Suchergebnisse

Članak analizira učinke Europskog semestra, okvira EU-a za socijalno-ekonomsku koordinaciju, na promjenu politike zapošljavanja u Hrvatskoj. Slučaj Hrvatske treba ilustrirati kako, pod kojim uvjetima i u kojoj mjeri arhitektura Europskog semestra utječe na politike zapošljavanja u Hrvatskoj. U žarištu su analize dvije stavke javnih politika: Garancija za mlade i dob za umirovljenje. Nalazi vezani za Garanciju za mlade podržavaju očekivanje prema kojemu pojačani nadzor i obveze izvještavanja pridonose promjeni nacionalnih javnih politika. Koristeći intervjue kao izvore podataka, auto pronalazi dva ključna elementa utjecaja: administrativni pritisak i slabu upoznatost s načinom rada Europske komisije u sklopu Europskog semestra. Istodobno, Hrvatska je opetovano zanemarivala preporuke za usklađivanjem dobi umirovljenja za muškarce i žene. Razlozi slaba utjecaja Europskog semestra na tom području mogu se pronaći u ograničavajućem efektu sastava koalicijske vlade, krutosti javne politike, suprotstavljenih uvjerenja i vrlo neizvjesne političke situacije. Ti su uvjeti bili čimbenici odvraćanja od promjene javnih politika, unatoč mogućim sankcijama EU-a. ; This paper analyzes the effects of the European Semester, EU's framework for socio-economic policy coordination, on change of Croatian employment policy. The case of Croatia is used to illustrate in what manner, under which conditions and to what extent the European Semester architecture actually influences Croatian employment policies. The focus is on two policy items: the Youth Guarantee and the retirement age provision. The findings on the Youth Guarantee lend crucial support to the expectation that intensified monitoring and reporting obligations will contribute to domestic policy change. Drawing on interview data, the author identifies administrative pressure and low familiarity with the European Commission's modus operandi within the European Semester as two crucial elements of influence. On the other hand, Croatia repeatedly neglected EU's recommendation to step up the harmonization of female and male retirement age. Reasons for low European Semester impact on this issue can be found in a number of constraining conditions that were at play: coalition politics, the stickiness of the policy issue, opposite policy beliefs and a highly uncertain political situation. These factors acted as factors from policy change despite potential EU sanctions down the pike.

U radu se analizira primjerenost starosnih mirovina u Hrvatskoj mjerena teoretskom stopom zamjene. Pripremljene su projekcije za idućih 40 godina uz pretpostavku nepromijenjenih karakteristika mirovinskog sustava. Rezultati ukazuju kako se u pogledu visine budućih mirovinskih primanja Hrvatska suočava s dva osnovna izazova: (i) smanjivanja relativne visine mirovina mjerene stopom zamjene te (ii) značajne neravnoteže između visine mirovina koje se isplaćuju iz prvog stupa i mješovitih mirovina koje se isplaćuju iz oba obvezna mirovinska stupa. Ako se u mirovinskomu sustavu ništa ne promijeni, radnik koji sa 65 godina starosti i 40 godina radnoga staža odlazi u mirovinu i koji je cijeli radni vijek primao plaću u visini prosječne plaće u zemlji, može očekivati prvu mirovinu u iznosu od približno 53 posto svoje posljednje plaće. Taj će omjer 2050. iznositi 37 posto i mogao bi biti najniži u Europskoj uniji. Simuliraju se učinci nekoliko reformskih mjera te se pokazuje da kombinacija mjera kojom bi se teret reforme raspodijelio između građana i državnoga proračuna ima potencijal dovesti do primjerenijih, ali i dugoročno održivih mirovina. ; The paper explores the adequacy of old-age pensions in Croatia measured by the theoretical replacement rate. The adequacy is assessed for the next 40 years under a no-policy-change assumption. The results point to two major challenges for future pension benefits in Croatia: (i) reduction in the relative pensions measured by the replacement rate, and (ii) significant imbalance between pensions paid from the first pillar and those paid from both mandatory pillars. If nothing changes in the pension system, a worker who retires at 65 years of age after 40 years of service and who received a salary in the amount of the average wage in the country during his whole working life can expect the first pension to be approximately 53 percent of the last-year wage. In 2050, this ratio will be 37 percent and will possibly be the lowest in the European Union. The paper simulates the effects of several reform measures and shows that a combination of measures that could distribute the reform burden between citizens and the state budget has the potential to lead to adequate and sustainable pensions.

Henry Kissinger is one of the most eminent & influential intellectuals in American foreign policy. His work & achievements may be divided into three phases of his participation in the creation of American foreign policy. In the first -- scholarly -- phase of his career, he criticized US foreign policy. His works from that period clearly reflect his realpolitik outlook. Particularly important for his life & work is the second phase when he was able, as a national security adviser & later as Secretary of State for presidents Nixon & Ford, to use his remarkable intellectual capital & successfully practice realpolitik as the creator & proponent of American foreign policy. After his retirement from foreign policy administration, Kissinger did not cease to use his clout in the field of international relations & American foreign policy. He has been one of the most significant intellectuals influencing US foreign policy. 31 References. Adapted from the source document.

U Hrvatskom povijesnom muzeju čuvaju se odlikovanja i diplome kojima je odlikovan mađarski državljanin Nándor Taróczy-Szmazsenka, zagonetna osoba iz vojno-obavještajne sredine. Rodio se u Debrecenu 20. prosinca 1874. U Prvom svjetskom ratu dvaput je ranjen te je pošteđen službe na bojištu i premješten u administrativnu službu na okupiranim područjima Srbije, Poljske i Italije. Od sloma Austro-Ugarske Monarhije (1918.) do 1928. godine služio je vojsku Kraljevine Mađarske, a zatim je umirovljen. Znao je šest jezika i bio je vrlo obrazovan. Bavio se društvenim i političkim temama. U travnju i svibnju 1925. obišao je Sovjetski Savez i ondje sklopio poznanstva i veze. Već je tada predvidio da će ta zemlja postati svjetskom silom, a Zapad je kritizirao zbog "sebičnog materijalizma". Sovjeti su mu se kasnije odužili; u veljači 1945. uspio je sklopiti sporazum s jednim od zapovjednika Crvene armije i njegovi vojnici nisu dirali ljude i imovinu četvrti Budimpešte u kojoj je Taróczy živio. Pedesetih godina 20. stoljeća Mađari su mu oduzeli mirovinu i kuću te je radio kao noćni čuvar. Preživio je nekoliko političkih sustava i umro je u Budimpešti 1973. godine u dobi od 99 godina. Nándor Taróczy-Szmazsenka boravio je u baltičkim državama Estoniji, Latviji i Litvi nakon umirovljenja, vjerojatno u vojno-obavještajnoj službi. Ondje je odlikovan ordenima tih zemalja. Godine 1929. dobio je od Latvije Komanderski znak Ordena triju zvijezda. Godine 1931. dobio je od Estonije Orden orlovog križa II. stupnja. Godine 1933. dobio je od Litve Komanderski znak Ordena velikog litavskog kneza Gedimina. Ta odlikovanja i diplome prikupio je zagrebački kolekcionar i donator dr. Veljko Malinar još za života Nándora Taróczyja-Szmazsenke. Dana 4. lipnja 1971. dr. Malinar zamijenio je sva tri odlikovanja s odlikovanjima Povijesnog muzeja Hrvatske, današnjeg Hrvatskog povijesnog muzeja. Zanimljivo je spomenuti da pritom nisu zamijenjene i pripadajuće diplome, ali one su ipak dospjele u muzej nakon smrti dr. Malinara 1990. godine. ; The Croatian History Museum keeps orders and diplomas issued to the Hungarian citizen Nándor Taróczy-Szmazsenka, a mysterious figure from the milieu of military intelligence. He was born in Debrecen on 20 December 1874. Wounded twice in World War I and released from duty on the front lines, he was posted to administrative service in the occupied regions of Serbia, Poland and Italy. After the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1918) he served in the army of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1928, and then retired. He spoke six languages and was highly educated. He was interested in social and political subjects. In April and May 1925 he visited the Soviet Union and made many acquaintances and connections there. He foresaw, in those early days, that the country would become a world power and criticised the West for "selfish materialism". The Soviets later repaid him, in February 1945 he managed to make an arrangement with a Red Army commander and his soldiers did not touch the people or property in the Budapest quarter where Taróczy lived. In the 1950s the Hungarians stopped his pension and took away his house and he worked as a night guard. He survived several political systems and died in Budapest in 1973 at the age of 99. After his retirement Nándor Taróczy-Szmazsenka spent time in the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, probably in military intelligence. There he was decorated with the orders of those countries. In 1929 Latvia made him Commander of the Order of the Three Stars. In 1931 Estonia awarded him the Order of the Cross of the Eagle, 2nd class. In 1933 Lithuania awarded him the Commander's Cross of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas. The Zagreb collector and donor Dr Veljko Malinar acquired these decorations during Nándor Taróczy-Szmazsenka's lifetime. On 4 June 1971 Dr Malinar exchanged all the three orders with orders in the History Museum of Croatia, today the Croatian History Museum. It is interesting to mention that the diplomas belonging to the orders were not exchanged at the time, but they did come to the museum after Dr Malinar's death in 1990.