The government, in order to achieve the welfare of the citizens in the retirement age to keep pace with the working people, carried out the various pension systems transformations. The working people's welfare is growing due to the economic progress, so there is a theory of economics, which examines the existing income redistribution in time. It should be noted that in order to ensure the financial well-being in old age it is necessary to efficiently allocate the scarce resources. In Lithuania, the existing three pillar pension system allows each employee to contribute to their own financial well-being in the future. This article aims to assess the second pillar pension fund performance and how fund differences affect the amount of old age pension. The analysis made it possible to determine the correlation between the return generated by the fund and the number of participants in the fund; the spreadsheet is provided, which allows estimating the influence of the choice of different funds on the size of the retirement pension. It was found that fund return and the number of participants in the fund have a negative correlation. This shows that the part of households who raise money in fund with the lowest return will be much poorer, and the corresponding result is a smaller pension. It may be noted that the accumulation of different pension fund reserves have a significant impact on the future pension size (this difference can be as high as 230%).
The government, in order to achieve the welfare of the citizens in the retirement age to keep pace with the working people, carried out the various pension systems transformations. The working people's welfare is growing due to the economic progress, so there is a theory of economics, which examines the existing income redistribution in time. It should be noted that in order to ensure the financial well-being in old age it is necessary to efficiently allocate the scarce resources. In Lithuania, the existing three pillar pension system allows each employee to contribute to their own financial well-being in the future. This article aims to assess the second pillar pension fund performance and how fund differences affect the amount of old age pension. The analysis made it possible to determine the correlation between the return generated by the fund and the number of participants in the fund; the spreadsheet is provided, which allows estimating the influence of the choice of different funds on the size of the retirement pension. It was found that fund return and the number of participants in the fund have a negative correlation. This shows that the part of households who raise money in fund with the lowest return will be much poorer, and the corresponding result is a smaller pension. It may be noted that the accumulation of different pension fund reserves have a significant impact on the future pension size (this difference can be as high as 230%).
The government, in order to achieve the welfare of the citizens in the retirement age to keep pace with the working people, carried out the various pension systems transformations. The working people's welfare is growing due to the economic progress, so there is a theory of economics, which examines the existing income redistribution in time. It should be noted that in order to ensure the financial well-being in old age it is necessary to efficiently allocate the scarce resources. In Lithuania, the existing three pillar pension system allows each employee to contribute to their own financial well-being in the future. This article aims to assess the second pillar pension fund performance and how fund differences affect the amount of old age pension. The analysis made it possible to determine the correlation between the return generated by the fund and the number of participants in the fund; the spreadsheet is provided, which allows estimating the influence of the choice of different funds on the size of the retirement pension. It was found that fund return and the number of participants in the fund have a negative correlation. This shows that the part of households who raise money in fund with the lowest return will be much poorer, and the corresponding result is a smaller pension. It may be noted that the accumulation of different pension fund reserves have a significant impact on the future pension size (this difference can be as high as 230%).
The government, in order to achieve the welfare of the citizens in the retirement age to keep pace with the working people, carried out the various pension systems transformations. The working people's welfare is growing due to the economic progress, so there is a theory of economics, which examines the existing income redistribution in time. It should be noted that in order to ensure the financial well-being in old age it is necessary to efficiently allocate the scarce resources. In Lithuania, the existing three pillar pension system allows each employee to contribute to their own financial well-being in the future. This article aims to assess the second pillar pension fund performance and how fund differences affect the amount of old age pension. The analysis made it possible to determine the correlation between the return generated by the fund and the number of participants in the fund; the spreadsheet is provided, which allows estimating the influence of the choice of different funds on the size of the retirement pension. It was found that fund return and the number of participants in the fund have a negative correlation. This shows that the part of households who raise money in fund with the lowest return will be much poorer, and the corresponding result is a smaller pension. It may be noted that the accumulation of different pension fund reserves have a significant impact on the future pension size (this difference can be as high as 230%).
Many countries of the world consider the well-being of citizens to be one of their most important goals. Nowadays there is a growing concern about the well-being of older people. Considering the aging population, there is a call for social policies aimed at strengthening the well-being of older people. Therefore, recommendations were prepared for policymakers on possible ways to strengthen the well-being of the older age Lithuanian population. The recommendations are based on data from the 7th wave of the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). There were 2014 persons aged 50 and older interviewed in Lithuania in the 7th wave of the SHARE survey. Data on various aspects of well-being, health, work and economic situation, childhood circumstances, experiences of discrimination were analyzed. Based on different aspects of well-being it was found, that respondents can be grouped into high, low, and medium well-being clusters, moreover the analysis showed that the Lithuanian population has relatively low well-being compared to other countries. Recommendations were formulated covering possible measures for chronic diseases, co-morbid mental health disorders, work, economic situation, childhood environment, and personal life history. The recommendations are addressed to health, social and employment, education, and science policymakers.
This article focus on the accessibility of pharmaceuticals reimbursed from the compulsory health insurance fund (CHIF) budget in terms of prices in 2009–2015. Data on CHIF budget expenditure on reimbursed pharmaceuticals and patients co-payment for pharmaceuticals were obtained from the database of the National health insurance fund under the Ministry of Health. The major part of CHIF budget expenditure (45–48%) was used to cover the cost of pharmaceuticals for oncology and cardiovascular diseases at 100% and 80% reimbursement level in 2009–2015. CHIF budget expenditure on reimbursed pharmaceuticals and reimbursed per prescription, patients co-payment for pharmaceuticals decreased in 2009–2011, however, these indicators increased in 2012– 2015. Patients' co-payment for reimbursed pharmaceuticals was 26.91% of CHIF budget expenditure in 2009–2015. The highest patients co-payments were paid for cardiovascular diseases pharmaceuticals at 80% reimbursement level whereas the lowest co-payments for oncology pharmaceuticals at 100% reimbursement level. The highest co-payments for reimbursed pharmaceuticals were paid by the patients of working age (18–65) and retirement age (65+). Furthermore, the major part of CHIF budget expenditure (95%) was used to cover the cost of reimbursed pharmaceuticals for both patients groups, especially for working age patients. Although the state government and other government institutions, in implementing the pharmaceutical reimbursement policy, applied various measures to improve accessibility for reimbursed pharmaceuticals, however, the accessibility of reimbursed pharmaceuticals for patients (especially for those of the retirement age of 65+) was ensured in the short term (2009–2011).
This article focus on the accessibility of pharmaceuticals reimbursed from the compulsory health insurance fund (CHIF) budget in terms of prices in 2009–2015. Data on CHIF budget expenditure on reimbursed pharmaceuticals and patients co-payment for pharmaceuticals were obtained from the database of the National health insurance fund under the Ministry of Health. The major part of CHIF budget expenditure (45–48%) was used to cover the cost of pharmaceuticals for oncology and cardiovascular diseases at 100% and 80% reimbursement level in 2009–2015. CHIF budget expenditure on reimbursed pharmaceuticals and reimbursed per prescription, patients co-payment for pharmaceuticals decreased in 2009–2011, however, these indicators increased in 2012– 2015. Patients' co-payment for reimbursed pharmaceuticals was 26.91% of CHIF budget expenditure in 2009–2015. The highest patients co-payments were paid for cardiovascular diseases pharmaceuticals at 80% reimbursement level whereas the lowest co-payments for oncology pharmaceuticals at 100% reimbursement level. The highest co-payments for reimbursed pharmaceuticals were paid by the patients of working age (18–65) and retirement age (65+). Furthermore, the major part of CHIF budget expenditure (95%) was used to cover the cost of reimbursed pharmaceuticals for both patients groups, especially for working age patients. Although the state government and other government institutions, in implementing the pharmaceutical reimbursement policy, applied various measures to improve accessibility for reimbursed pharmaceuticals, however, the accessibility of reimbursed pharmaceuticals for patients (especially for those of the retirement age of 65+) was ensured in the short term (2009–2011).
In Lithuania, as well as throughout the European Union, the number of elderly people is growing. Rising life expectancy encourages states to take into account the wellbeing of the elderly. In order to ensure the successful aging of the elderly one should encourage their comprehensive participation in the life, health preservation and promotion of social connections, emotional expression, physical, cultural and spiritual activity. A big problem is a lack of physical activity, because physical activity is one of the key components to successful aging. So far in Lithuania there was done very little reasearch on the successful aging and the physical activity of elderly people. There is almost no research done on the connection between positive aging and physical activity. The object of the research - connection between physical activity and successful aging of elderly people. Based on the works of presented authors a hypothesis is formulated, which states that better availability of means of physical activity improve elderly people's physical and psychological health, participation in public life and has a positive impact on their successful aging. The aim is to explore the connection between the physical activity of elderly people and theis successful aging. Objectives: 1. Describe the theoretical rules for successful aging; 2. Determine important areas for successful aging and physical activity of elderly people and their assessment indicators. 3. Disclose the elderly people's point of view and obstacles to successful aging. 4. Disclose the influence of physical activity to successful aging. The work for this disertation was carried out in Social Support Center of Kazlų Rūda and Šv. Arkangelo Mykolo retirement home. 111 subjects were interviewed using the questionnaire method, which was intended to reveal whether physically active elderly people are happier and are ageing more successful than physically passive residents of the retirement home. 6 assumptions were used to describe the successful aging: 1) activity, participation; 2) health preservation and fostering; 3) social relations; 4) emotional expression; 5) physical activity; 6) cultural and spiritual activity. It was found that the elderly people in retirement homes are passive and move little, rarely do any excercise, their free time is not meaningful, other conditions of successfull aging are also no met. Many of the elderly people realize the value of successful aging and supports its assumptions. The majority of respondents, while agreeing that certain activities of successful aging are important for valuable aging, still fail to implement them. The main indicated reasons are the lack of will to implement these activities and poor health. These elderly people (living in retirement homes), who are not sufficiently physically active, more often says they are not happy, rarely involves themselves in various activities and more often choose passive activities to spend their free time. The ;ack of physical inactivity has a direct negative impact on happiness. The study found that physically active are more likely to participate in various activities, are more concerned about their health and are engaged in cultural and spiritual activities. The analysis shows that physical activity positively affects social relationships and emotions. These persons better control their emotions, are happier and more confident. Physically active people more often communicate with their neighbors, friends, children and grandchildren. All this has a direct impact on their happiness. The analysis of statistical data showed that physical activity has a significant impact on successful aging. More intense physical activity shows itself in stronger manofestation of other assumptions of successfull aging, so physically active people have better physical and emotional condition and a more valuable life as compared to passive elderly people.
In Lithuania, as well as throughout the European Union, the number of elderly people is growing. Rising life expectancy encourages states to take into account the wellbeing of the elderly. In order to ensure the successful aging of the elderly one should encourage their comprehensive participation in the life, health preservation and promotion of social connections, emotional expression, physical, cultural and spiritual activity. A big problem is a lack of physical activity, because physical activity is one of the key components to successful aging. So far in Lithuania there was done very little reasearch on the successful aging and the physical activity of elderly people. There is almost no research done on the connection between positive aging and physical activity. The object of the research - connection between physical activity and successful aging of elderly people. Based on the works of presented authors a hypothesis is formulated, which states that better availability of means of physical activity improve elderly people's physical and psychological health, participation in public life and has a positive impact on their successful aging. The aim is to explore the connection between the physical activity of elderly people and theis successful aging. Objectives: 1. Describe the theoretical rules for successful aging; 2. Determine important areas for successful aging and physical activity of elderly people and their assessment indicators. 3. Disclose the elderly people's point of view and obstacles to successful aging. 4. Disclose the influence of physical activity to successful aging. The work for this disertation was carried out in Social Support Center of Kazlų Rūda and Šv. Arkangelo Mykolo retirement home. 111 subjects were interviewed using the questionnaire method, which was intended to reveal whether physically active elderly people are happier and are ageing more successful than physically passive residents of the retirement home. 6 assumptions were used to describe the successful aging: 1) activity, participation; 2) health preservation and fostering; 3) social relations; 4) emotional expression; 5) physical activity; 6) cultural and spiritual activity. It was found that the elderly people in retirement homes are passive and move little, rarely do any excercise, their free time is not meaningful, other conditions of successfull aging are also no met. Many of the elderly people realize the value of successful aging and supports its assumptions. The majority of respondents, while agreeing that certain activities of successful aging are important for valuable aging, still fail to implement them. The main indicated reasons are the lack of will to implement these activities and poor health. These elderly people (living in retirement homes), who are not sufficiently physically active, more often says they are not happy, rarely involves themselves in various activities and more often choose passive activities to spend their free time. The ;ack of physical inactivity has a direct negative impact on happiness. The study found that physically active are more likely to participate in various activities, are more concerned about their health and are engaged in cultural and spiritual activities. The analysis shows that physical activity positively affects social relationships and emotions. These persons better control their emotions, are happier and more confident. Physically active people more often communicate with their neighbors, friends, children and grandchildren. All this has a direct impact on their happiness. The analysis of statistical data showed that physical activity has a significant impact on successful aging. More intense physical activity shows itself in stronger manofestation of other assumptions of successfull aging, so physically active people have better physical and emotional condition and a more valuable life as compared to passive elderly people.
Social Security Goals: Problems of Identification, Consolidation and Realization The concept of social security is still not sufficiently precise and clear as the institute of social security due to the constant change in public relations is still in the evolutionary stage. However, there is no doubt that nowadays social security occupies a very important place in the life of every Lithuanian citizen. Because of social security every person is protected from social risks. The government ensures that both workers and non workers receive at least a minimum income. So, main and most important goal of social protection is protection against social risks. Technology and the quality of life of people constantly improves, so does social protection, but at the same time there are many problematic aspects. Analyzing social security in Lithuania many probleamatic issues could be discovered but the main problems were the reduction of the retirement pensions because of an economic crisis and the reduction of retirement pensions for workers, the reduction of the ceiling for maternity/paternity and childcare benefits, and the accident at work when worker was drunk. These problematic aspects have shown that the institute of social security still has a number of gaps, and the implementation of social protection itself is complicated process. Although, often decisions taken by the goverment provoke public outrage, that decisions are always oriented towards the prosperity of the population and problematic situations are quickly and sensibly resolved. In order to reveal and assess all the problematic aspects of identification, consolidation and realisation relating to social security objectives in this master's work international, European and national legislation on social security was analyzed.
Social Security Goals: Problems of Identification, Consolidation and Realization The concept of social security is still not sufficiently precise and clear as the institute of social security due to the constant change in public relations is still in the evolutionary stage. However, there is no doubt that nowadays social security occupies a very important place in the life of every Lithuanian citizen. Because of social security every person is protected from social risks. The government ensures that both workers and non workers receive at least a minimum income. So, main and most important goal of social protection is protection against social risks. Technology and the quality of life of people constantly improves, so does social protection, but at the same time there are many problematic aspects. Analyzing social security in Lithuania many probleamatic issues could be discovered but the main problems were the reduction of the retirement pensions because of an economic crisis and the reduction of retirement pensions for workers, the reduction of the ceiling for maternity/paternity and childcare benefits, and the accident at work when worker was drunk. These problematic aspects have shown that the institute of social security still has a number of gaps, and the implementation of social protection itself is complicated process. Although, often decisions taken by the goverment provoke public outrage, that decisions are always oriented towards the prosperity of the population and problematic situations are quickly and sensibly resolved. In order to reveal and assess all the problematic aspects of identification, consolidation and realisation relating to social security objectives in this master's work international, European and national legislation on social security was analyzed.
Social Security Goals: Problems of Identification, Consolidation and Realization The concept of social security is still not sufficiently precise and clear as the institute of social security due to the constant change in public relations is still in the evolutionary stage. However, there is no doubt that nowadays social security occupies a very important place in the life of every Lithuanian citizen. Because of social security every person is protected from social risks. The government ensures that both workers and non workers receive at least a minimum income. So, main and most important goal of social protection is protection against social risks. Technology and the quality of life of people constantly improves, so does social protection, but at the same time there are many problematic aspects. Analyzing social security in Lithuania many probleamatic issues could be discovered but the main problems were the reduction of the retirement pensions because of an economic crisis and the reduction of retirement pensions for workers, the reduction of the ceiling for maternity/paternity and childcare benefits, and the accident at work when worker was drunk. These problematic aspects have shown that the institute of social security still has a number of gaps, and the implementation of social protection itself is complicated process. Although, often decisions taken by the goverment provoke public outrage, that decisions are always oriented towards the prosperity of the population and problematic situations are quickly and sensibly resolved. In order to reveal and assess all the problematic aspects of identification, consolidation and realisation relating to social security objectives in this master's work international, European and national legislation on social security was analyzed.
Social Security Goals: Problems of Identification, Consolidation and Realization The concept of social security is still not sufficiently precise and clear as the institute of social security due to the constant change in public relations is still in the evolutionary stage. However, there is no doubt that nowadays social security occupies a very important place in the life of every Lithuanian citizen. Because of social security every person is protected from social risks. The government ensures that both workers and non workers receive at least a minimum income. So, main and most important goal of social protection is protection against social risks. Technology and the quality of life of people constantly improves, so does social protection, but at the same time there are many problematic aspects. Analyzing social security in Lithuania many probleamatic issues could be discovered but the main problems were the reduction of the retirement pensions because of an economic crisis and the reduction of retirement pensions for workers, the reduction of the ceiling for maternity/paternity and childcare benefits, and the accident at work when worker was drunk. These problematic aspects have shown that the institute of social security still has a number of gaps, and the implementation of social protection itself is complicated process. Although, often decisions taken by the goverment provoke public outrage, that decisions are always oriented towards the prosperity of the population and problematic situations are quickly and sensibly resolved. In order to reveal and assess all the problematic aspects of identification, consolidation and realisation relating to social security objectives in this master's work international, European and national legislation on social security was analyzed.
One of the most important changes in the development of population in European Union (EU) is demographic ageing - due to remarkable reductions in fertility levels and increasing life expectancy, the proportion of persons aged 60 and over is increasing very rapidly. The actual size of the elderly population in several EU countries already exceeds the projected estimations for 2010. These demographic challenges confirmed the importance of social affairs for its policy agenda. In combination with technological, structural and political change, Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the prospects for further enlargement of the Union to the East, socio-demographic trends had intensified pressures on welfare systems, raising questions about the feasibility and desirability of achieving a common social policy and about the future shape of the "European social model". The emphasis placed on workers' rights in the Community's and Union's treaties and charter signalled that European social policy was only indirectly concerned with categories of the population who did not gain entitlements to social protection as active members of labour force. The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, later the Single European Act and the Treaty on European Union made no reference to older people. A statement on European policy for this potentially disadvantaged category of former or would be workers was, however, introduced into the Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers and a new article on non-discrimination in the Treaty of Amsterdam identified age among the areas where discrimination was to be eliminated. ; Spartus ES valstybių demografinis senėjimas XX–XXI amžių sandūroje bei šio proceso prognozės kelia didelį susirūpinimą socialinės politikos kūrėjams: kaip užtikrinti lygias galimybes visoms kartoms ir integruoti pagyvenusius žmones į visuomenę. Siekiant spręsti šias problemas, nauji uždaviniai kyla socialinių paslaugų, pensijų, darbo rinkos politikos ir kitoms sritims. Straipsnio tikslas – įvertinti visuomenės demografinio senėjimo padarinius ir aptarti socialinės politikos pagyvenusiems formavimąsi ES valstybėse. Šiuo tikslu aptariami gyventojų amžiaus struktūros pokyčiai ir demografinio senėjimo veiksniai ES valstybėse, analizuojama socialinės politikos pagyvenusiesiems raida nuo Europos Bendrijos sukūrimo iki paskutiniosios Europos Sąjungos plėtros į Vidurio ir Rytų Europą bei išryškinamas jos vaidmuo integraciniuose procesuose.
Recent demographic changes in Europe (ageing, migration and others) demonstrate the importance of senior adult education – an urgent issue at both national and the European Union policy levels. Extended retirement age in the Member States of the EU is a big challenge in the process of employment of elderly people. Lifelong language learning (LLL) is equally important for both active, working-age citizens and for senior citizens of retirement age. The problem of the research is grounded in the challenges that many European societies currently face: the retirement age being extended, employees need to adapt to the changed working conditions and satisfy urgent demands of the market. One of the basic needs is to acquire or maintain multilingual skills, without which their status in the competitive market would become complicated. Thus, the main aim of this research is to examine current issues of adult education in Europe and Lithuania, focusing on senior citizens' foreign language acquisition. Considering the main aim of this paper, the following research question has been raised: What is the situation (reasons, obstacles, motivational factors and others) of lifelong language learning in Lithuania (the case of senior citizens)? The following research methods were suggested by the above-mentioned research question: content analysis (the examination of the legislation, regulating senior adult education in the EU; the study of scholarly sources concerning the characteristics of adult learners; the survey of Lithuanian laws, documents and institutions, regulating adult education; and the analysis of statistical information from previous research into adult education in Europe and Lithuania), and quantitative and qualitative analysis of senior citizens' attitudes towards foreign language learning in Lithuania. In order to achieve the main aim of this research, the following aspects are discussed in the paper: the concept of adult education; the main trends of adult education in Europe; the concept of senior learning; adult development stages; general characteristics of adult learners; the reasons and obstacles to the participation in adult education and training in Europe; Lithuanian institutions, laws and documents regulating adult education; other means for the implementation of lifelong learning in Lithuania, for example, projects and publications concerning adult education and the Universities of the Third Age; foreign language policy in Lithuania, focusing on foreign language education for adults; the statistical information from previous research into adult education. The last section of this paper presents the research into the attitudes of senior citizens towards foreign language learning in Lithuania. The main purpose of this survey was to evaluate the possibilities and obstacles to senior citizens' foreign language learning in Lithuania. A random sample of the respondents was selected, and 197 elderly people were questioned in various public or private places in Kaunas. The survey lasted from 3 October 2012 to 22 February 2013.
