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Scholars have long been interested in explaining the effect of state repression on political participation. Yet, the core question is still unanswered: what accounts for the variation in the effect of repression? This article posits that the variation lies in the fact that people may respond differently to the same levels of repression. Therefore, to better understand political participation under repression scholars need to pay more attention to the strategic decision making of individuals. The article proposes that theorization needs to move toward predictions about individuals' responses to repression. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature on repression, the article seeks to lay a foundation for such theorization. A number of strategies in response to repression are identified. 'Choice points' are applied as the base of hypotheses about why or under what conditions people choose a particular strategy to respond to repression. In doing so, this article outlines new avenues for empirical research on repression.

Scholars have long been interested in explaining the effect of state repression on political participation. Recent reviews of research on state repression highlighted contradictory findings about this effect, yet the core question is still debated: what accounts for the variation in the effects of repression? This article posits that, to make sense of the variation in repression's effect on political participation, theorization needs to move toward predictions about individuals' responses to repression. The article, thus, attempts to lay the foundations for such theorization by reviewing the scholarship on the relationship between repression and political participation through the lens of the strategic choices individuals can make. Seeing individuals as having agency and shifting focus to their responses to repression (1) offers a broader picture of the activities available to discontented people under repression and (2) provides a better account of the contentious politics occurring under repression. A number of strategies in response to repression are identified. The notion of 'choice points' is applied to formulate hypotheses about why or under what conditions people choose a particular strategy in response to repression. In doing so, this article outlines new avenues for empirical research on repression.

"Analysen zur Effektivität der Betriebsratsarbeit können die Existenz eines Betriebsrats nicht einfach voraussetzen. Denn nicht einmal die Hälfte aller Beschäftigten in der privaten Wirtschaft ist in Deutschland tatsächlich durch einen Betriebsrat vertreten. Hinzu kommt, dass sich Betriebe ohne Betriebsrat gerade in den expandierenden Bereichen der globalen Wirtschaft finden lassen, wie in der wissensbasierten New Economy und der prekären Dienstleistungsarbeit. Auf der Basis von 26 Unternehmensfallstudien stellt der Beitrag vier typische Konstellationen von Betriebsratslosigkeit vor. Sie reichen von wissensbasierten Unternehmen, in denen es einem paternalistisch ausgerichteten Human Ressource Management gelingt, einen Betriebsrat als überflüssig erscheinen zu lassen, bis hin zu Discounter- und Fast-Food-Ketten, in denen Betriebsräte zwar besonders nötig wären, aber von der Unternehmensleitung systematisch verhindert werden. Dazwischen finden sich zwei Konstellationen, die auch deshalb ohne Betriebsrat auskommen, weil sich die Beschäftigten von einem Betriebsrat kaum eine effektivere Interessenvertretung versprechen." (Autorenreferat)