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当今,越来越多的用倾向于使用论坛、博客、脸书等在线工具来表达关于商品、电影和政治等话题的观点。这些观点不仅可以帮助用进行决策,同时也为各个商业和社会领域提供了具有重要价值的反馈信息。因此,面向观点应用成为了当前最活跃的研究领域之一,其中包括观点检索,观点摘要,观点问答。面向观点应用与面向事实应用的根本区别是信息需求的不同,分别是传统的客观信息和主观信息。所谓主观信息是指对于某个特定目标的观点或评论。为了表示主观信息,应该综合考虑观点性、主题相关性,以及观点与主题之间的关联。现有的基于词袋的表示方法将词作为描述客观信息的基本语义单元,它可以有效的表示主题相关性以满足客观信息的需求。而主观信息需要同时考虑观点性和主题相关性,由于单独一个词不能同时表示观点性和相关性,因此词不再是最小的语义单位。此外,基于词袋的表示方法忽略了词序和词义,这使得观点性和相关性两类信息通常混在一起,难以区分。因此,基于词袋方法不能够准确的表示主观信息,并严重的影响了面向观点应用的性能。 ; 本文回答了以下几个由主观信息表示不当所引发的研究问题: 1. 对于主观信息而言单个词将不再是基本语义单元,是否存在一种有效的表示方法对其进行描述? 2. 由于主观信息是观点信息和相关性信息的结合,如何利用新的表示方法来描述这二者之间的关联信息?3. 如何对主观信息进行量化,以便对文档进行检索和分析? 4. 如何在面向观点应用中实现全新的主观信息表示方法? ; 由于观点检索的结果会直接影响到其它面向观点应用的性能,因此本文从观点检索这一问题入手。首先,我们提出了一种基于句子的方法来分析词袋表示方法的局限性。以此为据,定义了一种具有丰富语义的表达方式来表示主观信息,即词对,它是由出现在同一句子中的情感词和与之关联的目标词共同组成的。然后,我们提出了一系列方法来描述和获取两类语境信息:1)观点内信息:我们给出了三种提取词对的方法以获取观点与主题的关联信息;2)观点间信息:我们提出了一种权重计算方法来度量词对间的相关程度,从而获取词对与词对之间的关系。最后,我们集成了观点内信息和观点间信息并提出了潜在情感关联模型来解决观点检索这一问题。在标准数据集上的实验结果表明,基于词对的表示方法可以有效地描述主观信息,同时潜在情感关联模型能够获取词与词之间的关联信息,从而实现了利用语境信息提高观点检索的效果。 ; 此外,我们将词对应用于观点摘要和观点问答中,标准数据集上的评测结果显示基于词对的主观信息表示方法对于其它面向观点应用也同样有效。 ; There is a growing interest for users to express their opinions about products, films, politics, by using on-line tools such as forums, blogs, facebooks, etc. These opinions cannot only help users make decisions, e.g., whether to buy a product, but also to ob-tain valuable feedback for business and social events. Today, research on opin-ion-oriented applications (OOAs) including opinion retrieval, opinion summarization and opinion question and answering is attracting much attention. The difference be-tween fact-based and opinion-oriented applications lies in users' information need. The former requires objective information and the latter subjective, which comprises of opinions or comments expressed on a specific target. To meet the need of subjective information, both opinionatedness and relevance together with the association between them should be taken into account. Existing systems represent documents in bag-of-word. However, this representation fails to distinguish ...

Li Yee Ching, Magdalene. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-160). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Acknowledgments --- p.i ; Abstract --- p.ii ; Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction ; Overview --- p.1 ; Research Objective --- p.5 ; Conceptualization --- p.7 ; Organization of the paper --- p.11 ; Chapter Chapter 2: --- Communication and Collective Memory ; Overview --- p.13 ; Collective Memory and Social Changes --- p.20 ; Collective Memory and Political Changes --- p.22 ; Mass Media and Collective Memory --- p.23 ; Chapter Chapter 3: --- Research Design ; Discourse Analysis of the Representation of June4 --- p.31 ; Data Analysis --- p.34 ; Chapter Chapter 4: --- Initial Frames of Remembrance of the Tiananmen Incident in1989 ; The Structure of the Available Past --- p.38 ; The 1989 Pro-Democracy Movement in Beijing --- p.40 ; Framing the June 4 Incident in the Hong Kong Context --- p.45 ; Contextualizing the 1989 Pro-democracy Movement --- p.56 ; June 4 and the Hong Kong Media --- p.61 ; Chapter Chapter 5: --- The First Anniversary of the Crackdown in1990 ; Commemoration and Collective Memory --- p.66 ; The Commemoration Project of June4 --- p.67 ; The Media as a Field of Memory --- p.68 ; Cultivating Collective Memory --- p.70 ; Interpreting the Changes in Memory --- p.77 ; Chapter Chapter 6: --- The 5th Anniversary of June 4 in1994 ; The Script of the June 4 Anniversary --- p.80 ; The Commemoration Project in1994 --- p.81 ; Shifting Media Representations of Key Players --- p.83 ; Subdued Commemoration of the Media --- p.91 ; The Context of Changes in the June 4 Memory --- p.93 ; The Role of the Media --- p.96 ; Chapter Chapter 7: --- The June 4 Incident Commemoration on the Eve of the1997 Handover ; Contradictions in the Memory of June4 --- p.101 ; Media's Coverage and the June 4 Commemoration --- p.103 ; Representation of Major Actors in1997 --- p.104 ; Media's Interpretation of the Meaning of June4 --- p.113 ; Interpreting the ...

第三次民主化浪潮及其所代表的世界性民主化转型使得许多人相信民主不仅具有其本身的价值,而且有助于提高大众的福利水平。不少学者曾研究过民主制度与社会福利产出之间的关系。然而,在解释两者关系时并未得到一致性的结论。在很多情况下,民主制国家在改善人类发展指标和提高福利水平方面并没得到社会所期待的结果,而且经常被非民主制国家所超越。政治制度如何影响社会福利表现?民主化和社会福利发展之间是否存在取舍矛盾?如果这种取舍矛盾存在,如何将民主化的社会代价减到最小? ; 本研究试图加深我们对政治制度性质与社会福利产出水平之间关系的理解。为此,本文以维度路径分析政治制度的不同维度如何影响政府采取不同类型的政策选择。本文的核心问题是:民主制的哪些方面有利于/不利于哪种公共政策的实现?民主的不同维度能够促进/抑制哪些政策?竞争性选举和公众参与形成本研究的两个自变量维度。本研究应变量的两个维度是两种政府回应性:政府对公民基本需求(basic needs)的回应,即代表了社会福利表现的改进,以及政府对公民要求(wants and demands)的回应,即代表了满足群体所呼吁的而非客观上对其有利的政策福利。两者在概念上有所不同。本文首先在理论上分析自变量和应变量不同维度之间的关系,继而引用实证科学的定量和定性基本方法来检验所建立的理论关系。 ; 本研究证明,并非所有的导致回应要求(wants)的民主属性也有助于使政府回应基本需求(basic needs)。公众要求和公众客观需求作为公共政策所回应的目标具有不同的特征。从委托-代理理论框架来看,回应公众基本需求的政策需要政府采取不同于在回应主观要求时所采取的措施。由于这些不同点,在两个民主维度(政治竞争和公众参与)当中,只有后者对基本需求有积极影响,而前者往往会阻碍以回应基本需求为目的的政策。在政治竞争压力之下,追求选票最大化的政治家更倾向于采取回应社会现有要求的短期措施,且往往以忽视客观需求为代价。因此,为了避免民主化的高成本,需要促进民主的参与维度,且同时要缓解其竞争维度的激烈性。 ; The shift towards democracy globally under the "third wave" of democratization has stirred the conviction that democracy is not only a good thing in itself but also a promoter of general welfare. A considerable amount of research has been conducted to explore the effects of democracy on social outcomes. However, unequivocal conclusions regarding democracy's impact on health, education, life expectancy and other aspects of human well-being have not been achieved. Many democracies do not perform as good as they are expected to and are often outperformed by non-democratic regimes. Questions appear: How does political regime affect social performance? Is there a trade-off between democratization, on the one hand, and social development, on the other? If there is, how should democratization be carried out so as not to inhibit human well-being? ; This dissertation attempts to enhance our understanding of the impact of political regime on social outcomes by applying a dimensional approach. Instead of asking whether democracy is good or bad, it asks: which dimensions of political regime are good for which kinds of outcomes? What kinds of policies are promoted and what ...

Preliminary Material /M.W. Huang -- Male Friendship In Ming China: An Introduction /Martin W. Huang -- Friendship Through Fourteenth-Century Fissures: Dai Liang, Wu Sidao And Ding Henian /Anne Gerritsen -- Music And Male Bonding In Ming China /Joseph S. C. Lam -- A Friendship Of Metal And Stone: Representations Of Fan Juqing And Zhang Yuanbo In The Ming Dynasty /Kimberly Besio -- Male Friendship And Jiangxue (Philosophical Debates) In Sixteenth-Century China /Martin W. Huang -- A Selected Bibliography Of Secondary Sources /Martin W. Huang -- Index /Harriet T. Zurndorfer.

The arbitration law, relevant judicial interpretations and international treaties -- Arbitration agreements -- Foreign arbitration, arbitration with a foreign element and domestic arbitration -- The applicable law -- Limitation periods in arbitration -- Requests for arbitration, acceptance of proceedings and the defence -- Objections to jurisdiction -- Counterclaim -- Mechanisms for multi-party arbitration -- Preservation of property -- Preservation of evidence -- Interim injunctions in arbitration -- Representation -- Arbitral tribunal -- Evidence -- The hearing -- Arbitral award -- Enforcement of arbitral awards -- Judicial review over arbitration -- Med-arb -- Interim measures ordered by emergency arbitrator or arbitral tribunal

Cheung, Lai Fan Estelle. ; "December 2011." ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract and acknowledgements --- p.iii ; Chapter Chapter one --- Overview ; Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter II. --- Background of the study --- p.4 ; Chapter III. --- Use of heroique in Andre Cardinal Destouches's works --- p.11 ; Chapter IV. --- Purpose of the study --- p.13 ; Chapter V. --- Methodologies --- p.14 ; Chapter VI. --- Limitations of the study --- p.15 ; Chapter VII. --- Thesis organization --- p.17 ; Chapter VIII. --- Contribution of the field --- p.19 ; Chapter Chapter two --- Literature review ; Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.20 ; Chapter II. --- Literature review --- p.21 ; Chapter Chapter three --- Louis XIV the sovereign king prior to Destouches's Les Stratagemes ; Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.35 ; Chapter II. --- Louis XIV the sovereign hero and its representation --- p.38 ; Chapter III. --- Representation through the plot and the music --- p.43 ; Chapter IV. --- Conclusion --- p.53 ; Chapter Chapter four --- Plot characterization of heroique elements in Les Stratagemes de I 'amour ; Chapter I. --- The lessening role of heroique prior to the production of Les Stratagemes de I 'amour --- p.54 ; Chapter II. --- Purpose of the chapter --- p.55 ; Chapter III. --- Introduction to Les Stratagemes de I 'amour --- p.56 ; Chapter IV. --- Political heroique drama --- p.65 ; Chapter V. --- Conclusion --- p.69 ; Chapter Chapter five --- Music and dance characterization of heroique elements in Les Stratagemes de I 'amour ; Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.70 ; Chapter II. --- Purpose of the chapter --- p.71 ; Chapter III. --- Heroique elements in instrumental numbers --- p.73 ; Chapter IV. --- Heroique elements in sung numbers --- p.81 ; Chapter V. --- Interpretation of the muscular and feminine heroique agendas in Les Stratagemes --- p.113 ; Chapter VI. --- Danced heroique in Les Stratagemes'S prologue ...

台灣自2002年的電影《藍色大門》後,兼以青春成長和同性戀為主題的商業電影相繼出現。從相關電影文本分析可見,這類電影脫離以往媒體再現同性戀者的刻板印象,明朗清新的電影基調亦有別歷年華語同志電影的悲情和政治色彩,對華語同志電影類型作出了翻新。本論文採取導演深入訪談的研究方法,從電影工業及創作角度切入,指出台灣當時已然崩潰的電影工業環境、輔導金制度、同性戀題材不構成籌資困難,以及青春成長電影類型低成本的特性,均是這類華語同志電影特例出現的原因。由於電影強調同性戀和異性戀者的共同性,對同志的再現反而有所局限,本文認為,更恰當的同性戀再現應包含正面肯定性差異的態度。台灣青春同志電影的個案,讓我們了解作者在商業電影創作中注入個性遇到的各種困難,亦提供了認識「後新電影」重尋生存策略的視角,檢示和整理台灣走出新電影運動後長達二十年的低谷的經驗。 ; Blue Gate Crossing (2002) marked the beginning of a series of coming-of-age films that dealt with homosexual subject matter in commercial Taiwanese cinema. Using the method of textual analysis, it is found that the basic tone of these films is light and refreshing, in contrast to the sad and political tone in previous generations of homosexual films. These coming-of-age films formed a new genre of Chinese-language homosexual cinema and a divergence from previous media representation of homosexual stereotypes. By conducting in-depth interviews with directors of these films and dissecting the creative process of production, it is found that the reasons for the appearance of this new genre include the collapse of Taiwanese cinema, the policy of government subsidies, the ease of securing funding and the low cost of producing coming-of-age films. It is also found that by emphasizing the similarities between homosexual and heterosexual relationships, these films created limitations for the representation of homosexuality. A more appropriate representation of homosexuality should include affirmation of sexuality differences.This special case of a coming-of-age homosexual genre reveals the difficulties faced by directors when they tried to add creative elements to commercial cinema, and provides insights into strategies for Post-New Cinema to survive. This study thus stands as an overview of how New Taiwan Cinema rebounded after its 20-year-long trough. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; 鍾嘉瑩. ; Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-116). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ...

Leung Po Cheung. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-136). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i ; Acknowledgments --- p.iii ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Research Questions ; Background to the research ; Research site ; Methodology ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review and Theoretical Framework --- p.15 ; Cultural identity and its relation to the past ; The museum as a place for the creation and representation of the past ; The museum as a place of identity construction ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Development of the Hong Kong Museum of History and Its Exhibitions --- p.26 ; Historical development of the Museum ; Structure ; Missions ; The permanent exhibitions ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- "The Design and Construction of Identity in ""The Hong Kong Story""" --- p.47 ; "Behind ""The Hong Kong Story""" ; Designing the exhibition ; The construction of identity in the exhibition ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Interpretations of the Museum Visitors --- p.68 ; Visitors' general interpretations of the exhibition ; Impacts of the exhibition on visitors' cultural identity ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter 6 --- Analysis: The Museum and the Construction of Identity --- p.96 ; The interpretations and negotiations of identity among the Hong Kong people ; The Hong Kong Museum of History as a locus of identity construction ; The visitors' different museum experiences ; The political nature of the exhibition ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.121 ; Appendix --- p.130 ; Bibliography --- p.131

Chan Chi Yuen. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 246-265). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Acknowledgements --- p.i ; Table of Contents --- p.iii ; Abstract --- p.vii ; Chapter Chapter 1: --- Politics of Political Accountability in Hong Kong 一 The Research Puzzle and Questions --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- "Research Puzzle: Different Conception of ""Political Accountability""?" --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Research Questions and Design --- p.4 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of the Study --- p.6 ; Chapter Chapter 2: --- The Concept of Accountability - the Normative and Theoretical Issues --- p.8 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Accountability - Ideals and Actualities --- p.8 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Why Political Accountability? The Ideal of Rendering Account --- p.10 ; Chapter 2.2.1 --- The need of limited government --- p.10 ; Chapter 2.2.2 --- Concept of Accountability - a Kind of Political Control --- p.15 ; Chapter 2.2.3 --- "Rendering Account - Information, Reason and Sanctions" --- p.16 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Representation and Accountable Government: a Comparative Approach --- p.20 ; Chapter 2.4 --- The Desirability of Accountability - the Tactful Balance --- p.25 ; Chapter 2.5 --- The Limitation of Accountability - Informational Barrier --- p.34 ; Chapter Chapter 3: --- The Concept of Accountability 一 the Organizational Issues --- p.37 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Structural Components of Accountability --- p.37 ; Chapter 3.2 --- The Formal Organizational Components of Democratic Accountability --- p.40 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Vertical and Horizontal Accountability --- p.43 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Typology of Accountability --- p.46 ; Chapter 3.4.1 --- Classical dichotomy of political and administrative accountability --- p.46 ; Chapter 3.4.2 --- Political Accountability ´ؤ Vertical Accountability Agents --- p.49 ; Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Elections/ Electoral sanctions --- p.51 ; Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Other Popular Mechanisms --- p.57 ; Chapter 3.4.2.2.1 --- Pressure groups --- p.57 ...

为什么中国地方人大的发展会存在一定程度的地方差异?本文以市级人大为例,分析了经济现代化与人大发展之间的关系。通过对全国性数据的定量分析,本文发现:首先,一个地方的经济发展水平越高,当地市级人大的立法权、监督权和代表功能的发展水平越高。第二,一个地方的第二、第三产业生产总值所占的比重越高,当地的市级人大越有可能在立法和代表方面发挥重要的作用。 ; 本文还利用丰富的定性资料和统计数据分析了其中的因果机制,发现随着经济现代化水平的不断提高,市级人大有更强的动力行使立法权、监督权和发挥代表功能,以应对经济现代化所带来的各种挑战;此外,经济现代化给市级人大的发展带来了更多的财政资源和人力资源,因此也就提升了市级人大的能力。因而经济现代化能够对人大的发展起到促进的作用。 ; 可以说,中国市级人大的发展是政治制度调适的一种表现形式,一方面,尽管市级人大已经逐渐摆"橡皮图章"的尴尬地位,但党对人大的领导仍然得到有效的维持;另一方面,人大的发展调整了人大与"一府两院"、人大与民众之间的关系,加强了制度化的横向分权和自下而上的问责:这可以在一定程度上减少官员违法滥权的现象,改善政府的施政绩效,提高政府的回应性,缓和社会矛盾,也就促进了社会的稳定,提高了政权的政绩合法性,因而有助于中共政权更好地适应经济现代化所带来的外部环境的变化。 ; 本文的发现表明,一方面,正如许多研究所揭示的,经济现代化的过程可能会造成社会的不稳定,并且给威权政体的生存带来威胁;然而另一方面,经济现代化又会促进威权政体中的政治制度进行调适,从而在一定程度上有利于促进社会的稳定和威权统治的延续。 ; 然而,需要指出的是,这种政治制度的调适具有一些难以克服的局限性,随着经济现代化水平的继续提高,政治制度调适的需求可能会进一步增加,但调适的空间可能会逐渐缩小,在这种情况下,威权统治者能否继续通过政治制度的调适来保持威权体制的生命力,则仍然是未知之数。 ; Why does regional variation exist in the development of Local People's Congresses in China? Taking Municipal People's Congresses (MPC) as cases, this research explores the relationship between economic modernization and the development of People's Congresses (PC). Based on quantitative analysis on national data, it reveals that, firstly, the higher the level of economic development, the higher the levels of MPCs' development in legislation, supervision and representation; secondly, the larger the proportion of the gross product of secondary and tertiary industries in GDP, the higher the development levels of MPCs' legislation and representation. ; This research also analyzes abundant qualitative and quantitative data to reveal the causal mechanism and finds that, firstly, as the modernization of economics, MPCs have stronger motivations to promote their legislation, supervision and representation for dealing with the challenges brought by economic modernization; secondly, economic modernization also increases the finanicial and human resources owned by MPCs, which is beneficial to the development of their capacities. Thus economic modernization can make contributions to PCs' development. ; The dissertation argues ...

Chan Chi Kit. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-213). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; List of figures --- p.vii ; Forward --- p.viii ; Chapter 1. --- Introduction: democratization of Hong Kong --- p.1 ; Chapter 2. --- Hegemony: its origins and formation --- p.7 ; Chapter i. --- The origins: Gramsci's ideas of Hegemony --- p.8 ; Chapter ii. --- Hegemonic formation and ideological interpellation --- p.11 ; Chapter iii. --- Discourse analysis and hegemonic formation --- p.14 ; Chapter 3. --- Formation of hegemony and public discourse: Arguments and criticisms --- p.20 ; Chapter i. --- Public discourse and media representation --- p.21 ; Chapter ii. --- Public discourse and social formation --- p.24 ; Chapter iii. --- Social formation and discursive struggles: an analytical model to contemplate hegemonic formation in public discourse --- p.32 ; Chapter iv. --- Criticisms and implication on resistance strategy --- p.40 ; Chapter 4. --- Research questions and methodology --- p.45 ; Chapter i. --- Formation of state hegemony in public discourse: an indicator --- p.47 ; Chapter ii. --- Methodology: textual analysis and documentation --- p.52 ; Chapter iii. --- Sampling of media text --- p.55 ; Chapter 5. --- Democratization of Hong Kong: A brief review --- p.61 ; Chapter i. --- Establishing the state ideological discourse --- p.62 ; Chapter ii. --- Democratization: before and after the handover --- p.63 ; Chapter iii. --- Hegemony and Hong Kong democratization --- p.73 ; Chapter 6. --- Never be a base of subversion': Chinese state discourse toward Hong Kong --- p.75 ; Chapter i. --- Discursive logic of China's state discourse: its background and formation --- p.77 ; Chapter ii. --- Discursive strategy of China's state discourse: building up authoritative and professional image --- p.90 ; Chapter iii. --- Establishment of China's state discourse: social formation and discursive struggle --- p.110 ; Chapter 7. --- Public discourse of Hong ...

by Cheng Chi-man, Francis. ; Thesis submitted in: December 1998. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-199). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Acknowledgments --- p.i ; Abstract --- p.iii ; List of Figures --- p.v ; Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION ; Background of This Study --- p.1 ; Aims and Objectives --- p.6 ; Conceptual Framework --- p.7 ; Civil Organization --- p.12 ; Civil Society --- p.14 ; State-Society Relationship --- p.15 ; justification of this study --- p.20 ; A Methodological Note --- p.24 ; Chapter Outline --- p.26 ; Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- CONCEPT OF CIVIL SOCIETY REVISITED ; Introduction --- p.30 ; Western Tradition --- p.35 ; Political Society and Civil Society --- p.36 ; Economic Society and Civil Society --- p.37 ; Paradoxes of Civil Society --- p.39 ; Western Definition of Civil Society --- p.43 ; Eastern Europe Tradition --- p.45 ; Civil Society in Poland --- p.45 ; Chinese Tradition --- p.48 ; Philosophical-moral Reflection in China --- p.50 ; Historical-sociological Reflection in China --- p.53 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.56 ; Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- "STATE OVERWHELMED SOCIETY: STATE- MERCHANTS RELATIONSHIP FROM EARLY TO MIDDLE QING," ; Introduction --- p.59 ; Autocratic Legacies of Qing Dynasty --- p.61 ; Merchants under Autocratic Tradition --- p.64 ; Co-hong System: Representation of State-Merchants Relationship --- p.69 ; Guilds of Merchant: A Long Haul --- p.76 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.80 ; Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- "GENERAL BACKGROUND OF MERCHANTS' ORGANIZATIONS AT CANTON IN THE LATE QING,1896-1911" ; Introduction --- p.84 ; Popular Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.86 ; Semi-official Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.89 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.93 ; Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- ANALYSIS OF CANTON GENERAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE: REALIZATION OF MERCHANTS' AUTONOMY? ; Introduction --- p.96 ; Autonomy over Election and Decision Making Process --- p.98 ; Autonomy over Finance --- p.103 ; Autonomy over ...

Tian Huan. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-134). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter Part I: --- Demography in Space --- p.13 ; Chapter Chapter One: --- Understanding the Data --- p.13 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Formation of the administrative structure in late Qing and its GIS representation --- p.13 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Population data reconsidered --- p.19 ; Chapter Chapter Two: --- Documenting the Demographic Patterns --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Economic Patterns --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.1.1 --- Population density --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.1.2 --- Area of cultivated land --- p.32 ; Chapter 2.1.3 --- Ratio of urban dwellers to rural dwellers --- p.36 ; Chapter 2.1.4 --- " Ratio of commercial (industry, agricultural) population" --- p.40 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Ethnic Patterns --- p.48 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Distribution pattern of schools --- p.54 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Distribution of political elite (guan and shi) --- p.55 ; Chapter Part II: --- Markets in Space --- p.60 ; Chapter Chapter Three: --- Trade Patterns in Geographic Context --- p.60 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Trade of Grains --- p.60 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Cotton and cotton cloth --- p.69 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Trade of fur and livestock --- p.82 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Trade of Herbal Medicines --- p.88 ; Chapter 3.5 --- Trade of Oil and Wine --- p.90 ; Chapter 3.6 --- Overview of the Xinjiang markets in space --- p.93 ; Chapter Chapter Four: --- Trades within and without Xinjiang --- p.95 ; Chapter 4.1. --- Foreign commercial relations --- p.95 ; Chapter 4.2. --- Local marketing system: the relationship between the economies of South and North Xinj iang --- p.102 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Trade with the China Proper --- p.107 ; Conclusion --- p.113 ; The economy and trade of Xinjiang: issues of integration and sinicization --- p.113 ; Methodological implication: GIS for historical regional research --- p.119 ; Appendixes --- p.121 ; Glossary --- p.121 ; Place Names --- p.121 ; Personal Names and Terms --- ...