[ES]El paper recopila la parte fundamental del abstract con que se desarrolló el II Congreso Internacional Rural Renaissance, Salamanca 3-4-5 noviembre 2021. La politica de dinamizacion rural emprendida popr las instituciones europeas, nacionales y regionales y el conjunto de medidas concretas que se desarollan en los diferentes planes y estrategias. ; Grupo de Investigacion NEGUEDA Consejo de Cuentas de Castilla y León Consejo Consultivo de Castilla y León Consejo Economico y Social de Castilla y León Procurador del Comun.
Assassin's Creed is one of the most successful franchises in recent years in the videogames sector. In the next lines we will analyze its relationship with the recreation of specific historical-artistic periods. In this specific case we look at the Italy of the Renaissance, specifically in Florence during the second half of the 15th century. We will make an analysis of the different artistic landmarks produced in the capital of Tuscany, the most relevant characters of the moment and the various political intrigues that occurred in Florence, cradle of the Renaissance. ; Assassin's Creedes una de las franquicias más exitosas de los últimos años en el ámbito de los videojuegos. En las siguientes líneas analizaremos su relación con la recreación de períodos histórico-artísticos determinados. En ese caso pondremos nuestra mirada en la Italia del Renacimiento, concretamente durante la segunda mitad del s. XV en Florencia. Haremos un análisis de los distintos hitos artísticos producidos en la capital de la Toscana, de los personajes más relevantes del momento y de las diversas intrigas políticas que acaecieron en Florencia, cuna del Renacimiento.
Este trabajo de investigación busca formular una política comprehensiva de inversión extranjera para América Latina y Colombia en la producción de "commodities" como petróleo, gas, oro, plata, metales industriales y otros menos conocidos pero valiosos, esto es minerales "exóticos" como el coltan (es una mezcla de los minerales columbita y tantalita) cuyos elementos son considerados "críticos" para industrias altamente tecnológicas por ejemplo defensa, aeroespacial y telecomunicaciones, debido a sus particulares propiedades físicas y químicas. Este trabajo estudia los patrones de flujos de IED hacia Colombia en años recientes y los resultados de las medidas de promoción de inversión adoptadas por el Gobierno colombiano especialmente en el sector minero. Se identifica una importante tendencia de convergencia entre los gobiernos de Corea del Sur y Colombia en estas áreas, que puede ser explotada para ventaja mutua, en un marco de libre comercio. Sin embargo, la política de convergencia requiere ser probada de manera empírica en la implementación de política. ; This research paper aims to formulate a comprehensive foreign investment policy towards Latin America and Colombia in commodities production like oil, gas, gold, silver, industrial metals, and other less known but valuable minerals, such as 'exotic' minerals like coltan (columbium or niobium and tantalum) whose elements are considered 'critical' for hi-tech industries i.e. defence, aerospace and communications due to their particular physical and chemical properties. Particularly, the paper studies the parttern of FDI inflows to Colombia in recent years and the results of the investment promotion measures taken by the Colombian government especially in the mining sector. An important policy convergence is found between Colombia and South Korea in those areas, that can be exploited to mutual advantage in a Free Trade Agreement framework being concluded between the two countries. However, the policy convergence still needs to be tested into policy action.
Mención Europea/Internacional concedida. ; [SPA] Debido a la gran reforma urbanística y arquitectónica desarrollada en Granada durante el siglo XVI, fruto del contexto económico y político de la ciudad, ésta se convierte en un gran laboratorio renacentista donde experimentar nuevas formas y tipologías constructivas. En este contexto, aparece la cantería renacentista como la interpretación española del Renacimiento italiano, que se basa en el uso de la piedra como material de construcción frente al empleo del ladrillo en Italia. Esta tesis doctoral plantea el estudio de la estereotomía de distintas fábricas y piezas de cantería construidas en Granada durante el siglo XVI. Para ello se han analizado, por un lado, los tratados y manuscritos de cantería del XVI, así como sus posibles antecedentes constructivos; y por otra parte, se han llevado a cabo levantamientos fotogramétricos de una selección representativa de piezas relevantes de cantería en Granada. Este estudio ha permitido profundizar en el conocimiento de las técnicas empleadas en su diseño geométrico y en su ejecución, aportando una visión de conjunto sobre la aparición, evolución y difusión de la construcción pétrea a lo largo del siglo XVI en el foco renacentista granadino. El análisis de las bóvedas de los edificios estudiados tras los levantamientos realizados ha evidenciado el carácter innovador de las obras renacentistas ejecutadas en Granada tras la reincorporación de la ciudad al Reino de Castilla. Pero no sólo encontramos innovaciones en los problemas que se abordan, sino en los métodos que se emplean. La investigación realizada ha puesto de manifiesto, en primer lugar, la notable evolución de las bóvedas por cruceros en la arquitectura granadina, presentando soluciones geométricas complejas, como en el monasterio de San Jerónimo y en la catedral. Por otra parte, tras los levantamientos ha quedado patente una gran destreza en el control de formas ovales y elípticas de distintas proporciones, como ocurre en los zaguanes del palacio de Carlos V, o en su famosa bóveda anular, junto con los pasos extremos de la catedral, cuyo abocinamiento desigual en altura y anchura fuerza la construcción de semielipes en lugar de semicircunferencias, como ocurre en los pasos centrales. También son interesantes los resultados obtenidos con respecto a la evolución de ciertas piezas y su relación con los textos de cantería, siendo el caso más notable el de la gran variedad de lunetos ejecutados en Granada durante el siglo XVI, especialmente en el palacio de Carlos V. Por último, los resultados obtenidos sugieren la existencia de relaciones, influencias y una importante transferencia de conocimientos entre los distintos focos arquitectónicos del Renacimiento en el Sur de la Península, como Murcia, Jaén o Sevilla a través de las obras construidas y sus ejecutores. Por tanto, tras analizar todas las discusiones consideradas, es innegable el protagonismo de las obras de cantería ejecutadas en Granada a lo largo del siglo XVI. Dados los escasos antecedentes de las piezas analizadas desde el punto de vista geométrico y constructivo, su carácter innovador es evidente, llegando a ejercer una notable influencia sobre los textos de cantería renacentista y sobre la práctica constructiva al mismo tiempo. ; [ENG] Although some authors have downplayed the importance of the Andalusian focus of new Renaissance architecture, many others have attributed a great importance to it. In this context, Granada acquires a special relevance, due to the historical events of the late 15th century, whose political, social, cultural and artistic consequences were noticed in the city throughout the 16th century. Architectural and urban changes in the city made Granada a great Renaissance laboratory to experience new forms, and new constructive typologies, creating one of the most prolific centuries that Granada has known. During the 16th century, there was an adaptation of the Gothic construction techniques to the new Renaissance forms, which developed in new techniques and stonework strategies in order to reproduce the Renaissance architectural forms imported from Italy. The main problem to solve when building vaults and stone constructions is usually stability, so that the most critical factor to consider is not resistance, but the shape of the whole structure as a single object. That is why the problems in these kind of constructions are a geometric issue. That is why it is necessary to conceive, before the execution, a scheme of division in pieces. Stereotomy is the discipline that studies the layouts and necessary processes of stonecutting for the execution of stone pieces. And it is historically accredited by the large number of treatises and manuscripts that focus their attention on the development and exhibition of different solutions. This doctoral thesis proposes to study the geometry and stereotomy of different vaults and stonework pieces built in Granada during the 16th century. To this end, we will analyze, on the one hand, the theoretical tracings and proposals existing in the treatises and Renaissance stonework manuscripts. On the other hand, we have carried out several photogrammetric surveys on a representative selection of relevant pieces in the Italian Renaissance implementation process in Spain, specifically in Granada. This study aims to allow a deeper understanding of the graphic techniques used in its geometric design, as well as the construction techniques used in its execution. It also provides an overview of the Renaissance stone construction history, its appearance, evolution and diffusion throughout the 16th century in the Granada Renaissance focus. The survey and analysis of the singular masonry pieces in Granada, together with the analysis of the existing documentation, the stonework texts and the constructions before and after them, have allowed us to reach the main objective of this thesis: the determination of the geometric configuration and constructive features of the analyzed pieces, as well as their influence and relevant role in the construction history in Spain. The analysis of the vaults of the building has evidenced the innovative character of the Renaissance works executed in Granada after the reincorporation of the city to the Kingdom of Castile. But we do not only find innovations in the problems that are approached, but also in the methods that were used. The research carried out has revealed the remarkable evolution of the "grid crossing vaults" in Granada architecture, presenting complex geometric solutions, such as in the octogonal head of San Jerónimo, the vaulted passages of the cathedral, or the chapel previous to the sacristy in the Cathedral, where we find a possible antecedent of the well-known "Ochavo de La Guardia" after the analysis carried out. After the surveying, a great skill has been demonstrated in the control of oval and elliptical forms of different proportions, as in the halls of the palace of Carlos V, or in its famous ring vault, whose oval profile is balanced when presenting the lintel at the same high as the first course on the opposite side. Another singular case is that of the extreme skewed vaulted passages of the cathedral, whose different obliquity in height and width forces the construction of half-ellipses instead of semi-circumferences, as in the central steps. The results obtained are quite interesting, regarding to the evolution of certain pieces and their relationship with masonry texts, being the most notable case the one of the lunettes. From the pointed lunettes of the crypt of the palace of Carlos V, to the spherical lunettes of the dome of the cathedral, we find a series of pieces with different geometric configurations, whose analysis has been even more interesting when comparing them with later solutions and those exposed in the treatises, which, as we shall see, are closely related. If in the crypt we find probably the first stone pointed lunettes, with horizontal and continuous whole joints, in the western hall of the same building we have found a solution of cylindrical lunette, where the resulting intersection is a very close curve to the theoretical solution of the texts. In the southern hall of the same palace, however, we find pointed lunettes and rare-arches, whereas in the dome of the cathedral spherical lunettes are opened, reason why we are before a great range of solutions for the same piece that has turned out really interesting for the current research. Therefore, after analyzing all the discussions considered, the protagonist of masonry works executed in Granada during the 16th century is undeniable. Given the scant background of the analyzed pieces from a geometrical and constructive point of view, its innovative character is evident, becoming a notable influence on the Renaissance stonework texts and on the constructive practice at the same time. ; Escuela Internacional de Doctorado ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Arquitectura y Tecnología de la Edificación
Mención Europea/Internacional concedida. ; [SPA] Debido a la gran reforma urbanística y arquitectónica desarrollada en Granada durante el siglo XVI, fruto del contexto económico y político de la ciudad, ésta se convierte en un gran laboratorio renacentista donde experimentar nuevas formas y tipologías constructivas. En este contexto, aparece la cantería renacentista como la interpretación española del Renacimiento italiano, que se basa en el uso de la piedra como material de construcción frente al empleo del ladrillo en Italia. Esta tesis doctoral plantea el estudio de la estereotomía de distintas fábricas y piezas de cantería construidas en Granada durante el siglo XVI. Para ello se han analizado, por un lado, los tratados y manuscritos de cantería del XVI, así como sus posibles antecedentes constructivos; y por otra parte, se han llevado a cabo levantamientos fotogramétricos de una selección representativa de piezas relevantes de cantería en Granada. Este estudio ha permitido profundizar en el conocimiento de las técnicas empleadas en su diseño geométrico y en su ejecución, aportando una visión de conjunto sobre la aparición, evolución y difusión de la construcción pétrea a lo largo del siglo XVI en el foco renacentista granadino. El análisis de las bóvedas de los edificios estudiados tras los levantamientos realizados ha evidenciado el carácter innovador de las obras renacentistas ejecutadas en Granada tras la reincorporación de la ciudad al Reino de Castilla. Pero no sólo encontramos innovaciones en los problemas que se abordan, sino en los métodos que se emplean. La investigación realizada ha puesto de manifiesto, en primer lugar, la notable evolución de las bóvedas por cruceros en la arquitectura granadina, presentando soluciones geométricas complejas, como en el monasterio de San Jerónimo y en la catedral. Por otra parte, tras los levantamientos ha quedado patente una gran destreza en el control de formas ovales y elípticas de distintas proporciones, como ocurre en los zaguanes del palacio de Carlos V, o en su famosa bóveda anular, junto con los pasos extremos de la catedral, cuyo abocinamiento desigual en altura y anchura fuerza la construcción de semielipes en lugar de semicircunferencias, como ocurre en los pasos centrales. También son interesantes los resultados obtenidos con respecto a la evolución de ciertas piezas y su relación con los textos de cantería, siendo el caso más notable el de la gran variedad de lunetos ejecutados en Granada durante el siglo XVI, especialmente en el palacio de Carlos V. Por último, los resultados obtenidos sugieren la existencia de relaciones, influencias y una importante transferencia de conocimientos entre los distintos focos arquitectónicos del Renacimiento en el Sur de la Península, como Murcia, Jaén o Sevilla a través de las obras construidas y sus ejecutores. Por tanto, tras analizar todas las discusiones consideradas, es innegable el protagonismo de las obras de cantería ejecutadas en Granada a lo largo del siglo XVI. Dados los escasos antecedentes de las piezas analizadas desde el punto de vista geométrico y constructivo, su carácter innovador es evidente, llegando a ejercer una notable influencia sobre los textos de cantería renacentista y sobre la práctica constructiva al mismo tiempo. ; [ENG] Although some authors have downplayed the importance of the Andalusian focus of new Renaissance architecture, many others have attributed a great importance to it. In this context, Granada acquires a special relevance, due to the historical events of the late 15th century, whose political, social, cultural and artistic consequences were noticed in the city throughout the 16th century. Architectural and urban changes in the city made Granada a great Renaissance laboratory to experience new forms, and new constructive typologies, creating one of the most prolific centuries that Granada has known. During the 16th century, there was an adaptation of the Gothic construction techniques to the new Renaissance forms, which developed in new techniques and stonework strategies in order to reproduce the Renaissance architectural forms imported from Italy. The main problem to solve when building vaults and stone constructions is usually stability, so that the most critical factor to consider is not resistance, but the shape of the whole structure as a single object. That is why the problems in these kind of constructions are a geometric issue. That is why it is necessary to conceive, before the execution, a scheme of division in pieces. Stereotomy is the discipline that studies the layouts and necessary processes of stonecutting for the execution of stone pieces. And it is historically accredited by the large number of treatises and manuscripts that focus their attention on the development and exhibition of different solutions. This doctoral thesis proposes to study the geometry and stereotomy of different vaults and stonework pieces built in Granada during the 16th century. To this end, we will analyze, on the one hand, the theoretical tracings and proposals existing in the treatises and Renaissance stonework manuscripts. On the other hand, we have carried out several photogrammetric surveys on a representative selection of relevant pieces in the Italian Renaissance implementation process in Spain, specifically in Granada. This study aims to allow a deeper understanding of the graphic techniques used in its geometric design, as well as the construction techniques used in its execution. It also provides an overview of the Renaissance stone construction history, its appearance, evolution and diffusion throughout the 16th century in the Granada Renaissance focus. The survey and analysis of the singular masonry pieces in Granada, together with the analysis of the existing documentation, the stonework texts and the constructions before and after them, have allowed us to reach the main objective of this thesis: the determination of the geometric configuration and constructive features of the analyzed pieces, as well as their influence and relevant role in the construction history in Spain. The analysis of the vaults of the building has evidenced the innovative character of the Renaissance works executed in Granada after the reincorporation of the city to the Kingdom of Castile. But we do not only find innovations in the problems that are approached, but also in the methods that were used. The research carried out has revealed the remarkable evolution of the "grid crossing vaults" in Granada architecture, presenting complex geometric solutions, such as in the octogonal head of San Jerónimo, the vaulted passages of the cathedral, or the chapel previous to the sacristy in the Cathedral, where we find a possible antecedent of the well-known "Ochavo de La Guardia" after the analysis carried out. After the surveying, a great skill has been demonstrated in the control of oval and elliptical forms of different proportions, as in the halls of the palace of Carlos V, or in its famous ring vault, whose oval profile is balanced when presenting the lintel at the same high as the first course on the opposite side. Another singular case is that of the extreme skewed vaulted passages of the cathedral, whose different obliquity in height and width forces the construction of half-ellipses instead of semi-circumferences, as in the central steps. The results obtained are quite interesting, regarding to the evolution of certain pieces and their relationship with masonry texts, being the most notable case the one of the lunettes. From the pointed lunettes of the crypt of the palace of Carlos V, to the spherical lunettes of the dome of the cathedral, we find a series of pieces with different geometric configurations, whose analysis has been even more interesting when comparing them with later solutions and those exposed in the treatises, which, as we shall see, are closely related. If in the crypt we find probably the first stone pointed lunettes, with horizontal and continuous whole joints, in the western hall of the same building we have found a solution of cylindrical lunette, where the resulting intersection is a very close curve to the theoretical solution of the texts. In the southern hall of the same palace, however, we find pointed lunettes and rare-arches, whereas in the dome of the cathedral spherical lunettes are opened, reason why we are before a great range of solutions for the same piece that has turned out really interesting for the current research. Therefore, after analyzing all the discussions considered, the protagonist of masonry works executed in Granada during the 16th century is undeniable. Given the scant background of the analyzed pieces from a geometrical and constructive point of view, its innovative character is evident, becoming a notable influence on the Renaissance stonework texts and on the constructive practice at the same time. ; Escuela Internacional de Doctorado ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Arquitectura y Tecnología de la Edificación
Absolutism (XVI - XVIII centuries) marks the start of the modern era because it lays the philosophical and theoretical bases that refuse the medieval feudalism and gave way to the absolutist state, where the king had absolute power. Renaissance arises in this period; it represents a broad cultural movement where significant changes in the arts, sciences, politics, philosophy and religion take place. The central focus during the Renaissance is the human being as the center of Western thinking and medieval humanism is developed, which combines rationalism and naturalism. This article highlights the main contributions of: Niccolo Machiavelli, Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Desiderius Erasmus, Thomas More and three important scholars of the French Enlightenment (XVIII) Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau. The methodological basis of this article is bibliographic and documentary research online. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/farem.v0i10.1613 Revista Científica de FAREM-Estelí No.10 2014: 36-48 ; La era absolutista medieval abarca los siglos XVI al XVIII, este período define el inicio de la era moderna porque aquí se sientan las bases filosóficas y teóricas que niegan el feudalismo medieval para dar paso al estado absolutista, donde el rey ejerce el poder absoluto. En esta época se desarrolla el renacimiento que representa un amplio movimiento cultural donde se producen cambios significativos en las artes, las ciencias, la política, la filosofía y la religión. El enfoque central del renacimiento está en el ser humano como centro del pensamiento occidental, se desarrolla el humanismo medieval, donde se combina el racionalismo y el naturalismo. En este artículo se anotan los principales aportes de: Nicolás Maquiavelo, Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Erasmo de Róterdam, Tomás Moro y los iluministas franceses del Siglo XVIII Montesquieu, Voltaire y Rousseau. La base metodológica de este artículo es la investigación documental bibliográfica y en línea. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/farem.v0i10.1613 Revista Científica de FAREM-Estelí No.10 2014: 36-48
[EN] Throughout History, many large burial chapels (religious or memorial) with centralized floor plan and independent character have arisen. Jerónimo Quijano, Renaissance Spanish architect, posited certain dual approach; on the one hand, the Renaissance ideal of central scheme and, on the other hand, the direct integration of the duo header-nave without added interstitial element. In this scope, two clear examples of the evolution of Quijano's architectural proposal in the ancient Cartagena Diocese's nucleus have been selected:The collegiate church of San Patricio in Lorca, Murcia: an original project (in pursuit of an autonomous central scheme) is a Renaissance monumental temple whose apse has a 'visual and radial permeability' towards its ambulatory, the final alteration of its centrality and the modification of the morphology of its apse in order to connect it to the nave transept and therefore articulating the constructive elements of both bodies; thereby ensuring their architectural integration.The Santiago's parish church in Jumilla, Murcia: entails the full integration (composite floor plan) between a traditional Christian Gothic nave and a renaissance header of three-lobed central plan. Centrality focuses on its header, which in turn contains the transept.As references to Quijano´s architectural approach in his Hispanic environment, it should reflect upon certain reminiscences to Renaissance works in Eastern Andalusia, his direct influence in the Government of Orihuela and subsequently some of his possible influences in the Valencian territory ; [ES] A lo largo de la historia surgieron grandes capillas de culto (religioso o conmemorativo) de planta centralizada y de carácter independiente. A Jerónimo Quijano (arquitecto renacentista español) se le atribuyó el planteamiento doble de plasmar el ideal renacentista de esquema central y paralelamente unir directamente cabecera-nave sin elemento intersticial añadido. Se seleccionan de Quijano dos ejemplos claros de la evolución de su propuesta arquitectónica, ...
Throughout History, many large burial chapels (religious or memorial) with centralized floor plan and independent character have arisen. Jerónimo Quijano, Renaissance Spanish architect, posited certain dual approach; on the one hand, the Renaissance ideal of central scheme and, on the other hand, the direct integration of the duo header-nave without added interstitial element. In this scope, two clear examples of the evolution of Quijano's architectural proposal in the ancient Cartagena Diocese's nucleus have been selected:The collegiate church of San Patricio in Lorca, Murcia: an original project (in pursuit of an autonomous central scheme) is a Renaissance monumental temple whose apse has a 'visual and radial permeability' towards its ambulatory, the final alteration of its centrality and the modification of the morphology of its apse in order to connect it to the nave transept and therefore articulating the constructive elements of both bodies; thereby ensuring their architectural integration.The Santiago's parish church in Jumilla, Murcia: entails the full integration (composite floor plan) between a traditional Christian Gothic nave and a renaissance header of three-lobed central plan. Centrality focuses on its header, which in turn contains the transept.As references to Quijano´s architectural approach in his Hispanic environment, it should reflect upon certain reminiscences to Renaissance works in Eastern Andalusia, his direct influence in the Government of Orihuela and subsequently some of his possible influences in the Valencian territory. ; A lo largo de la historia surgieron grandes capillas de culto (religioso o conmemorativo) de planta centralizada y de carácter independiente. A Jerónimo Quijano (arquitecto renacentista español) se le atribuyó el planteamiento doble de plasmar el ideal renacentista de esquema central y paralelamente unir directamente cabecera-nave sin elemento intersticial añadido. Se seleccionan de Quijano dos ejemplos claros de la evolución de su propuesta arquitectónica, en el núcleo de la Antigua Diócesis de Cartagena:La colegiata de San Patricio en Lorca, Murcia: templo monumental renacentista con ábside 'permeable' radialmente hacia su girola en un proyecto original (en pos de un esquema central autónomo), y alteración final de la centralidad al modificar la morfología del ábside y vincularlo al crucero de la nave articulando los elementos constructivos de ambos organismos, logrando así su integración arquitectónica.La iglesia Santiago en Jumilla, Murcia: plena integración (planta 'compuesta') entre nave gótica tradicional cristiana y cabecera central renacentista de planta trilobulada. La centralidad se concentra en la cabecera, pues a su vez contiene al crucero.Como referencias al planteamiento arquitectónico de Quijano en su entorno hispano, cabe destacar ciertas reminiscencias a obras renacentistas de Andalucía Oriental, su influencia directa en la Gobernación de Orihuela, y posteriormente posibles influencias en territorio valenciano.