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The usual opposition between representation and participation is based on an exclusive conception of representation. But we can bring to light an inclusive conception of representation, most notably through the history of representation before the triumph of representative government. According to inclusive representation, representation stimulates the direct participation of the represented instead of preventing it. This inclusion through representation can first consist of the politicization of the citizens, inside the institutions of representative government, by judging the action of representatives, or outside them, though constructing alternative representative devices. Inclusive representation can also aim to specifically include dominated groups, inside or outside the institutions of representative government. Finally, inclusive representation can rest on processes of subjectification, through which excluded social groups can become political subjects. Adapted from the source document.