brand of chartered planners (e.g. architects) . Alternative development solutions, such as public participation, behavioral, organizational and technological advances, diversity of implementing instruments in the planner's "toolkit", and the planner's numerous tasks in guiding sustainable change, are still to be recognized in this EU accession country. Notwithstanding, this paper aims to summaries sustainability and its derivates as the new paradigms, in which the guiding leitmotif of the new global agenda for planning is spelled out by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (2001b) as follows: "The new planning is less coded and technical, more innovative and entrepreneurial. It is more participatory and concerned with projects rather than whole spatial systems. Planning expertise is increasingly sought not only by the state, but also by the corporate sector and civil society. What is controversial is not planning per se, but its goal: whether it should be directed chiefly at efficiency, reinforcing the current distribution of wealth and power, or whether it should play a distributive role to help create minimum standards of urban liveability" (Hague, 2001).
The term Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is not new and has already been present in the world for quite a long time. President Clinton's Executive Order 12906 from April 1994 played a crucial role and was an initiative in establishing National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). This Order induced briskly the building of NSDI and also of all additional counterparts in the USA and around the whole world. Besides NSDI, various other initiatives at regional (EUROGI, PCGIAP, …) and global level (GSDI) were also launched.In this paper, an overview of different initiatives and efforts in establishing SDI in Croatia will be presented. State bodies such as the Government and State Geodetic Administration have the main role in it in collaboration with public and commercial sector and also with academic community. As the main factor in creating a future SDI, State Geodetic Administration has launched several initiatives the goal of which is the installation of new technologies, equipment and procedures in map production and the establishment of digital topographic and cadastre databases. The arrangement and modernization of spatial records and the establishment of NSDI make the key factors for sustainable physical planning and land development at local and national level.In the next few years Croatia must solve numerous duties to arrange spatial records. These duties must be solved very conscientiously and in a reasonable period of time. It is very important for Croatian prosperity and for the fulfilment of the conditions set in the process of entering European and international integrations. ; Pojam infrastrukture prostornih podataka (Spatial Data Infrastructure - SDI) već je dulje vrijeme prisutan u svijetu. Presudnu ulogu i poticaj ka stvara-nju nacionalnih infrastruktura prostornih podataka imala je izvršna naredba 12906 američkog predsjed-nika Clintona iz 1994. godine. Donošenje ove naredbe potaknulo je ubrzan rad na izgradnji nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka i svih dodatnih mjera u SAD-u, ali i diljem svijeta. Uz nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka pokrenute su i različite inicijative na regionalnoj (EUROGI, PCGIAP .) kao i na globalnoj razini (GSDI).U radu će se dati pregled različitih inicijativa i napora koji su pokrenuti u Hrvatskoj po tom pitanju. Najveću ulogu u tome imaju državna tijela, u prvom redu Vlada i Državna geodetska uprava uz potporu i suradnju javnog i privatnog sektora te akademske zajednice. Državna geodetska uprava je kao glavni čimbenik u stvaranju buduće infrastrukture prostornih podataka pokrenula niz inicijativa koje imaju za cilj uvođenje novih tehnologija, oprema i postupaka pri izradi karata i stvaranju digitalnih i katastarskih baza podataka. Učinkovito upravljanje prostorom uz održivi razvitak zahtijeva uređenje i modernizaciju prostornih evidencija te uspostavu nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka.U idućih nekoliko godina pred Hrvatskom su brojne zadaće i obaveze po pitanju uređenja prostornih evidencija. Tim zadaćama treba savjesno pristupiti i riješiti ih u razumnom roku, a što je od interesa kako za boljitak cijele države tako i za ispunjenje postavljenih uvjeta u procesu pristupanja europskim i svjetskim integracijama.
U tekstu se prikazuju prvi poratni napori u očuvanju i restauriranju spomenika bombardiranog Senja te planovi za njegovo revitaliziranje. Stanje u Senju stavlja se u povijesnu perspektivu istraživanja započetih u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća, a prvih pet godina konzervatorskog djelovanja prikazuje se prema arhivskim vrelima u tekstu i slici. Uz već poznata imena hrvatskih konzervatora, u tekstu se donose podaci o ulozi Vuka Krajača u planiranju očuvanja i razvitka toga povijesnoga grada. ; The paper examines information from the history of research and preservation of both individual monuments and the urban image of Senj. While the focus of interest is on the years following the Second World War, the frst section of the text recalls the pre-war national tradition of town research. The author argues that, in depicting events in the wake of wartime devastation, an account could to be given either of continuity or of the setting up of new principles in conservation and urban planning. Thus the frst portion of the paper centres on researchers who, prior to the bombardments, had set up a kind of cult of monuments in Senj as a nationally relevant town. This was a tradition launched by Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski in his travelogues and topographic descriptions of the monuments and then picked up by local researchers Stjepan Sabljak, Mile Magdić and Pavao Tijan. From the mid-19th to the mid-20th century, this creation of the image of Senj as a heritage setting was equally the work of travel writers, painters and photographers. The nearly hundred-year-old tradition saw contributions from renowned scholars Gjuro Szabo and Artur Schneider, as well as photographers Ivan Standl, Ljudevit Griesbach and Josip Kratochwill. After the bombardments, Senj awoke to the end of the Second World War as one of the most devastated of Croatian towns. Following the initial reactions of Senj photographer Ivan Stella in 1943 and the first inspection by conservator Tihomil Stahuljak in 1945, life in the ravaged town continued in the new state. The official attitude to Senj also indicates problems in the setting up of a new conservation system in the People's Republic of Croatia. The town was relatively far away from both Zagreb and Rijeka, situated at the ends of the regional offices' jurisdictions. In the months after the war, the town was inspected by Zagreb conservators Ljubo Karaman, Anđela Horvat and Ana Deanović, and, once the Conservation Department in Rijeka was established, the task was taken up by Mladen and Branko Fučić, Aleksandar Perc and Iva Perčić. The paper reveals records from the archives of the Conservation Department in Zagreb, kept by the Croatian Ministry of Culture. In a chronological overview, information is presented from travel reports, studies and correspondence from the time of the Five-Year Plans, a period that was quite promising for Senj. These practical assessments and recommendations are examined in their social context, i.e. within the framework of political reforms by the new communist state. While the Zagreb and Rijeka conservators drafted basic documents such as the Protocol on the Protection of Heritage in the Town of Senj of 1947, insisting on the concepts of maximum preservation of the historical setting, the inability to set up a permanent conservator in the town opened the way for appointments of honorary conservators. Although only appointed in 1949, Vuk Krajač was recognized soon after the war as an important ally of conservation ofcials. He authored the Study on the Regulation of the Town and Port of Senj of February 1949, where he discussed the preservation of the character of the historical town setting (as seen by the influential Gjuro Szabo prior to the devastation) and its development into a socialist town: one wellconnected and with developed industry and tourism, growth of population, cultural activity, physical culture and trade. The article draws attention to how the ravaged historical setting of Senj was treated. Krajač, as a man with the confdence of Zagreb and Rijeka conservators, fought in his home town for procedures of reconstruction (Gulden Tower and Lipica Tower) and adaptation with stylistic restoration (transformations of Vukasović Palace into the City Museum, Ježić Palace into a theatre building and the Grand Magazines into state ofces and ofcials' residences), as well as for substitutional new architecture with commemorative features (project for the Uskok Mausoleum at the site of the demolished St. Francis' Church). He took the city walls with their towers, as depicted by Valvasor, as a model for the efforts to bring the town back to life.
Kao analiza podataka iz važećih strateških i planskih dokumenata Republike Hrvatske te jedinica lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave ovaj rad predstavlja prvu dosad objavljenu sistematizaciju potencijala u zdravstvenom turizmu regije s najduljom i kvalitativno najpotvrđenijom tradicijom pružanja zdravstvenih usluga u hrvatskom turizmu. Pregledom zapuštenih i devastiranih lokaliteta na području Krapinsko-zagorske i Varaždinske županije te isticanjem njihovih prednosti i perspektiva, autor je razradio temelje za usmjeravanje kreiranja politike razvoja turizma i zdravstva ovog dijela Republike Hrvatske pozicioniranjem Hrvatskog zagorja kao termalno-turističkog brenda dominantnog u nacionalnim i konkurentnog u međunarodnim tržišnim okvirima. ; As an analysis of the data from the existing strategic and planning documents of Republic of Croatia and local and regional governments, this paper presents the first ever published systematization of potentials in health tourism of the region with the longest tradition and highly acknowledged quality in providing health services in Croatian tourism. By examining abandoned and devastated sites in the Krapina-Zagorje and Varaždin County and highlighting their strengths and perspectives, the author has developed a foundation to guide policy-development of tourism and health care system in this part of the Republic of Croatia positioning Hrvatsko zagorje as a thermal-tourism brand dominant in national and competitive in international trade frame.
Rad prikazuje istraživanje koje je imalo za cilj utvrditi dostupnost socijalnih prava i usluga za obitelji u općinama u ruralnim područjima Hrvatske. Specifično su postavljena tri problema istraživanja: 1) utvrditi dostupnost određenih socijalna prava i usluga za obitelji, 2) utvrditi postoje li razlike u dostupnosti s obzirom na regionalnu pripadnost i razvojna obilježja općine te 3) utvrditi postoje li razlike u standardima kvalitete socijalnih prava i usluga s obzirom na regionalnu pripadnost općine i razvojna obilježja općine. Podaci su prikupljeni web anketom s predstavnicima 215 općina. Obiteljima su u većoj mjeri dostupna socijalna prava u odnosu na socijalne usluge. U najvećoj mjeri razvijena su prava i usluge koje promovira središnja državna vlast. Općine u panonskoj regiji kao najslabije razvijenoj imaju najviše dostupna socijalna prava, a najmanje dostupne socijalne usluge. Prava i usluge su dostupnije u općinama koje su bliže središtima županija. Što se tiče standarda kvalitete socijalnih prava i usluga, stanovništvo je zadovoljavajuće informirano i uključeno u planiranje, dok je slabije razvijeno korištenje EU fondova i uključenost civilnog društva. ; The paper presents a research on the availability of social rights and services for families in the municipalities in rural areas of Croatia. Specifically, three research questions were raised: 1) to determine the availability of certain social rights and services for families, 2) to determine whether there are differences in accessibility with regard to regional affiliation and developmental characteristics of the municipality, and 3) to determine whether there are differences in the quality standards of social rights and services given the regional affiliation and the developmental characteristics of the municipality. Data were collected through a web survey with representatives of 215 municipalities. Social rights are more available to families than social services. The most available rights and services are those promoted by the central government. Municipalities in the Pannonian region, as the least developed ones, have the most available social rights and the least available social services. Rights and services are more available in municipalities closer to the county centers. As regards the quality standards of social rights and services, the population is sufficiently informed and involved in planning, while the use of EU funds and civil society involvement are less developed.
U obliku analize podataka iz važećih strateških i planskih dokumenata Republike Hrvatske i jedinica područne (regionalne) samouprave ovaj rad predstavlja prvu dosad objavljenu sistematizaciju potencijala u zdravstvenom turizmu Hrvatskog zagorja kao regije s najduljom i kvalitativno najpotvrđenijom tradicijom pružanja zdravstvenih usluga u hrvatskom turizmu te Međimurja kao pionira u ovom segmentu turizma, koji ima jednu od najvećih razvojnih perspektiva u kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj. Pregledom neiskorištenih lokaliteta na području Krapinsko-zagorske, Međimurske i Varaždinske županije pogodnih za izgradnju novih objekata zdravstveno-turističke namjene te isticanjem njihovih prednosti i perspektiva, autor je razradio temelje za usmjeravanje kreiranja politike razvoja turizma i zdravstva ovog dijela Republike Hrvatske pozicioniranjem Hrvatskog zagorja i Međimurja kao termalno-turističkih brendova dominantnih u nacionalnim i konkurentnih u međunarodnim tržišnim okvirima. ; As an analysis of the data from the existing strategic and planning documents of Republic of Croatia and regional governments, this paper presents the first ever published systematization of potentials in health tourism of Hrvatsko zagorje as the region with the longest tradition and highly acknowledged quality in providing health services in the Croatian tourism, and of Međimurje, as a pioneer in this form of tourism with one of the greatest development perspectives in continental Croatia. By examining unexploited sites in the counties of KrapinaZagorje, Međimurje and Varaždin, suitable for the construction of new facilities for health tourism purposes, and highlighting their strengths and perspectives, the author has developed a foundation to guide policy-development of tourism and health care system in this part of the Republic of Croatia positioning Hrvatsko zagorje and Međimurje as thermal-tourism brands dominant in the national and competitive in international trade frame.
Analiza godišnjih obračuna gotovo svih financijski aktivnih sportskih organizacija u Sloveniji temelji se na podacima iz 1995, godine. Kako bismo Sloveniju mogli regionalno prikazati, podijelili smo je u 12 funkcionalno-planskih regija. Polovina ukupnog prometa svih sportskih organizacija ostvaruje se u regiji Središnja Slovenija, u kojoj lezi glavni grad Ljubljana. Iz rezultata analize može se zaključiti da značaj sporta u pojedinoj regiji u Sloveniji ponajprije ovisi o gospodarskoj snazi regije i njezina stanovništva, dok je utjecaj dobne strukture i stupnja urbanizacije znatno manji. Na području sporta država ponekad preuzima ulogu zamjenskog izvora financiranja u slučaju slabijih ekonomskih mogućnosti regije i njezina stanovništva, dok u pojedinim slučajevima ima ulogu komplementarnu privatnim izvorima. To pokazuje da značaj sporta u određenoj regiji ovisi i o stavu lokalnih političkih struktura koje upravljaju javnim izvorima financiranja. ; The analysis of annual accounts of practically all the financially active sport organizations in Slovenia is based on data from 1995. For a regional presentation we have divided the country into 12 functional-planning regions. Half of all the revenues of sport organizations is concentrated in the Central Slovenian region, in which Ljubljana, the state capital, is situated. According to the results of the analysis we may conclude, that the importance of sport in particular regions in Slovenia mostly depends on the economic power of the region and its population, while the influence of age structure and urbanization rate of the population is significantly lower. In the field of sport the state sometimes acts as a substitute source of financing in the case of a lower economic power of the region and its population, while in particular cases it acts in a manner complementary to private sources. This proves, that a more significant importance of sport in a particular region also depends on the attitude of the local political structures distributing public financial sources.
Uz porast starijeg stanovništva, u našem društvu raste potreba za organiziranjem različitih oblika skrbi. U modernom društvu smatra se da je to dugoročni sustav skrbi. Kako Slovenija još uvijek nema dugoročni sustav skrbi utemeljen na dugoročnom zakonodavstvu o skrbi, iako demografski trendovi pokazuju da za to postoji velika potreba, nužno je istražiti potrebe starijih osoba i moguće zadovoljavanje njihovih potreba. Koristeći metodu brze procjene potreba i usluga u općini Straža, identificirali smo prirodu i opseg dugoročnih potreba i iznašli učinkovita rješenja za potrebe starijih osoba slijedeći moderne smjernice u skrbi i zamjenu za institucijsku skrb. Ustanovili smo da je stanovništvo općine staro, da se mlađe stanovništvo iseljava, a sredovječna generacija svakodnevno putuje na posao izvan općine. Nema nikoga tko bi mogao skrbiti o starijima, a taj će se trend nastaviti i u budućnosti. Rješenja se mogu pronaći u organizaciji pomoći unutar općinske zajednice i u regionalnoj integraciji. Ipak, u kontekstu socijalne politike pri planiranju novih usluga treba uzeti u obzir trend smanjivanja kvalitete života starijih osoba, nadilaženje rasprostranjenih tabua o fenomenu starosti i smanjivanju autonomije i moći starijih osoba, njihovu društvenu umreženost i uvođenje moderne informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije. ; With the growing number of older population, our society raises the need to organise various forms of care. In contemporary society, this is considered to be a long-term care system. Since Slovenia does not yet have a longterm care system based on long-term care legislation, while the demographic trends show a great need for it, it is essential to investigate the needs of older people and the possible responses to their needs. By using the method of rapid assessment of needs and services in the Municipality of Straža, we have identified the nature and extent of long-term distress, and sought effective responses to the needs of older people following the modern guidelines of care and substitutions for institutional care. We have found that the population of the municipality is old, the young population is moving away, and the middle generation commutes daily to work outside the municipality. There is no one available to take care of the older population and this trend will continue in the future. The solutions may be found in the organisation of community assistance within the municipality and in regional integration. When planning new services, however, the trend of lowering the quality of well-being of older people, overcoming the prevailing taboos about the phenomena of old age and strengthening the autonomy and power of older people, their social network and introducing modern information and communication technology should be taken into account in the context of social policy.
Kako bi bio efikasniji, sigurnosni sustav mora se bazirati na suradnji partnera na lokalnoj, regionalnoj, međunarodnoj i globalnoj razini. Koordinativni pristup multidisciplinarnom sigurnosnom sustavu podrazumijeva zajedničku namjeru, misiju, viziju i ciljeve svih institucija i tijela kojima je dodijeljena uloga u pružanju i očuvanju sigurnosti države i njenog stanovništva. Međuresorna suradnja sigurnosnog sektora predstavlja odnos između dijela ili dijelova različitih sektora društva koji su formirani u svrhu provedbi mjera i aktivnosti vezanih za pitanja sigurnosti. U poslovima sigurnosti veoma je važna međusobna suradnja svih sektora društva. Svrha ovakvog sveobuhvatnog pristupa upravo je osiguranje stabilnosti i sigurnosti. Svaki oblik suradnje podrazumijeva postizanje više razine operativnosti nego što bi se to moglo postići samostalnim djelovanjem. U ovom radu autori će se baviti pitanjima međuresorne suradnje policije, vojske i sigurnosno-obavještajnih agencija. Suvremene asimetrične ugroze ne poznaju nacionalne granice i ne sputavaju ih limitacije u nadležnostima pojedinih resora, poput vojske i policije te je u cilju efikasnog kriznog planiranja, na nacionalnoj razini, potrebno intenzivirati multidisciplinarnu koordinaciju sudionika sigurnosnog sektora. Sukladno navedenom, sigurnosni sustav mora biti u stanju operativnosti kako bi izvršio sve operacije pod jedinstvenom strukturom nadležnosti i kontrole institucija. --- To be effective, security system must be based on co-operation of partners at local, regional, international and global level. Co-ordinated approach to a multidisciplinary security system implies a common purpose, mission, vision and goals of all the institutions and bodies that have been assigned the roles in providing and preserving the security of the state and its population. Intersectoral cooperation of the security sector represents a relationship between part or parts of different sectors of society that are formed for the purpose of implementing the measures and activities related to safety issues. When it comes to the field of security activities the co-operation of all sectors of society is of great importance. The purpose of such comprehensive approach is precisely to ensure stability and security. Any form of cooperation includes the achievement of higher levels of operability than it could be achieved through independent operations. The authors will address issues of intersectoral cooperation of police, military and security intelligence agencies. Modern asymmetrical threats know no national boundaries and are not bound by limitations in the jurisdiction of certain departments, such as the army and police and in the purpose of efficient crisis planning, at the national level, it is necessary to intensify the coordination of multi-disciplinary participants of the security sector. Accordingly, the security system must be in state of operability in order to perform all operations under a single structure of institutional jurisdiction and control.
O stanju privatnih šuma u RH u nekoliko smo navrata pisali u Uvodnicima Šumarskog lista, a 2017. godine "Stanje privatnih šuma u Republici Hrvatskoj" bila je stručna tema povodom obilježavanja Dana hrvatskoga šumarstva. Prema podacima Šumskogospodarske osnove područja Republike Hrvatske iz 2016. godine, površina šuma i šumskih zemljišta u RH iznosi 2 759 039,05 ha. Od ukupne površine u državnom je vlasništvu 2 097 318 ha (76 %), a 24 %, tj. 661 721 ha u vlasništvu je privatnih šumovlasnika. Članak 14. Zakona o šumama definira prema površini šuma i šumskog zemljišta privatne šumoposjednike na male s površinom šuma i/ili šumskog zemljišta do 20 ha, srednje s površinom šuma i/ili šumskog zemljišta većom od 20, a manjom od 300 ha i velike šumoposjednike s površinom šuma i/ili šumskog zemljišta većom od 300 ha. Prema toj klasifikaciji preko 99 % površina šuma i šumskog zemljišta pripada malim šumoposjednicima, njih 418 654, što daje prosječnu veličinu posjeda od 0,5 ha. Kao što ste već u uvodnom dijelu mogli zamijetiti, miješaju se pojmovi šumovlasnik i šumoposjednik, što je rezultat dvojnog vođenja zemljišnih knjiga kroz gruntovnicu i katastar, a njihova nesređenost otežava definiranja stvarnih odnosa. Rješavanje problema uređenja imovinsko-pravnih odnosa uvijek naglašavamo kao prioritet i prvi preduvjet stvaranja organiziranog društva. Isto tako vrijeme je da jasno razlučimo namjenu i korištenje šumskog i poljoprivrednog zemljišta. Od vremena Austro-ugarske monarhije, kada je napravljena prva razdioba, usprkos brojnim zakonskim odredbama, to još nismo učinili. Tako je primjerice velik dio šuma u privatnom vlasništvu nastao obraštanjem poljoprivrednog zemljišta, koje se još uvijek u zemljišnim knjigama vodi kao livada, pašnjak ili oranica. Istovremeno na apsolutnom šumskom zemljištu u državnim šumama podižemo maslinike i vinograde ili izdajemo dozvole za pašarenje??? Povijesne okolnosti definirale su danas izuzetno male posjede šumskog zemljišta u privatnom vlasništvu koji ne omogućuju kontinuirani prihod vlasnicima, već se jednokratnim zahvatom pokušava izvući što veća financijska korist bez pridržavanja potrajnosti, osnovnog načela u šumarstvu. Svijest o potrebi funkcionalnog udruživanja i planiranja šumskouzgojnih zahvata na razini odjela i odsjeka kod naših šumovlasnika nažalost još nije zaživjela, pa se usprkos tomu što za većinu privatnih šuma imamo izrađene programe gospodarenja, ono se u praksi svodi na nepovezane zahvate na pojedinim česticama. U privatnim šumama malih posjednika sve se češće događaju kriminalne radnje vezane za sječu bez doznake, krađu, izvođenje radova pridobivanja drveta od neregistriranih ili nelicenciranih izvođača, nekontrolirano stavljanje drveta u promet, nelegalna trgovina drvetom itd. Nepostojeća jasna i transparentna (tržišna) politika formiranja cijena drveta u Hrvatskoj pogoduje raznim preprodavačima, a vrijedna sirovina bez ikakve kontrole obično završava na stranom tržištu. Sve to navodi nas na razmišljanje o odgovornosti, države kao zakonodavca i njenog odnosa prema toj kategoriji privatnog vlasništva, ali i općeg dobra zaštićenog Ustavom RH. Postavimo ovdje pitanje odgovornosti cijele šumarske struke i njenih institucija, kao i naših kolega ovlaštenih inženjera koji često na terenu provode doznaku, ili otpremu, po načelu "od nečega se mora živjeti". Ako svi, kao što to čini struka, zažmirimo pred ovim problemom, teško da ćemo se u budućnosti moći hvaliti tradicijom potrajnog i prirodnog gospodarenja našim šumama. Prvi preduvjet uvođenja reda u privatnim šumama malih posjednika je organiziranje čuvarske službe. Prema aktualnom ZOŠ-u čuvanje šuma prepušteno je vlasnicima, što je s obzirom na njihovo stanje i dobnu strukturu praktički neprovedivo, ili je dana mogućnost da to obavljaju Udruge šumoposjednika, što se opet u praksi rijetko događa. Kroz povijest uvijek su postojali čuvari šume, bili to općinski (sreski) lugari do sredine 20. stoljeća ili su to donedavno kod nas obavljali djelatnici Hrvatskih šuma. Kako bi riješili ovu situaciju postoji nekoliko opcija: Þ Vratiti nadležnost Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o. preregistracijom ove tvrtke. Þ Osigurati provođenje čuvarske službe kroz lokalnu samoupravu, kao što je to bilo propisano prethodnim ZOŠ-om, no u praksi nije bilo sprovedeno. Þ Osnovati "Šumsku policiju" s jasnim ovlastima koja će osigurati red i spriječiti kriminalne radnje. Þ Osnovati Državnu instituciju (agenciju) za šume, koja bi provodila javne ovlasti i interese neovisno o vlasništvu nad šumama i omogućila bi smisleno i sveobuhvatno planiranje i gospodarenje šumama na svim razinama. Uredništvo ; The status of private forests in the Republic of Croatia has been treated in the Editorial section of the Forestry Journal on several occasions, and in 2017 "The status of private forests in the Republic of Croatia" was a topic discussed at the Day of Croatian Forestry. According to the Forest Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia from 2016, forests and forestland in Croatia cover 2,759,039.05 ha. Of the overall area, state owned forests account for 2,097,318 a (76 %), while privately owned forests account for 661,721 ha (24 %). Article 14 of the Law on Forests classifies private forest owners into three groups: small owners with forests and/or forestland of up to 20 ha, medium owners with forests and/or forestland of more than 20 ha but less than 300 ha, and large forest owners with forest area and/or forestland exceeding 300 ha. According to this classification, over 99 % of the area of forests and forestland are owned by small forest owners (418,654 owners), which means that the average size of the forest property is 0.5 ha. As you may have noticed in the introductory part, there is an ambiguity relating to the terms forest owner and forest holder, which is the result of the dual keeping of land books through the land register and cadastre. Their unsettled status makes it more difficult to define real relationships. We always stress that the regulation of property-legal relations is the priority and the first precondition for creating an organized society. We must also make a clear distinction between the purpose and the use of forest and agricultural land. The first division was made during the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, but despite numerous legal provisions we have not yet done so since. Thus, for example, a large part of privately owned forests came into being by agricultural land being overgrown, but in land registers they are still registered as meadows, pastures, or ploughland. At the same time, we raise olive groves and vineyards or issue permits for grazing over an absolute forest land in state forests??? Due to historical circumstances, there are exceptionally small areas of forestland in private ownership today, and as such they do not ensure continuous income to their owners. Instead, there is an attempt to derive as much financial profit as possible through one operation without adhering to the principle of sustainability, the fundamental principle in forestry. The awareness of the need to functionally merge and plan silvicultural treatments at the level of compartments and sub-compartments has regrettably not yet taken root among Croatian forest owners. Therefore, despite the fact that management plans have been drawn for most private forests, in practice management is reduced to disconnected operations in individual plots. Private forests of small forest holders are witnessing an increase in criminal actions such as felling without marking, theft, timber extraction by unregistered or unlicenced contractors, uncontrolled placing of timber on the market, illegal timber trade, etc. The absence of clear and transparent (market) price forming policy in Croatia favours various resellers, while valuable raw material, usually without any control, ends up on foreign markets. All this makes us think about the responsibility of the state as a legislator and its attitude towards this category of private property, but also towards the common good protected by the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia. Let us also tackle the responsibility of the entire forestry profession and its institutions, as well as our colleagues, certified engineers, who mark trees or dispatch timber in the field guided by the principle "one must have something to live on". If we, as a profession, turn a blind eye to this problem, we will hardly be able to boast in the future of the tradition of sustainable and close-to-nature management of our forests. The first precondition for installing the order in private forests of small holders involves setting up a guard service. According to the valid Law on Forests, the guarding of forests is the responsibility of their owners, which is practically unfeasible given their condition and age structure, or this could be done by forest owners' associations, which again rarely happens in practice. Throughout history there have always been forest guards. Until the mid-20th century they were municipal (regional) forest rangers, and until very recently this job was performed by employees of the company Croatian Forests. There are several options which might solve this situation: Þ Restore the jurisdiction of Croatian Forests Ltd by re-registering the company. Þ Implement guard services through local self-government bodies, similar to the regulations set down in the previous Law on Forests; however, this was not applied in practice. Þ Establish a "Forest Police" service with clearly defined powers to ensure order and prevent criminal activities. Þ Establish a State Forest Institution (Agency), which will exercise public powers and promote interests independently of forest ownership, as well as enable meaningful and comprehensive planning and management at all levels. Editorial Boards