Suchergebnisse

National audience ; Current diagnosis and foresights analyzes show that the pressure on natural resources will increase if significant efforts are not made through the integration of technological, organizational and social modernization factors in agricultural public policies in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMC). It also appears that the SEMC are lagging behind on the integration of sustainable development criteria in their public agricultural policies. The crucial issue of natural resources will crystallize around the optimal management and rational use of water and land resources. This question could lead to the emergence of local or regional tensions on control and use of water for agriculture, especially in the region of the eastern Mediterranean. For the Mediterranean countries, the issues of land, water and agricultural modernization arise with high acuity. In this difficult context for the SEMC, our contribution concludes to the need for strengthened Euro-Mediterranean cooperation to meet both challenges of food security and sustainable development. ; Les diagnostics actuels et les analyses prospectives montrent que les pressions sur les ressources naturelles déjà fortes, vont s'accentuer si des efforts importants ne sont pas consentis à travers l'intégration de nouveaux facteurs technologiques, organisationnels et sociaux dans les agricultures des pays du Sud et de l'Est de la Méditerranée (PSEM). Il ressort aussi que les PSEM accusent des retards, à divers degrés, quant à l'intégration des critères du développement durable dans leurs politiques agricoles publiques. L'enjeu crucial des ressources naturelles se cristallisera autour de la gestion optimale et l'utilisation raisonnée des ressources hydriques et foncières. À moyen terme, cette question pourrait aboutir à l'émergence de tensions locales, voire régionales, sur le contrôle et l'utilisation de l'eau agricole, notamment dans la région de l'Est de la Méditerranée. Pour les pays méditerranéens, les questions de la terre, de l'eau ...

National audience ; Current diagnosis and foresights analyzes show that the pressure on natural resources will increase if significant efforts are not made through the integration of technological, organizational and social modernization factors in agricultural public policies in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMC). It also appears that the SEMC are lagging behind on the integration of sustainable development criteria in their public agricultural policies. The crucial issue of natural resources will crystallize around the optimal management and rational use of water and land resources. This question could lead to the emergence of local or regional tensions on control and use of water for agriculture, especially in the region of the eastern Mediterranean. For the Mediterranean countries, the issues of land, water and agricultural modernization arise with high acuity. In this difficult context for the SEMC, our contribution concludes to the need for strengthened Euro-Mediterranean cooperation to meet both challenges of food security and sustainable development. ; Les diagnostics actuels et les analyses prospectives montrent que les pressions sur les ressources naturelles déjà fortes, vont s'accentuer si des efforts importants ne sont pas consentis à travers l'intégration de nouveaux facteurs technologiques, organisationnels et sociaux dans les agricultures des pays du Sud et de l'Est de la Méditerranée (PSEM). Il ressort aussi que les PSEM accusent des retards, à divers degrés, quant à l'intégration des critères du développement durable dans leurs politiques agricoles publiques. L'enjeu crucial des ressources naturelles se cristallisera autour de la gestion optimale et l'utilisation raisonnée des ressources hydriques et foncières. À moyen terme, cette question pourrait aboutir à l'émergence de tensions locales, voire régionales, sur le contrôle et l'utilisation de l'eau agricole, notamment dans la région de l'Est de la Méditerranée. Pour les pays méditerranéens, les questions de la terre, de l'eau et de la modernisation agricole se posent avec une forte acuité. Dans ce contexte difficile pour les PSEM, notre contribution conclut à la nécessité d'une coopération euro-méditerranéenne renforcée, pour relever le double défi de la sécurité alimentaire et d'un développement régional durable intégré.

This report is a contribution to the evaluation research programme on Poles d'Excellence Rural launched by DIACT in January 2007. The policy of poles of excellence reflects a significant change in French spatial planning policy, which moves from a redistributive intervention logic to compensate for the handicaps of disadvantaged or particular regions, to a more allocative approach based on measures aimed at improving the competitiveness of businesses and regions by exploiting localised resources. The research referred to in this report focuses on two analysis and questioning plans. The first analysis plan is economic. Since the intentions of the RIP scheme are to mobilise the resources of the territories, the purpose of the analysis is to ascertain whether the factor allocations and socio-economic dynamics of the territories can explain whether or not the mechanism is activated and, if so, whether they help explain the region's preferred issue. The second analysis plan is socio-political. It focuses on how the ERPs intervene in institutional recompositions related to strengthening forms of territorialisation of policies. The purpose of the analysis is to identify the place of the PER projects in the projects for the development of supporting structures and the articulation of the RIP with the territorial policies of the different institutional levels. These issues were addressed by combining a quantitative analysis at national level, carried out at EPCI level by identifying those belonging to one or more RFIPs, with case studies in 3 regions focusing mainly on the valorisation of bio-resources. There are three main results: (1) poles of rural excellence which are more localised in fragile rural areas, but territorial characteristics are not differentiated according to the themes of the RIP. (2) influence of socio-political factors on the spatial distribution of the RIP and regional governance. (3) a structuring effect of the PER scheme on economic development projects in the area of bio-resources. On the basis ...

While the legislation imposes the integration of people with disabilities to French organisations, those people are often perceived as negative organisational resources. In this context, this PhD thesis focuses on determining if dyslexic workers' can be a positive organisational resource by investigating their potential competencies. This work relies on the life stories of twenty dyslexic workers and sheds light on the process of competencies development in which they engage. The analysis stresses that the dyslexic workers' neurological configuration influences this process, which in turn creates idiosyncratic competences. The findings emphasise that those competencies have organisational value and that, therefore, those workers are a positive organisational resource. However, it also reveals that some factors, such as the orchestration of resources, tend to make those competences invisible to managers. This myopia participates in making the dyslexic workers hidden resources. ; Dans un contexte où le législateur impose aux organisations françaises une intégration des personnes handicapées et où celles-ci sont le plus souvent perçues comme des ressources négatives, cette thèse interroge les potentialités des travailleurs dyslexiques en termes de compétences dans le but de déterminer si ces derniers peuvent constituer une ressource positive. En adoptant une méthode du récit de vie, cette thèse s'intéresse au processus d'élaboration des compétences des travailleurs dyslexiques. L'analyse des données recueillies montre que ce processus se met en place selon une combinaison de facteurs propres à la configuration neurologique de ces personnes, qui permet par la même la création de compétences idiosyncratiques. Si les résultats issus des entretiens nous démontrent que ces dernières sont détentrices de compétences utiles pour le contexte organisationnel, et constituent ainsi une ressource positive, un certain nombre de facteurs concourent le plus souvent à les rendre invisibles aux yeux des managers. Cette myopie des ...

While the legislation imposes the integration of people with disabilities to French organisations, those people are often perceived as negative organisational resources. In this context, this PhD thesis focuses on determining if dyslexic workers' can be a positive organisational resource by investigating their potential competencies. This work relies on the life stories of twenty dyslexic workers and sheds light on the process of competencies development in which they engage. The analysis stresses that the dyslexic workers' neurological configuration influences this process, which in turn creates idiosyncratic competences. The findings emphasise that those competencies have organisational value and that, therefore, those workers are a positive organisational resource. However, it also reveals that some factors, such as the orchestration of resources, tend to make those competences invisible to managers. This myopia participates in making the dyslexic workers hidden resources. ; Dans un contexte où le législateur impose aux organisations françaises une intégration des personnes handicapées et où celles-ci sont le plus souvent perçues comme des ressources négatives, cette thèse interroge les potentialités des travailleurs dyslexiques en termes de compétences dans le but de déterminer si ces derniers peuvent constituer une ressource positive. En adoptant une méthode du récit de vie, cette thèse s'intéresse au processus d'élaboration des compétences des travailleurs dyslexiques. L'analyse des données recueillies montre que ce processus se met en place selon une combinaison de facteurs propres à la configuration neurologique de ces personnes, qui permet par la même la création de compétences idiosyncratiques. Si les résultats issus des entretiens nous démontrent que ces dernières sont détentrices de compétences utiles pour le contexte organisationnel, et constituent ainsi une ressource positive, un certain nombre de facteurs concourent le plus souvent à les rendre invisibles aux yeux des managers. Cette myopie des ...

Les grossesses à l'adolescence suscitent de nombreuses questions et restent un problème de santé publique au niveau mondial. Elles sont problématiques car elles sont souvent associées à des difficultés socio-économiques, familiales et psychologiques. L'objectif de cette étude est de comparer les profils psychologiques et sociaux de jeunes filles ayant opté pour une interruption volontaire de grossesse, de celles ayant décidé de la poursuivre, et de jeunes filles n'ayant jamais vécu de grossesse. L'échantillon se compose de 14 jeunes filles âgées entre 16 et 21 ans dont 7 qui ont décidé de poursuivre leur grossesse et 7 autres de l'interrompre. Ces adolescentes ont été comparées à un groupe témoin de 18 jeunes filles n'ayant jamais été enceintes. Un entretien et des questionnaires structurés leur ont été administrés afin d'évaluer les caractéristiques individuelles et environnementales. Résultats / Un milieu familial dépourvu de soutien, des carences affectives, un réseau social restreint, un milieu socio-économique précaire, une mauvaise estime de soi et un désinvestissement scolaire seraient effectivement de puissants prédicteurs de la poursuite d'une grossesse à l'adolescence. Par contre, aucun trait particulier au niveau de la personnalité n'a été démontré. Conclusion Les programmes de prévention doivent, à notre sens, être davantage investis par les politiques de santé publique, sous forme d'informations d'éducation à la sexualité et ce, dès l'enseignement primaire. Toutefois, ces actions doivent dépasser l'information sur la contraception et son utilisation, car la grossesse à l'adolescence est bien plus qu'un défaut ou un échec de contraception, elle répond, pour de nombreuses adolescentes, à des attentes implicites d'une identité nouvelle et de réparation par rapport à des fractures et traumatismes antérieurs. Eu égard aux difficultés psychosociales et au vécu d'adversité des mères adolescentes qui ne sont plus scolarisées, des interventions spécifiques de soutien à la parentalité, en vue de renforcer leurs compétences et sentiments de compétence parentale, et les sensibiliser à leurs propres besoins et à ceux de leur enfant, pourraient être menées à partir d'une clinique en milieu de vie et d'interventions à domicile. ; précocesAbstractIntroduction. – Teenage pregnancy arouses lots of questions and remains a worldwide social and public health problem. This phenomenon isproblematic because it is often associated with socio-economic, family and psychological difficulties.Objective. – Our study aims to identify the individual and environmental factors that influence the teenager's decision whether to keep her child ornot.Method. – A sample of fourteen girls between 16 and 21 years old was recruited who had been or were pregnant. The girls were divided into2 groups: seven who decided to continue with their pregnancy and seven others who decided to have an abortion. This group was compared to girlswho had never been pregnant (n = 18). An interview was carried out and structured questionnaires were administered in order to evaluate individualand environmental characteristics as the age of menarche and the first sexual intercourse, the emotional and sexual education, the social and family support, the socio-cultural background and the socio-economic environment. Different other dimensions were analyzed: individual characteristics(Temperament and Character Inventory Junior, Impulsive Behaviour Scale, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory) and family characteristics (AdverseChildhood Experiences) such as childhood family strengths and adverse childhood experiences.Results and conclusions. – Our study findings showed that a precarious socio-economic environment, a lack of support and affection in thefamily, emotional deprivations, a restricted social network, low self-esteem and school disinvestments would effectively predict the continuationof a pregnancy. Childhood family strengths seem to be strongly protective against early sexual intercourse, adolescent pregnancy and long-termpsychosocial consequences. On the other hand, no particular personality feature was demonstrated. Individual characteristics would thus have lessimpact on premature pregnancies than environmental characteristics. Prevention programs must stretch beyond the use of contraception, i.e. tendtoward an intervention for psycho-socially and socio-economically at risk families, so as to support them in their educational and affective rolewith their children. Psychological help could also be brought to young girls who have had experiences of maltreatment, to favour self-esteem andraise their awareness of the consequences of sexual risk behaviour. Finally, there should be specific help for the girls during the decision-makingperiod. Counselling during this period should be attentive to the resources and the motivations of the adolescent and to the circumstances of the pregnancy. ; Peer reviewed

Location of economic activities are defined in spatial economics according to distance from an urban center. Land rent is the value of which each activity will pay for being closer to this so-called center. Concentration of these activities will then depend on land rent mechanisms.Territorial resource can bring new appeal to explain relationships between actors by developing a territorial economic approach to relations between land use and economy beyond the land use rent mechanism. The territorial land use resource underline economic development factors which explain the reason why activities will choose to settle down and grow somewhere or not. Based upon empirical observations, we find that land use policy orientations and coordination between public and private actors are two main aspects that can explain these choices and the kind of capabilities each territory or zone are given. By giving interface function and redeployability, territories have made possible a place based development. For instance, the use of public land-use regulation with a strong coordination with private actors can enhance development of territories at a time when they have to imagine their own path to development. ; La localisation des activités économiques se définit en économie spatiale par la distance au centre urbain, fictif ou réel, qui s'apparente à la rente foncière acquittée par les différentes activités (bureaux, commerces, industries). La concentration de ces activités serait ainsi dépendante des mécanismes de rente foncière urbaine. En faisant appel aux notions de ressource territoriale et de relations entre acteurs, situés dans l'espace, nous développons les apports de l'économie territoriale pour comprendre les mécanismes qui relient le foncier et les activités économiques au-delà de la rente foncière. La ressource foncière territoriale met en évidence les facteurs de développement économique territorial qui expliquent les choix de localisation d'activités tertiaires et industrielles. Les orientations des politiques ...

The quality of primary education in Côte d'Ivoire has deteriorated sharply over the past three decades. This situation is the result of an approximate management of the education system, which is characterized by a lack of educational support, a misallocation of resources, a congestion of classrooms (42 students for a teacher in primary school) and a lack of skilled and well trained teachers. In addition, the military-political conflict in September 2002 did not allow to improve this situation; on the contrary, it has further deteriorated the situation. Thus, the aim of this thesis is first to analyze the influence of resource endowments on the effectiveness of primary schools in Cote d'Ivoire on the basis of a survey on the competence conducted by the Ministry of Education. Secondly, it examines the impact of military-political conflict in September 2002 on the demand for education based on data from the MICS-2000 and 2006 household surveys. To do this, a classification of schools according to their resource endowment was made, then, using the method of data envelopment analysis (DEA nonparametric method), an efficiency frontier is constructed to highlight the specificities of schools and finally an econometric estimation (Tobit model censored data) is implemented to identify factors influencing the formation of effectiveness scores. The analysis shows that increasing the amount of resources allocated to a school does not guarantee its performance as the efficiency factors are not resident in endowment quantity, but rather in the endowment quality, that is the values and characteristics intrinsic to people and materials available to schools, this fact in order to fit the specific needs of schools and fairness. Furthermore, using a methodology combining both double differences estimation, the triple differences estimation and correction by the robustness checks, we find that the rate of access and completed grades of primary school s one to six of primary school declined because of the crisis. Indeed, the ...

The objective of this thesis was to understand the economic behavior of fisheries and to propose resource management policies. The focus was mainly on the French Guiana shrimp fishery. First an initial analysis will be performed on a historical data basis. Initial findings have showed that this fishery was characterized by a strong decrease in its stock, its effort, its production and lead to the closure of some companies. The results have helped also to understand that the production in this fishery is highly dependent on stock and the decrease of the stock is not related to overfishing. Indeed, despite a considerable decline in fishing effort and production, the stock continued to slump suggesting that other factors may be involved. In particular the fishing zone is characterized by an Amazonian environment with significant mangrove and many rivers. The integration of mangrove in the analysis, which shows a decrease in its surface in the 90s did not explain the collapse of the stock. However, the integration of other factors such as rivers and sea surface temperatures have increased understanding of stock depletion in this sector. The French Guiana shrimp fishery is highly influenced by global change, notably increasing in temperature. Moreover, the last chapter suggests that some endogenous phenomena in the fishery, like the congestion effects between fishing vessels, make the whole fishery more sensitive to technology, exogenous economic or biological shocks, amplifying their impact on the optimal business decisions regarding fishing effort. In order to save the French Guiana shrimp fishery, it appears therefore crucial to try to limit the sources of climate change instead of deeply modifying economic practices in this sector, which may lead to misunderstandings by fishermen and local political conflicts. ; L'objectif de cette thèse a été de comprendre le fonctionnement économique des pêcheries et de proposer des politiques de gestion des ressources halieutiques. L'attention a été portée essentiellement sur ...

The objective of this thesis was to understand the economic behavior of fisheries and to propose resource management policies. The focus was mainly on the French Guiana shrimp fishery. First an initial analysis will be performed on a historical data basis. Initial findings have showed that this fishery was characterized by a strong decrease in its stock, its effort, its production and lead to the closure of some companies. The results have helped also to understand that the production in this fishery is highly dependent on stock and the decrease of the stock is not related to overfishing. Indeed, despite a considerable decline in fishing effort and production, the stock continued to slump suggesting that other factors may be involved. In particular the fishing zone is characterized by an Amazonian environment with significant mangrove and many rivers. The integration of mangrove in the analysis, which shows a decrease in its surface in the 90s did not explain the collapse of the stock. However, the integration of other factors such as rivers and sea surface temperatures have increased understanding of stock depletion in this sector. The French Guiana shrimp fishery is highly influenced by global change, notably increasing in temperature. Moreover, the last chapter suggests that some endogenous phenomena in the fishery, like the congestion effects between fishing vessels, make the whole fishery more sensitive to technology, exogenous economic or biological shocks, amplifying their impact on the optimal business decisions regarding fishing effort. In order to save the French Guiana shrimp fishery, it appears therefore crucial to try to limit the sources of climate change instead of deeply modifying economic practices in this sector, which may lead to misunderstandings by fishermen and local political conflicts. ; L'objectif de cette thèse a été de comprendre le fonctionnement économique des pêcheries et de proposer des politiques de gestion des ressources halieutiques. L'attention a été portée essentiellement sur ...

International audience ; The issue of a community-based energy autonomy is increasingly present in policy discourses. Such initiatives are supposed to reduce carbon footprint, while lowering dependence on external energy and creating new jobs. However, it is not clear whether such initiatives are efficient or even feasible on a large scale. This article examines the different factors that need to be taken into account, from the physical resources for renewable energy to the social and institutional factors (such as the intensity of social life or political cooperation). This article attempts to fill the gap in the literature on the role of nonmarket factors in regional development and the flourishing literature on renewable energy. By examining the physical distribution of resources in France, we show that there are many different pathways for increasing energy autonomy. Only a limited part of the French territory can achieve true autonomy, and this could be detrimental to industrial development. Thus, there should be a close coordination between national, regional and local levels of the administration. In order to examine the role of social and institutional factors on community-based energy autonomy initiatives, we performed an econometric analysis on the results of a national program aiming at fostering them. The results suggest a significant role for these factors in the emergence of these initiatives, which implies that policy instruments should take them into account.

International audience The issue of a community-based energy autonomy is increasingly present in policy discourses. Such initiatives are supposed to reduce carbon footprint, while lowering dependence on external energy and creating new jobs. However, it is not clear whether such initiatives are efficient or even feasible on a large scale. This article examines the different factors that need to be taken into account, from the physical resources for renewable energy to the social and institutional factors (such as the intensity of social life or political cooperation). This article attempts to fill the gap in the literature on the role of nonmarket factors in regional development and the flourishing literature on renewable energy. By examining the physical distribution of resources in France, we show that there are many different pathways for increasing energy autonomy. Only a limited part of the French territory can achieve true autonomy, and this could be detrimental to industrial development. Thus, there should be a close coordination between national, regional and local levels of the administration. In order to examine the role of social and institutional factors on community-based energy autonomy initiatives, we performed an econometric analysis on the results of a national program aiming at fostering them. The results suggest a significant role for these factors in the emergence of these initiatives, which implies that policy instruments should take them into account.

International audience ; The issue of a community-based energy autonomy is increasingly present in policy discourses. Such initiatives are supposed to reduce carbon footprint, while lowering dependence on external energy and creating new jobs. However, it is not clear whether such initiatives are efficient or even feasible on a large scale. This article examines the different factors that need to be taken into account, from the physical resources for renewable energy to the social and institutional factors (such as the intensity of social life or political cooperation). This article attempts to fill the gap in the literature on the role of nonmarket factors in regional development and the flourishing literature on renewable energy. By examining the physical distribution of resources in France, we show that there are many different pathways for increasing energy autonomy. Only a limited part of the French territory can achieve true autonomy, and this could be detrimental to industrial development. Thus, there should be a close coordination between national, regional and local levels of the administration. In order to examine the role of social and institutional factors on community-based energy autonomy initiatives, we performed an econometric analysis on the results of a national program aiming at fostering them. The results suggest a significant role for these factors in the emergence of these initiatives, which implies that policy instruments should take them into account.

Like many large cities, Paris relies on relatively remote rural areas for its drinking water supply. Half the volume of water distributed in the French capital comes from groundwater collected in the Seine watershed, 100 to 150 km away. Contemporary water conservation issues raise questions about the changing relationships between the city and the territories on which urban water is abstracted. Two time periods are analyzed : first, the implementation of water transfers to Paris from the end of 19th century and then, the establishment of groundwater protection policies since the 1990s. The thesis has two purposes : first, to analyze the evolution of the discourse on urban water-related projects, from a political ecology perspective ; then, to understand how water conservation issues are perceived and integrated at the scale of water catchment areas. The research focuses on the case of the Voulzie, Durteint and Dragon catchments (Seine-et-Marne) and the Vigne catchment (Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Orne). Using quantitative and qualitative approaches, the methodology is based on a variety of sources. The analysis of historical records and various documents is complemented by semi-structured interviews, field observations and surveys. The results underline the evolution of the discourse on urban water-related projects and the (re)definition of hydrosocial territories in the context of environmental issues. At the catchment scale, the discourses are confronted with a study of the geographical factors that play a role in the territorial implication of local communities regarding water conservation policies. The thesis shows that the parisian municipality uses an inclusive and win-win discourse to align local territorialities with the Parisian hydrosocial territory. This discourse relies on the spatiality of local drinking water networks to foster the implication of stakeholders. However, the field survey points out several factors undermining this implication. A specific hydrosocial territory is emerging, distinct from the ...