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European Union has entered into a turning point of its history. The number of member-states has increased nearly 5-fold. Therefore, the need of new institutional and legal solution is urgent. Political context of the undergoing integration processes is different than at the beginnings: the "cold war" is the past. The threat of large military conflict is in Europe smallish. New threats and challenging are emerging, instead of: terrorism, organized crimes and natural environment protection. There are new "actors" at the global economic and political scene – with increasing importance of China, India and other "emerging markets". A historical perspective leads to better understanding of these processes and to find better solutions. And brings to light foundations of the European unity: common civilization values and the aim of peaceful development.

"Singapore is known internationally for its successful economic development. Key to its economic successes is a variety of policies put into place over the past 50 years since its independence. Singapore's Economic Development: Retrospection and Reflections provides a retrospective analysis of independent Singapore's economic development, from the perspective of different policy domains each considered by different expert scholars in that particular field. The book is written by academic economists in a style that is accessible to non-experts. Each chapter includes reviews of past scholarship, current data on each policy area, and reflections on required or desirable future policy changes and outcomes"--

Teaching medical sociology: retrospection and prospection -- Introductory remarks -- Future Developments -- Health care in the future -- The profession of medical sociologist in the future: implications for training programs -- The medical profession in the future: implications for training programs -- The Current Status of Medical Sociology Training -- The current status of medical sociology training in the U.S.A. -- Reflections on training in medical sociology for undergraduate students of sociology at the University of Warsaw -- Basic assumptions in medical sociology teaching in medical schools -- Basic assumptions in teaching medical sociology in medical schools: the case of West Germany -- Educational Objectives -- Medical sociology training for sociologists -- Medical sociology training for medical doctors -- Description of Didactical Situations -- Teaching methods and practical training in sociology departments -- Teaching methods and practical training in medical schools: the case of Maastricht -- Evaluation Methods of Educational Processes -- Evaluation methods as instruments for improvement of courses and programs -- Evaluation methods as part of training programs -- Curriculum construction: reflections on a workshop -- Evaluation of the Seminar -- Critical evaluation of the seminar -- A selected bibliography of recent articles.

Retrospection is one of the few research methods equally suitable for studying the processes involved in both translation and interpreting. At the first workshop on research methods in process-oriented research (Graz 2009), we presented the results of a pilot study of retrospection as a research method, published as Englund Dimitrova & Tiselius (2009). The study involved data from two groups (15 years of professional experience vs. no professional experience), each with 3+3 subjects (interpreter subjects vs. translator subjects, all with Swedish as their L1). The source text was a 10-minute plenary speech in English from the European Parliament, interpreted simultaneously into Swedish. For the translation data, the translator subjects translated the original European Parliament transcript of the speech, 1,093 words, using Translog. After the task, subjects did immediate retrospection. The first analysis of the data indicated that a challenge when using retrospection is that subjects tend to report having forgotten about some of their processes. In this paper we report an analysis of the process data in relation to the retrospective protocols. Our focus is on reported problems and the occurrences of problem indicators in the process. It was found that most reported problems are confirmed by the presence of problem indicators in the process. However, the majority of problem indicators found in the process do not correspond to any reported problem. Hence, the subjects' problem reports can only explain a limited number of the potential problems in the process. The need for further research into retrospection as a research method in Translation Studies is pointed out. ; La retrospección es uno de los pocos métodos de investigación igualmente adecuados para estudiar los procesos de traducción y de interpretación. En el primer taller sobre métodos de investigación de procesos (Graz 2009), se presentaron los resultados de un estudio piloto sobre la retrospección como método de investigación, publicado como Englund ...

La retrospección es uno de los pocos métodos de investigación igualmente adecuados para estudiar los procesos de traducción y de interpretación. En el primer taller sobre métodos de investigación de procesos (Graz 2009), se presentaron los resultados de un estudio piloto sobre la retrospección como método de investigación, publicado como Englund Dimitrova & Tiselius ( 2009) . El estudio incluía datos de dos grupos (15 años de experiencia profesional frente a inexperiencia profesional), cada uno con 3+3 sujetos (intérpretes y traductores, todos con sueco como L1). El texto original era un discurso de 10 minutos en inglés del Parlamento Europeo, interpretado simultáneamente al sueco. Para la traducción, los sujetos traductores usaron la transcripción original del discurso, de 1.093 palabras, usando Translog. Tras la tarea, los sujetos efectuaron retrospección inmediata. El primer análisis de los datos indicó que un reto al usar la retrospección es que los sujetos tienden a informar que han olvidado algunos de sus procesos. Este trabajo presenta un análisis de los datos del proceso en relación con los protocolos retrospectivos. Nuestra atención se ha centrado en contrastar los problemas declarados con las ocurrencias de indicadores de problemas en el proceso. Encontramos que la mayoría de los problemas declarados se confirman por la presencia de indicadores de problemas en el proceso. No obstante, la mayoría de los indicadores de problemas que se encontraron en el proceso no se corresponden con ningún problema declarado. Por lo tanto, los informes de problemas de los sujetos sólo pueden explicar un número limitado de los problemas potenciales del proceso. Ello apunta a la necesidad de seguir investigando la retrospección como método de investigación en los estudios de traducción. ; Retrospection is one of the few research methods equally suitable for studying the processes involved in both translation and interpreting. At the first workshop on research methods in process-oriented research (Graz 2009), we presented the results of a pilot study of retrospection as a research method, published as Englund Dimitrova & Tiselius (2009). The study involved data from two groups (15 years of professional experience vs. no professional experience), each with 3+3 subjects (interpreter subjects vs. translator subjects, all with Swedish as their L1). The source text was a 10-minute plenary speech in English from the European Parliament, interpreted simultaneously into Swedish. For the translation data, the translator subjects translated the original European Parliament transcript of the speech, 1,093 words, using Translog. After the task, subjects did immediate retrospection. The first analysis of the data indicated that a challenge when using retrospection is that subjects tend to report having forgotten about some of their processes. In this paper we report an analysis of the process data in relation to the retrospective protocols. Our focus is on reported problems and the occurrences of problem indicators in the process. It was found that most reported problems are confirmed by the presence of problem indicators in the process. However, the majority of problem indicators found in the process do not correspond to any reported problem. Hence, the subjects' problem reports can only explain a limited number of the potential problems in the process. The need for further research into retrospection as a research method in Translation Studies is pointed out.

Retrospection is one of the few research methods equally suitable for studying the processes involved in both translation and interpreting. At the first workshop on research methods in process-oriented research (Graz 2009), we presented the results of a pilot study of retrospection as a research method, published as Englund Dimitrova & Tiselius (2009). The study involved data from two groups (15 years of professional experience vs. no professional experience), each with 3+3 subjects (interpreter subjects vs. translator subjects, all with Swedish as their L1). The source text was a 10-minute plenary speech in English from the European Parliament, interpreted simultaneously into Swedish. For the translation data, the translator subjects translated the original European Parliament transcript of the speech, 1,093 words, using Translog. After the task, subjects did immediate retrospection. The first analysis of the data indicated that a challenge when using retrospection is that subjects tend to report having forgotten about some of their processes. In this paper we report an analysis of the process data in relation to the retrospective protocols. Our focus is on reported problems and the occurrences of problem indicators in the process. It was found that most reported problems are confirmed by the presence of problem indicators in the process. However, the majority of problem indicators found in the process do not correspond to any reported problem. Hence, the subjects' problem reports can only explain a limited number of the potential problems in the process. The need for further research into retrospection as a research method in Translation Studies is pointed out. ; La retrospección es uno de los pocos métodos de investigación igualmente adecuados para estudiar los procesos de traducción y de interpretación. En el primer taller sobre métodos de investigación de procesos (Graz 2009), se presentaron los resultados de un estudio piloto sobre la retrospección como método de investigación, publicado como Englund Dimitrova & Tiselius ( 2009) . El estudio incluía datos de dos grupos (15 años de experiencia profesional frente a inexperiencia profesional), cada uno con 3+3 sujetos (intérpretes y traductores, todos con sueco como L1). El texto original era un discurso de 10 minutos en inglés del Parlamento Europeo, interpretado simultáneamente al sueco. Para la traducción, los sujetos traductores usaron la transcripción original del discurso, de 1.093 palabras, usando Translog. Tras la tarea, los sujetos efectuaron retrospección inmediata. El primer análisis de los datos indicó que un reto al usar la retrospección es que los sujetos tienden a informar que han olvidado algunos de sus procesos. Este trabajo presenta un análisis de los datos del proceso en relación con los protocolos retrospectivos. Nuestra atención se ha centrado en contrastar los problemas declarados con las ocurrencias de indicadores de problemas en el proceso. Encontramos que la mayoría de los problemas declarados se confirman por la presencia de indicadores de problemas en el proceso. No obstante, la mayoría de los indicadores de problemas que se encontraron en el proceso no se corresponden con ningún problema declarado. Por lo tanto, los informes de problemas de los sujetos sólo pueden explicar un número limitado de los problemas potenciales del proceso. Ello apunta a la necesidad de seguir investigando la retrospección como método de investigación en los estudios de traducción.

Retrospection is one of the few research methods equally suitable for studying the processes involved in both translation and interpreting. At the first workshop on research methods in process-oriented research (Graz 2009), we presented the results of a pilot study of retrospection as a research method, published as Englund Dimitrova & Tiselius (2009). The study involved data from two groups (15 years of professional experience vs. no professional experience), each with 3+3 subjects (interpreter subjects vs. translator subjects, all with Swedish as their L1). The source text was a 10-minute plenary speech in English from the European Parliament, interpreted simultaneously into Swedish. For the translation data, the translator subjects translated the original European Parliament transcript of the speech, 1,093 words, using Translog. After the task, subjects did immediate retrospection. The first analysis of the data indicated that a challenge when using retrospection is that subjects tend to report having forgotten about some of their processes. In this paper we report an analysis of the process data in relation to the retrospective protocols. Our focus is on reported problems and the occurrences of problem indicators in the process. It was found that most reported problems are confirmed by the presence of problem indicators in the process. However, the majority of problem indicators found in the process do not correspond to any reported problem. Hence, the subjects' problem reports can only explain a limited number of the potential problems in the process. The need for further research into retrospection as a research method in Translation Studies is pointed out. ; La retrospección es uno de los pocos métodos de investigación igualmente adecuados para estudiar los procesos de traducción y de interpretación. En el primer taller sobre métodos de investigación de procesos (Graz 2009), se presentaron los resultados de un estudio piloto sobre la retrospección como método de investigación, publicado como Englund Dimitrova & Tiselius ( 2009) . El estudio incluía datos de dos grupos (15 años de experiencia profesional frente a inexperiencia profesional), cada uno con 3+3 sujetos (intérpretes y traductores, todos con sueco como L1). El texto original era un discurso de 10 minutos en inglés del Parlamento Europeo, interpretado simultáneamente al sueco. Para la traducción, los sujetos traductores usaron la transcripción original del discurso, de 1.093 palabras, usando Translog. Tras la tarea, los sujetos efectuaron retrospección inmediata. El primer análisis de los datos indicó que un reto al usar la retrospección es que los sujetos tienden a informar que han olvidado algunos de sus procesos. Este trabajo presenta un análisis de los datos del proceso en relación con los protocolos retrospectivos. Nuestra atención se ha centrado en contrastar los problemas declarados con las ocurrencias de indicadores de problemas en el proceso. Encontramos que la mayoría de los problemas declarados se confirman por la presencia de indicadores de problemas en el proceso. No obstante, la mayoría de los indicadores de problemas que se encontraron en el proceso no se corresponden con ningún problema declarado. Por lo tanto, los informes de problemas de los sujetos sólo pueden explicar un número limitado de los problemas potenciales del proceso. Ello apunta a la necesidad de seguir investigando la retrospección como método de investigación en los estudios de traducción.

Retrospection is one of the few research methods equally suitable for studying the processes involved in both translation and interpreting. At the first workshop on research methods in process-oriented research (Graz 2009), we presented the results of a pilot study of retrospection as a research method, published as Englund Dimitrova & Tiselius (2009). The study involved data from two groups (15 years of professional experience vs. no professional experience), each with 3+3 subjects (interpreter subjects vs. translator subjects, all with Swedish as their L1). The source text was a 10-minute plenary speech in English from the European Parliament, interpreted simultaneously into Swedish. For the translation data, the translator subjects translated the original European Parliament transcript of the speech, 1,093 words, using Translog. After the task, subjects did immediate retrospection. The first analysis of the data indicated that a challenge when using retrospection is that subjects tend to report having forgotten about some of their processes. In this paper we report an analysis of the process data in relation to the retrospective protocols. Our focus is on reported problems and the occurrences of problem indicators in the process. It was found that most reported problems are confirmed by the presence of problem indicators in the process. However, the majority of problem indicators found in the process do not correspond to any reported problem. Hence, the subjects' problem reports can only explain a limited number of the potential problems in the process. The need for further research into retrospection as a research method in Translation Studies is pointed out. ; La retrospección es uno de los pocos métodos de investigación igualmente adecuados para estudiar los procesos de traducción y de interpretación. En el primer taller sobre métodos de investigación de procesos (Graz 2009), se presentaron los resultados de un estudio piloto sobre la retrospección como método de investigación, publicado como Englund Dimitrova & Tiselius ( 2009) . El estudio incluía datos de dos grupos (15 años de experiencia profesional frente a inexperiencia profesional), cada uno con 3+3 sujetos (intérpretes y traductores, todos con sueco como L1). El texto original era un discurso de 10 minutos en inglés del Parlamento Europeo, interpretado simultáneamente al sueco. Para la traducción, los sujetos traductores usaron la transcripción original del discurso, de 1.093 palabras, usando Translog. Tras la tarea, los sujetos efectuaron retrospección inmediata. El primer análisis de los datos indicó que un reto al usar la retrospección es que los sujetos tienden a informar que han olvidado algunos de sus procesos. Este trabajo presenta un análisis de los datos del proceso en relación con los protocolos retrospectivos. Nuestra atención se ha centrado en contrastar los problemas declarados con las ocurrencias de indicadores de problemas en el proceso. Encontramos que la mayoría de los problemas declarados se confirman por la presencia de indicadores de problemas en el proceso. No obstante, la mayoría de los indicadores de problemas que se encontraron en el proceso no se corresponden con ningún problema declarado. Por lo tanto, los informes de problemas de los sujetos sólo pueden explicar un número limitado de los problemas potenciales del proceso. Ello apunta a la necesidad de seguir investigando la retrospección como método de investigación en los estudios de traducción.

This work of creative nonfiction memoir reflects on the philosophical, ethical, and creative perspectives that informed the author's book-length lyric essay, Visual Inspection. The essay connects the practices of art-making and access-making as concomitant ethical activities.

Professionals in the field of deaf education are familiar with common causes of hearing loss identified for each child entering school. Prenatal care, early screening and identification, and parent-infant programs seek to minimize the incidence and effects of deafness. However, in the nineteenth century deaf children began school at a much later age (often receiving only a few years of education) due to the prevalence of adventitious deafness. When enrolling their child, parents stated the perceived reason for loss of hearing. From today's enlightened perspective, these explanations may seem superficial or superstitious, but a review of the records provides a haunting image of the past, helping us to understand people and circumstances over 100 years ago. Current vaccines and medications can prevent or minimize many illnesses which cause deafness, but at the same time drugs, both legal and illegal, have created new dangers to the hearing mechanism. Awareness and prevention are crucial.