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This article explores antecedents of nonprofit directors' self-reported confidence and participation in two board functions: monitoring (executive performance appraisal, selection, fiscal operations, and implementation of strategy) and the provision of resources (advice and counsel, fundraising, and ties to external constituents). We propose that board member's experience and background in conjunction with other factors such as commitment to the mission, a sense of community with other board members, and training will influence confidence and participation in board functions. Data were collected via a survey from 591 board members in 64 different nonprofit organizations. Regression analyses showed that gender, experience as a nonprofit board member, service on other nonprofit boards, mission attachment, and training were the most consistent predictors of confidence and participation in board activities. Implications are noted for enhancing the contribution of board members to nonprofit organizations.

The system design trade study process was investigated to determine the feasibility of including human resources data. First, 61 completed trade studies from aeronautical, missile, and command and control systems were analyzed to determine the characteristics of trade studies. Then, four simulated trade studies containing engineering and human resources data and representing flight control and avionics subsystems were constructed for experimental use. Seventy-two experienced design engineers performed the simulated trade studies. It was found that engineers can and do use human resources data in system design trade studies. Personnel costs and quantities are assigned more weight than skill types, skill levels, and availability of personnel. A detailed presentation of human resources data is given more weight than a condensed presentation. Four major sources of variability in trade study results were found. These are: choice of parameters, weighting factors for the parameters, methods of normalizing the parametric data, and methods of combining parametric data and weighting factors. Standardization of trade study methods is recommended to help overcome this variability.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Introduction -- Retrospective on Health Care Issues -- Future Forces Affecting the Health Care System -- Final Comment -- 1 Health Care Forecasting: A Retrospective, 1970-1980 -- Some Reflections on Forecasting -- Forecasts and the Health Care Delivery System -- Forecasting National Health Expenditures: 1970-1980 -- Forecasting Human Resources Supply and Requirements: 1970-1980 -- Forecasting Capital Needs and Bed Supply: 1970-1980 -- Forecasting Changes in Technology: 1970-1980 -- Forecasting Organizational Change in the Health Care Delivery System: 1970-1980 -- Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- 2 Changing Employment Trends in the U.S. Health Care Delivery System: 1985-2000 -- Health Sector Employment by Specific Place of Employment -- Health Sector Employment by Occupation -- Gender and Race Issues -- Policy Issues and Conclusions -- Notes -- 3 Critical Issues in Capital for Health Care -- The Roles of Capital in Health Care -- Estimates of Capital Need -- Borrowing and the Bond Market -- Other Issues in Health Capital Policy -- The Academic Health Center and Access to Capital -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 4 The Rapid Progress of Medical Technology -- Capital and Technology -- Cost of Technology Issues -- Issues in Technology Diffusion -- New and Emerging Technologies -- Transplantation of Human Organs -- Other Issues -- Conclusion -- Notes -- About the Author -- Index.

Metadata only record ; The article explores and examines challenges and lessons learned from the implementation of community based natural resources management (CBNRM) programmes in Ngamiland, northern Botswana. The article, based largely on primary data, with some secondary data sources, draws on the CBNRM framework, which promotes rural socio-economic development and natural resources management. Among the key factors identified as pivotal to the success of CBNRM is broadening the consultation base during the mobilization phase of the programme to facilitate effective community participation and representation. Preparedness by both the implementing institutions and participating communities is also highlighted as key to effective mobilization. This means moving away from a conventional consultative forum, to a more multi-faceted approach that will facilitate capturing the views of diverse user groups within the community. The article also suggests that feasibility studies are needed to address socio-economic, political and cultural characteristics inherent in communities to guide programme implementation. To achieve increased community participation and enhance positive conservation attitudes, the article advocates a mobilization approach and practice that will effectively facilitate the process.

Local Government Units (LGU) play a critical role in the management of resources within their jurisdiction. Our collaborative work with SANREM/seeks to understand better the methodological, institutional and policy hurdles impinging the success of local natural resource management. The experience started in Lantapan in phase 1 of SANREM, with the aim to better integrate environmental knowledge in planning and decision-making at the watershed level. SANREM supported an LGU-led planning process for the development of a five-year Municipal Natural Resource Management and Development Plan (NRMDP). The NRMDP was recognized as a national model for locally led and research-based NRM planning by the Philippines' National Strategy for Watershed Management. Inspired by the Lantapan experience, a scaling-up process was pursued in four municipalities in northern Bukidnon. We concluded that there are socio-political and technical factors affecting the sustainability of local NRM. Four sustainability factors to successful NRM emerged from our study. These are: clear local financial investment, enhanced local technical capacity, sound political culture conducive to NRM, and a supporting National Mandate. To ensure that these conditions are met will require pressures for a virtual overhaul of programmatic areas of effective governance, as well as, setting a national level policy direction, and local level enforcement of such policies. We aim to translate these factors into policy statements communicated at the national level for wider impacts.

Purpose Integrating the resource-based view and institutional approach, this study aims to examine how resource-based factors, and formal and informal institutional context interact in influencing the international engagement. Design/methodology/approach Based on the data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor surveys, this paper performs a multilevel estimation approach in which cross-level (random-effects) moderation analysis is applied. Findings This paper offers new insights into the internationalisation by ascertaining the primary role of resource-based factors in influencing internationalisation. In addition, it reveals the differential contingent values of formal and informal institutions in regard to the relationship between resource-based characteristics and internationlisation. Practical implications The research findings reveal the importance of the country-specific institutional system to drive early-stage entrepreneurs' intention to go international. In addition, the significant impacts of formal and informal institutions call upon policy-makers to improve institutional environments (e.g. government policies, governmental programmes, entrepreneurial finance, market openness, commercial and professional infrastructure, intellectual property rights, etc). Research originality This research indicates that the degree of internationalization increases when entrepreneurs possess necessary resources and under suitable formal and informal institutional environments. Key words: Internationalisation; Resource-based view; Institutional theory; Global Entrepreneurship Monitor