Suchergebnisse

The breakdown of non-democratic regimes unveils a paradox: they stabilize quickly once some internal control over the oppositions is established, and the access to the political power is denied, but they eventually have to face disruptive crises. Why? Non-democratic regimes are identified through a conceptual sketch of the democracy as opposite regime, and three approaches to the study of political stability are identified; The political culture approach addressed to the investigation of the beliefs and sources of legitimacy of a given regime; The socio-centered approach drew attention to the distribution of the social and economic resources; Finally, the institutional approach focused on the institutional and organizational control of the social and political mobilization. The political culture and the socio-centered approaches point out the "social factors", while the "institutional" approach focuses on "regime factors" which may stabilize a non-democracy. A hypothetical model is developed and applied to the recent cases of authoritarian breakdown in Tunisia, Libya and Egypt, and it is argued that although "social factors" do have a role in political crises, "regime factors" are the key variables explaining the durability of non-democratic regimes and their capacity to delay the breakdown. Adapted from the source document.

La incidencia de la política d'Alfons el Magnánim en la economía, existent. estava molt condicionada i depenía de les própies característiques del procés de inserció de la economía del Mezzogiorno en ("estructura económica internacional. Mancada deis mitjans i depenent en bona mesura de factors exlerns. com la banca i el crédit, les primigénies iniciatives de política económica es veien interfcrides per les necessitats financeres de l'estat i el moment. ; The impact of Alfonso the Magnanimous' politics regarding the economy was very much a rcsult of the particularices of the Mezzogiorno and of the intemational economic structure of the day. The earliest economic initialives wcrc impeded considerably by ihe Ünancial needs of the slate and the exigencics of the moment, compounded by a lack of resources and a dependence on external factors (such as banks and credil).

Dottorato di ricerca in Politica agraria ; Questo lavoro esamina l'impatto dei Cambiamenti Climatici sulle principali componenti climatiche (precipitazioni e temperature). Inoltre, analizza gli effetti dell'incertezza sul settore agricolo in termini di variazioni di redditività, di colture praticate e di utilizzo dei fattori produttivi. Tale incertezza scaturisce dall'impatto dei Cambiamenti Climatici sulla disponibilità di acqua per gli agricoltori. L'area oggetto del presente studio è localizzata nella Nurra, un territorio situato nel nord-ovest della Sardegna, in corrispondenza del bacino idrografico del Cuga. Per valutare l'impatto dei Cambiamenti Climatici sulle principali componenti climatiche sono state analizzate le serie storiche di precipitazione e temperatura media, in merito all'evoluzione di lungo periodo e alla variabilità dei fenomeni. Dall'analisi emerge una tendenza alla diminuzione delle precipitazioni e all'aumento delle temperature medie, nonché ad un incremento della loro variabilità mensile. Per analizzare gli effetti dell'incertezza sul settore agricolo causati dall'impatto dei Cambiamenti Climatici sulla quantità di risorsa idrica fornita dal Consorzio agli agricoltori nel corso della campagna irrigua, è stato applicato un modello di Programmazione Stocastica Discreta. I risultati mostrano che il Cambiamento Climatico varia gli ordinamenti colturali, con una conseguente riduzione dei redditi lordi. Inoltre, causa un minor impiego della maggior parte dei fattori produttivi: acqua consortile, lavoro totale e mezzi tecnici chimici. Viceversa, aumenta la quantità di acqua estratta dai pozzi aziendali. ; This work examines the impact of the Climate Change on the most important climatic components (precipitation and temperature). Moreover, it analyses the effects of the uncertainty in the agricultural sector as regards variations of profitability, cropping systems and the utilization of productive factors. This uncertainty is due to the impact of the Climate Change on the water availability for farmers. The analysed area is located in Nurra region, a territory in the north-west of Sardinia, in correspondence of the hydrographical basin of Cuga. The historical series of precipitation and average temperature have been analysed to estimate the impact of the Climate Change on the most important climatic components, as regards long period evolutions and the variability of the phenomena. The analysis shows a decreasing trend of the precipitations and an increasing trend of the average temperatures, as well as it shows an increase of the monthly variability of both components. A model of Discrete Stochastic Programming has been applied to analyse the effects of the uncertainty in the agricultural sector caused by the impact of the Climate Change on the quantity of water that is provided to the farmers by the Irrigation District during the irrigation period. The results show that the Climate Change modifies the surface assigned to the crops, with a consequent reduction of the total gross income. Moreover, it causes a lower utilization of most inputs: total water of the Irrigation District, total labour and chemical inputs. On the other side, it increases the amount of water extracted from the wells.

In un contesto di mercato dove l'innovazione e dunque la conoscenza, si attestano sempre più come fattori chiave per il successo aziendale, le organizzazioni che ambiscano a conquistare una consistente market share, non possono prescindere dall'impiego di Risorse Umane qualificate, denominati lavoratori della conoscenza. Solo in Italia si stima che i Knowledge workers, dal 1995 al 2005, siano aumentati del 22%. La caratteristica di questi ultimi è quella di essere fattori competitivi durevoli e, come tali, devono essere integrati nell'azienda con la quale formeranno un legame unico e non trasferibile. Il suddetto tratto pone l'esigenza di trattenere l'expertise sviluppato. Scopo di questa tesi è analizzare il commitment come mezzo per il mantenimento dei collaboratori all'interno dell'azienda. Un'analisi di correlazione tra i fattori antecedenti, individuati da Allen e Meyer, ed il commitment evidenza l'importanza dell'esperienza lavorativa nello sviluppo di questo stato psicologico. Le aziende dovranno quindi puntare sull'implementazione di un clima interno positivo e su politiche di Human Resource Management adeguate coadiuvate da una comunicazione efficace. In particolare, il presente lavoro prende in considerazione il ruolo della comunicazione nello sviluppo del commitment fornendo un esempio pratico con riferimento alle Best Communication practices nella General Electric. In a changing scenario in which innovation and knowledge play an essential role as key factors in organizational efficacy, all the organizations who want to be successful can't disregard the need for high qualified Human Resources, also known as "Knowledge Workers". In Italy the share of Knowledge workers has rose by 22% from 1995 to 2005. A characteristic of these workers is that they are a source of sustainable competitive advantage and, as such, they must be integrated into the company with which they'll develop a unique and non-transferable bond. The above mentioned trait makes important to retain the expertise developed. Aim of this work is to investigate Organizational Commitment as a mean of talent retention. A correlation analysis between antecedent factors, determined by Allen and Meyer, and Commitment, highlights the importance of Work Experience in developing such psychological state. Companies should implement a positive Internal Climate and adequate Human Resource Management practices alongside with an effective Communication policy. In particular, this study draws the attention to the role of Internal Communication in developing Commitment, and offers an example of Best Communication Practices in General Electric.

This work aims to explore the theme of the commons , horizontal subsidiarity and Information and Communication technologies . Realms of a reflection on the development of a new model of Public Administration . The foundations of which are posed by a renewed social need , namely the need for citizens to take responsibility for the management of their common resources . Therefore , as a result of this reflection , it tried to trace a path through the illustration of some concrete experiences , for the definition of a " Subsidiary Paradigm " , in which public institutions work together with the citizens in the management of the commons . We have tried to demonstrate, as the common good , not being linked either to the public or to private property , represent the ideal tool for the realization of shared solutions. The participatory management initiatives of such goods, thus become, sustainable patterns of economic and social development. This, of course, requires the involvement of citizens in all proceedings relating to the common good, through the persecution of the Principles of Subsidiarity, Transparency, Participation, democracy and equal opportunity. To the success of this model it is essential that P.A., operate with citizens through an orderly path to insights that must necessarily start from knowledge, which must be constructed, inclusive, widespread and integrated. It moves, therefore, as part of the dynamics of the Information and Public Communication, which is crucial to invest to bring the system of E-Government processes. On the Government Theme of common goods, information and communication have a key responsibility in the sense of power and ability to affect the construction of a shared relationship in the public interest realization. In this sense, they are drawn to positive and critical of ITC tools in our administrative system in order to define a strategy for Information and Communication, aimed at effective sharing of public choices. It sought to identify those useful corrective to build a subsidiary relationship , taking into account all the factors liable to the growth of a conscious citizenship of their responsibilities and their rights . As we see , then, if there is a starting point of this reflection , it is the awareness of a "disease " of our current administrative system , and just analyzing this disease , has attempted to define a possible cure , that you have chosen to locate in the introduction of a " Technology Institutional " in key subsidiary , which can effectively adapt to digital ,at the end of a real and conscious participation of citizens in decision-making and management of their common resources .

Available analyses agree on the opportunity to follow some clear lines of innovation to address growing functional pressures exerted by demographic transformations on welfare systems' sustainability. In spite of that, a sort of paralysis characterize Italian national policies for the elderly, based on the ongoing centrality of the family and direct cash transfers. At the subnational level, however, some innovations can be singled out. This article presents, on the one hand, some innovative projects developed in Lombardy since 2015. On the other hand, based on the evidence emerged from two focus groups among experts organized within the InnovaCAre research project, it explores some possible factors hindering or facilitating the innovation itself. The analysis highlights three sets of conditions – policy-making style, political and instrumental resources available to the actors – likely to expand or reduce the room for innovating LTC policies at the subnational level.

Abstract. The article analyses the spatial polarization processes of innovative activities, with particular attention to the United States and Europe, assessing the economic and political effects in the regions left behind. The contribution is part of the research program launched by the essay "The revenge of the Places that don't matter" by Rodriguez-Pose (2018), which has attracted increasing attention. The article proposes a review of the international debate developed on this topic, adding two further elements: first of all, new keys to understanding the causes of spatial polarization processes such as proposed from the approaches of the Knowledge Economy; secondly, the discussion on post-Covid 19 spatial trends, which are reopening a window of opportunity in favour of a territorial rebalancing of location processes. The article also proposes a first review of case studies of "competitive peripheries", i.e. places outside the main metropolitan centres that have nevertheless been able to deploy effective development processes through the combination of endogenous factors and the attraction of external innovative resources.

During the 20th century intervention with respect to economic & productive activity became a normal practice for nearly all states. While, in the nineteenth century, laissez-faire liberalism generally prevailed, & the defence of private property was considered the fundamental role of the state, the twentieth century saw the affirmation in some countries of Marxist-Leninist theories, which assigned the state property rights in the means of production, the arrival on the world scene of the new Keynesian approach, which assigned the state the role of promoting & stabilizing economic & social development, &, lastly, the great world revolution consisting in colonial emancipation, which, though a political phenomenon, constituted an implicit move towards economic independence. All of these factors brought about an upheaval in the situation that had been consolidated since the second half of the 19th century -- a century that saw the consolidation of a hegemony of the most developed countries which exercised control over the natural resources of less developed countries, above all of the colonies conquered by European states in the period of imperialist expansion. The problem of nationalizations, or international expropriations, arose out of the conflict that developed between countries exporting capital, which tended to protect the property of their citizens abroad, & countries importing capital, which decided without warning to take over full responsibility for their own economic resources. It is crucial to note, in this connection, the presence, on the one hand of states with a long liberal tradition, which have often suffered losses in terms of the property of their own citizens &, on the other hand, of international actors exhibiting a socialist state structure or of recent liberal tradition, which claim sovereignty over their own resources. For this reason, international nationalizations need to be re-examined in the light of the ideological, political & economic structure of the single states. They concern, in other words, national sovereignty, general political economy choices, the position held within the international community & relations with various other international state-actors, aiming, in the last analysis, to take account of the role adopted, since the 1960s, by the main international organization, the United Nations. Adapted from the source document.

I temi della sostenibilità ambientale sono da anni al centro di varie iniziative soprattutto dell'Unione Europea, che promuove la ricerca di soluzioni atte a preservare le risorse per le generazioni future. La produzione dei rifiuti e lo sfruttamento delle materie prime sono i principali fattori che rendono ancora oggi il settore dell'edilizia poco eco-compatibile. Si propone pertanto una metodologia con l'obiettivo di verificare come determinati materiali di scarto (gomma, cartone, plastica, vetro, legno) possano essere convertiti in innovativi e performanti componenti edilizi di tamponatura, rispondenti alle esigenze di sostenibilità ambientale. ; The themes of environmental sustainability have for years been at the center of various initiatives, above all the European Union, which promotes the search for solutions to preserve resources for future generations. The waste production and the exploitation of raw materials are the main factors that still make the construction sector less eco-compatible. It is therefore proposed a methodology with the aim of verifying how some waste materials (rubber, cardboard, plastic, glass, wood) can be converted into innovative and performing construction components, with high environmental sustainability requirements.

This paper aims at demonstrating that the explication of the existential ethics of capabilities is necessary in order to enhance the quality life of people living in contemporary contexts. In fact, the latter have been characterized by the failure of market economy, thus requiring new economic policies that are not only efficient, but also efficacious. Social and economic development is possible only as the result of insights into human nature and knowledge—the latter, meant as the result of experience and education.This point of view takes also in account the factors involved into the convertibility of resources in different contexts. ; In questo saggio si vuole dimostrare che esplicitare la logica esistenziale dell'etica delle capacità è fondamentale per riuscire a migliorare la qualità della vita delle persone nei contesti attuali, caratterizzati da fallimento di mercato e soprattutto per delineare interventi di politica economica efficaci e non solo efficienti. Lo sviluppo economico e sociale è realizzabile, infatti, solo conoscendo la natura umana, il valore della conoscenza acquisita con l'esperienza e con l'educazione, tenendo conto dei fattori di convertibilità delle risorse dei diversi contesti.

In the last two decades, in the field of Italian educational policy, there have been lines of development concerning school-work alternance (i.e. programmes that involve alternating periods of attendance at educational institutions and participation in work-based training sometimes referred to as "sandwich" programmes). Although many researches and gathering data have been carried out (monitoring the school-work rotation programs that were realized by INDIRE and MIUR), we don't have significant quantitative or qualitative outcomes that can point out the strongest aspects of this methodology. The aim of this paper is to identify the efficacy and efficiency of school work alternate experiences, in order to point out principal possible positive and negative factors. For this research a south district was chosen and secondary schools (14 in total) were selected with all kind of school (Technical, Vocational, Liceo). School-work alternance, is investigated as situated learning practice and through the activity theory of third generation, because the acquisition of the expertise can beensured only by two aspects: multi-contestuality and school boundary crossing. In this perspective individuals need to act in different contexts. To conduct this research is used the mixed method as a way to gather as much as possible information about a complex phenomenon.This educational research is part of the line of studies that deals with the construction of conceptual models and the re-elaboration of international research results (e. g. OECD surveys), with the intention of proposing possible updates of subsequent research or surveys to highlight the characteristics,differences and factors that determine the development of the individual's competence to use their own resources and develop them as talents and skills according to the potential capabilities involved. ; Negli ultimi due decenni, nel campo della politica educativa italiana, ci sono state linee di sviluppo, che hanno riguardato l'alternanza scuola lavoro. Sebbene siano ...

This work presents the results of a research regarding the élite of Asti and the cultural factors that determine its role in the local governance performance. Starting from determining the difficulties of this territory to elaborate a shared vision of a new and effective trajectory of future development, the research aimed at focusing on the dynamics of power and of shared meanings that hinder this process, with the purpose of identifying possible strategies of change. The composition and stratification of local elite and features of local decision-making process were identified through a mixed method approach, based on positional, reputational, decisional and social network analysis. The analysis of the elite's discourse about local development highlighted a strong polarization both concerning the self-representation of local power and the possible levers of development. On the one hand, an image of power as a closed system, almost exclusively focused on its self-reproduction, in contrast with a more flexible one, based on the management of a territory through local services administration. On the other hand, an expectation of development opportunities almost automatically arising from landscape and natural resources in contrast with an idea of development more based on the opportunities arising form cultural heritage (Palio and local theatre tradition), which could create synergies with University's and local tourism's development strategies.

This work presents the results of a research regarding the élite of Asti and the cultural factors that determine its role in the local governance performance. Starting from determining the difficulties of this territory to elaborate a shared vision of a new and effective trajectory of future development, the research aimed at focusing on the dynamics of power and of shared meanings that hinder this process, with the purpose of identifying possible strategies of change. The composition and stratification of local elite and features of local decision-making process were identified through a mixed method approach, based on positional, reputational, decisional and social network analysis. The analysis of the elite's discourse about local development highlighted a strong polarization both concerning the self-representation of local power and the possible levers of development. On the one hand, an image of power as a closed system, almost exclusively focused on its self-reproduction, in contrast with a more flexible one, based on the management of a territory through local services administration. On the other hand, an expectation of development opportunities almost automatically arising from landscape and natural resources in contrast with an idea of development more based on the opportunities arising form cultural heritage (Palio and local theatre tradition), which could create synergies with University's and local tourism's development strategies.

La ricerca e l'innovazione sono fattori chiave per il benessere e la crescita economica in ogni economia avanzata, nonché una priorità nelle strategie dell'Unione Europea. Capire i meccanismi profondi dei processi di innovazione, dove e come avviene e perché il fenomeno innovativo appare essere geograficamente concentrato è una questione di fondamentale importanza per sviluppare efficaci politiche nazionali e regionali di innovazione. Con questo intento, il presente lavoro si pone l'obiettivo di investigare empiricamente quali siano i fattori regionali (a livello NUTS2) più rilevanti dell'innovazione e ricerca nel settore Healthcare in Europa. Il settore Healthcare è di particolare interesse in quanto, oltre ad essere una tematica prioritaria nelle politiche europee, è caratterizzato da un'alta concentrazione di innovazioni sia terapeutiche sia tecnologiche e si trova a dover affrontare importanti sfide future, prima tra tutte, l'invecchiamento della popolazione. I dati utilizzati, relativi al periodo 2008-2010 del Framework Programme 7 (FP7) dell'Unione Europea, evidenziano che le attività innovative, misurate sia in termini di brevetti sia in termini di pubblicazioni scientifiche, sono geograficamente fortemente concentrate anche nel settore in esame. Inoltre, in linea con le ipotesi teoriche, le stime econometriche confermano il ruolo decisivo che alcuni fattori di input, quali la presenza di infrastrutture scientifiche, la spesa pubblica e le risorse umane impiegate in attività di ricerca e sviluppo, la partecipazione a progetti di ricerca europei, hanno sulla ricerca e innovazione regionale nel settore Healthcare. ; Research and innovation are key factors for well-being and economic growth in every advanced economy, as well as a priority in the strategies of the European Union. Understanding the profound mechanisms of innovative processes, where and how it happens and why the innovative phenomenon appears to be geographically concentrated is a matter of primary importance for developing effective national and regional innovation policies. With this in mind, this paper aims to investigate empirically the most relevant regional factors (at NUTS2 level) of innovation and research in the Healthcare sector in Europe. The Healthcare sector is of particular interest because, in addition to being a priority theme in European policies, it is characterized by a high concentration of both therapeutic and technological innovations and is faced with major future challenges, first of all aging of the population. The data used, relating to the 2008-2010 period of the Framework Program 7 (FP7) of the European Union, show that innovative activities, measured both in terms of patents and in terms of scientific publications, are geographically strongly concentrated also in the sector under examination. Moreover, in line with the theoretical hypotheses, the econometric estimates confirm the decisive role that some input factors, such as the presence of scientific infrastructures, public spending and human resources employed in research and development, participation in European research projects, have on regional research and innovation in the Healthcare sector.