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"This article relates common ways of conceptualising action research as 'intervention', 'collaboration', 'interactive research', 'applied research', and 'practitioner research' to a number of different ways of knowing, extracted from the works of Aristotle. The purpose is not to disavow any of these practices but to expand the philosophical, methodological, and theoretical horizon to contain the Aristotelian concept of praxis. It is claimed that praxis knowing needs to be comprehended in order to realize the full, radical potential in action research providing real 'added value' in relation to more conventional social research approaches. Praxis knowing radically challenges the divisions of labour between knower-researchers and the known-researched. Thereby it also challenges both the epistemologies and institutionalisations dominating both conventional research and conventional ways of conceptualising action research." (author's abstract)

In qualitativen Interviews können Situationen, in denen die Forschenden von ihrem üblichen "Skript" abweichen, Hinweise auf Interaktionen liefern, die durch die Hautfarbe der am Gespräch Beteiligten und damit einhergehende Erfahrungen konstituiert sind. In der hier vorgestellten Studie wurden 40 Interviews zwischen Forschenden/Beforschten durchgeführt, die sich selbst als "schwarz" oder "weiß" identifizierten. Im Folgenden werden Auszüge aus diesen Interviews präsentiert, die zeigen, in welcher Weise die (gleiche oder unterschiedliche) Hautfarbe thematisch und wirksam wird. Implikationen und Vorschläge für künftige Forschungen in diesem Feld und für Studien zu Ethnizität und Kultur werden abgeleitet.

"In this article, we outline the main elements concerning the evolution of
action research and participatory research that we have come across in the
last decades. These concepts have come closer together along the years,
and have become a strong methodological alternative, especially in
people-driven projects. They have gained ground in the scientific world,
in the fields of social science, as well as in other more conservative
domains, as demonstrated by some of our experiences in Brazil. Their
importance in the context of teaching, in universities and educational
projects alike, is also stressed. The aspect of participation is defined in
more detail in regards to the different degrees and forms of participation,
as well as its religious component in Brazil. Action research and participatory
research are, finally, methodologies that, in light of their potential for
encompassing the stakeholders' view in the results and developing a sharing
culture, must constantly be renewed in order to evolve and always be a
rich source of knowledge and critical thinking.." (author's abstract)

A common error is to confine the term motivation research (MR) to specific res instruments. MR is actually much broader; it is 'res aimed at a better understanding of motivation'. Behavior cannot be explained completely by subjective causes. For example, mechanical causes & psychol'al causes other than motives are also important. This helps explain why in res, contrary to daily life, the usefulness of an answer is often independent of the truth of an answer. In predictive res 'answers to questions can no longer be considered as solutions to problems, but rather as responses to specific stimuli'. Such a relationship between experiment & prediction has long been accepted in the physical sci's. The mistaken emphasis on 'truth' in res has led to much use of & regard for the informal semi-directive 'depth' interview (DI) in the belief that the DI taps the unconscious & basic motives. Actually the similarity between DI & a psychoanalytic session are superficial; '(1)...a consumer researcher has to pay a great deal of attention to forces of low intensity. A clinician, on the other hand, is dealing with forces so powerful that they create mental illness in a person. (2) A consumer researcher has to discover forces which so many consumers have in common that the marketer can, with one action, appeal to the millions. On the other hand, the clinician must interest himself with the set of forces which might make his patient diff from all other people in the world. (3) The low intensity of the forces operating in the consumer field makes it necessary to develop refined statistical instruments before the forces can be discovered. The fact that clinical therapy is applied to an individual makes the application of such a statistical instrument unnecessary.' The use of projective techniques in MR can, therefore, play a part in hypo hunting & in pre-res, but not in hypo testing & res. S. F. Fava.

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ABSTRACTResearch in accounting education has evolved to include, among other areas, research relevance, faculty research productivity, and the use of journal lists. These topics offer new areas for research, including investigating the benefits and risks of relevant/irrelevant research, how effectively faculty research is evaluated, the potential consequences of using journal lists, and much more. Although these areas have significant and wide-ranging effects on faculty, much more empirical data are needed to inform decision making. This paper highlights these issues and makes suggestions for additional research to help the academy make better decisions by using data-driven research findings.