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In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 346, Heft 1, S. 34-43
ISSN: 1552-3349
Some cultural anthropologists, when they do health-related research, investigate the role of sociocultural factors in the origin and prevalence of specific disease entities, particularly among ethnic minorities and people of divergent cultures. Others study the effect of cultural and social dif ferences on the outcome of public-health programs carried out in intercultural settings. Directors of health programs, as agents of social change and community development, should understand the nature of certain gaps that recurrently impede realization of program objectives. One is the cultural gap, which complicates communication and leads to the selective acceptance of offered innovations, owing to differences in cultural values and in culturally conditioned assumptions about the cause of illness. Another is the status gap between the health team and the public and between the ruling elites and their people. Still another is the urban-adjustment gap created by the influx of rural population into the cities. Com pared to the sums of money spent on basic medical research and program operations in the field, the amount available for studying the human aspects of health-improvement programs and other phases of community development is disappointingly small. This imbalance constitutes the research gap.
In: Bureau of Hospital Administration research series 2
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 436, Heft 1, S. 40-49
ISSN: 1552-3349
The provision of health and medical care to American Indians and Alaska Natives has undergone major changes in the 150 years during which the federal govern ment has assumed responsibility for these services. Signifi cant legislation leading to present programs and directions is reviewed to place current programs in the perspective of historic evolution. The changing patterns of disease indicate that Indian health status is rapidly approaching that of the Western world, with a reduction in infectious diseases and an increase in psychosocial problems and chronic conditions. In order to provide quality health care under isolated, rural conditions, the Indian Health Service is exploring innovative uses of paraprofessionals and the application of modern space technology to primary care settings.
The M. H. Ross Papers contain information pertaining to labor, politics, social issues of the twentieth century, coal mining and its resulting lifestyle, as well as photographs and audio materials. The collection is made up of five different accessions; L2001-05, which is contained in boxes one through 104, L2002-09 in boxes 106 through 120, L2006-16 in boxes 105 and 120, L2001-01 in boxes 120-121, and L2012-20 in boxes 122-125. The campaign materials consist of items from the 1940 and 1948 political campaigns in which Ross participated. These items include campaign cards, posters, speech transcripts, news clippings, rally materials, letters to voters, and fliers. Organizing and arbitration materials covers labor organizing events from "Operation Dixie" in Georgia, the furniture workers in North Carolina, and the Mine-Mill workers in the Western United States. Organizing materials include fliers, correspondence, news articles, radio transcripts, and some related photos. Arbitration files consist of agreements, decisions, and agreement booklets. The social and political research files cover a wide time period (1930's to the late 1970's/early 1980's). The topics include mainly the Ku Klux Klan, racism, Communism, Red Scare, red baiting, United States history, and literature. These files consist mostly of news and journal articles. Ross interacted with coal miners while doing work for the United Mine Workers Association (UMWA) and while working at the Fairmont Clinic in West Virginia. Included in these related files are books, news articles, journals, UMWA reports, and coal miner oral histories conducted by Ross. Tying in to all of the activities Ross participated in during his life were his research and manuscript files. He wrote numerous newspaper and journal articles on history and labor. Later, as he worked for the UMWA and at the Fairmont Clinic, he wrote more in-depth articles about coal miners, their lifestyle, and medical problems they faced (while the Southern Labor Archives has many of Ross's coal mining and lifestyle articles, it does not have any of his medical articles). Along with these articles are the research files Ross collected to write them, which consist of notes, books, and newspaper and journal articles. In additional to his professional career, Ross was adamant about documenting his and his wife's family history in the oral history format. Of particular interest are the recordings of his interviews with his wife's family - they were workers, musicians, and singers of labor and folk songs. Finally, in this collection are a number of photographs and slides, which include images of organizing, coal mining (from the late 19th through 20th centuries), and Appalachia. Of note is a small photo album from the 1930s which contains images from the Summer School for Workers, and more labor organizing. A few audio items are available as well, such as Ross political speeches and an oral history in which Ross was interviewed by his daughter, Jane Ross Davis in 1986. All photographic and audio-visual materials are at the end of their respective series. ; Myron Howard "Mike" Ross was born November 9, 1919 in New York City. He dropped out of school when he was seventeen and moved to Texas, where he worked on a farm. From 1936 until 1939, Ross worked in a bakery in North Carolina. In the summer of 1938, he attended the Southern School for Workers in Asheville, North Carolina. During the fall of 1938, Ross would attend the first Southern Conference on Human Welfare in Birmingham, Alabama. He would attend this conference again in 1940 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. From 1939 to 1940, Ross worked for the United Mine Workers Non-Partisan League in North Carolina, working under John L. Lewis. He was hired as a union organizer by the United Mine Workers of America, and sent to Saltville, Virginia and Rockwood, Tennessee. In 1940, Ross ran for a seat on city council on the People's Platform in Charlotte, North Carolina. During this time, he also married Anne "Buddie" West of Kennesaw, Georgia. From 1941 until 1945, Ross served as an infantryman for the United States Army. He sustained injuries near the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944. From 1945 until 1949, Ross worked for the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, then part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), as a union organizer. He was sent to Macon, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia and to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he worked with the United Furniture Workers Union. He began handling arbitration for the unions. In 1948, Ross ran for United States Congress on the Progressive Party ticket in North Carolina. He also served as the secretary for the North Carolina Progressive Party. Ross attended the University of North Carolina law school from 1949 to 1952. He graduated with honors but was denied the bar on the grounds of "character." From 1952 until 1955, he worked for the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers as a union organizer, first in New Mexico (potash mines) and then in Arizona (copper mines). From 1955 to 1957, Ross attended the Columbia University School of Public Health. He worked for the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund from 1957 to 1958, where he represented the union in expenditure of health care for mining workers. By 1958, Ross began plans for what would become the Fairmont Clinic, a prepaid group practice in Fairmont, West Virginia, which had the mission of providing high quality medical care for miners and their families. From 1958 until 1978, Ross served as administrator of the Fairmont Clinic. As a result of this work, Ross began researching coal mining, especially coal mining lifestyle, heritage and history of coal mining and disasters. He would interview over one hundred miners (coal miners). Eventually, Ross began writing a manuscript about the history of coal mining. Working for the Rural Practice Program of the University of North Carolina from 1980 until 1987, Ross taught in the medical school. M. H. Ross died on January 31, 1987 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ; Digitization of the M. H. Ross Papers was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.
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In: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112088520025
"Statement of the Virginia Federation of Home Demonstration Clubs": p. 35-36. ; "A bill to amend the Code of Virginia by adding in title 15, entitle 'Public health', a new chapter numbered 63A, entitled 'Licensing and inspection of certain kinds of hospitals'": p. 28-34. ; Mode of access: Internet.
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In: WHO offset publication 18
In: Etudes rurales: anthropologie, économie, géographie, histoire, sociologie ; ER, Band 87, Heft 1, S. 175-187
ISSN: 1777-537X
«Seasons» for Selling, «Seasons» for Eating . Present-Day Accounts of Old-Time Gathering in the Margeride
Gathering, at first sight a marginal agricultural activity, presents us with a double paradox in the Margeride : on the one hand its upsurge is a recent phenomenon and is due mainly to the quest for a supplementary and, where many farms are concerned, indispensable source of income ; an on the other hand the traditions contemporary gathering is rooted in were already strongly marked by mercantile preoccupations. Hence we are witnessing the evolution of a practice from 1920 to 1950 and from 1950 to 1980 rather than a change of customs. On the basis of a comparison between the memories of the inhabitants and the objective facts, the author tries to establish the economic dependency of the gatherers in the past and the precariousness of their living conditions, and to contradict the current idealization of the peasants' relationship to «Nature» which has sprung up in the wake of certain ecological ideas, the vogue for «natural medicines», etc.
In: Issue: a journal of opinion, Band 9, Heft 3, S. 2-5
I shall deal with a limited number of aspects of the traditional healer in Tanzania. A more expanded treatment will be presented in a larger study on health policy and development in Tanzania since 1930. Traditional medicine has been discussed by anthropologists, sociologists, and geographers in ever increasing numbers in this country, probably because research in their fields brought them into close contact with the rural population. Historians and political scientists have been slow in examining the role of the native doctor in the colonial period and since 1961. This does not mean that material on the existence and activities of the African practitioner of medicine was not available. It was the medical doctor who became aware of the existence of African medicine when he found that his treatment was not accepted or was supplemented by visits to the African medicine man.
�쓽�븰怨�/諛뺤궗 ; [�븳湲�] [�쁺臾�] Introduction In recent years, the family planning program has been one of the priority national policies adopted in the field of government health services. As contraceptive methods, such as the safe period and intrauterine devices which apply the principle of the menstrual cycle, have been popularized among women practicing family planning, attention has been increase toward the menstrual cycle. Studies on the menstrual cycle have often been conducted, but their criteria have mostly limited to groups of patients in hospitals or girl students; moreover, data have been collected according to the memory of the last few menstruations or by asking them to check their menstrual record for a limited period. As a result, such statistical reports could not be expected to be representative of all facts arising in the menstrual cycle of the general population. Therefore, it seemed to the author that this extensive study on the menstrual cycle among housewives in Korean rural communities utilizing accurate recording of data collected over an extended period would be most significant not only as an academic study but also in supporting the national family planning program. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to find out the individual menstruation of rural married women in terms of cycle, regularity and duratinon of flow throughout the extended period of observation, and to analyze the findings in terms of age and season. Materials and Method The basic universe of the study was Koyang Gun. Since Koyang Health Center has long been a rural demonstration center and since the Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine had established a unit to demonstrated the family planning program in this area, the villagers were familiar and cooperative toward the public health program and research activities. Therefore, unbiased appraisal could be anticipated in collecting accurate data with the cooperation of the residents. For the sample design, the family record of every household in the area had been prepared and this record was checked by conducting the field survey. Households were then divided into clusters of 50 based upon proximity of dwelling, and the number of eligible women(eligibility being defined as a marred housewife under 45 years of age). In each group cluster were further subdivided into two. Finally, the universe contained 277 clusters by sub-universe (Myun), and in order to minimize sampling error 53 cluster were decided on for the sample size. 1,609 eligible women were involved tin this sample. These 1,609 eligible women were interviewed; During home visits, and calendars for recording their menstruation were distributed. In order to check the records, four field workers were employed to interview the clients every one month. The clients were asked to fill in their records, but when some clients failed to do so, field workers checked and recorded uncompleted previous cycles during regular home visits. Therefore, the records were expected to be reliable. The field study was conducted during the period from June, 1965 to June, 1966, and information on 5,148 cycle from 1,609 clients was collected excluding periods of drop-out due to refusal to be interviewed, of failure to interview, hospitalization, and migration. Results and Discussion 1,474 clients out of 1,609 eligible women excluding 135 drop-outs were classified into three groups according to the menstrual status. Accordingly, 570 clients whose menstrual cycles were regarded as normal anovulatory cycle were classified as Group �뀪, 452 clients who had one or more anovulatory cycles as Group �뀫, and 452 women whose menstruation had not been observed during the period as Group �뀬. Distribution of Menstrual Cycle Among the total of 3,875 cycles in Group �뀪 and 1,273 cycles in Group �뀫, 29days interval was the most frequent followed by 30,31 and 28 dyas in turn. The mean of the total cycles was calculated to be 30.8 days Group �뀪, and 31.8 days in Group �뀫. Therefore, it was considered that the menstrual cycle of Korean rural women formed a peak at 29 days interval leaning toward the longer side. It was of interest that in spite of the preconception that 28 days might be the most prevalent, this interval ranked fourth in frequency in this study. In gorup �뀪, 80% of the total cycles were distributed in range between 26 and 37 days interval, and in Group �뀫, 80% of them were distributed in the range between 26 and 49 days interval. 3,670 cycles out of the total number of cycles in Group �뀪, excluding those with less than 20 days interval or more than 50 days, were classified according to age groups. The mean was calculated to be 32.4 days in the 20-24 age group, 31.3 in the 25-29 age group, 31.1 in the 30-34 age group, 30.4 in the 35-39 age group, 30.4 in the 40-44 age group. Accordingly, it was considered that longer intervals were found in younger age groups. Variation of Consecutive Menstrual Cycles Comparing two consecutive cycles by means of a valued run (positive or negative difference between two consecutive cycles) frequent variations in individual cycles of eligible women observed. In Group �뀪, only 10.7% of the total number of valued runs were found to be 0(i.e. consecutive cycles were the same), 33.9% had interval of 짹1 days. Therefore, it could be considered that intervals ranging within 짹6days reflected a normal variation. The greatest fluctuations in consecutive cycles were observed in the younger age groups and in the spring. Duration of Menstrual Flow Among a total of 6,518 menstruations covered by this study the most frequent duration of menstrual flow was 5 days, followed by 4,3 and 6 days in turu. The mean was calculated to be 4.6 days. It was then concluded that in Group �뀪 and �뀫 the duration of menstruation was between 4 and 7 days in 74.8% of menstruations recorded and between 1 and 3 days for 21.9% of menstruations. Only 3.3% could be classified in the long duration category with menstruation lasting more than 7 days. The category could be considered to abnormal. For individual women, it seemed to the author that the duration of flow among the women over 35 years of were shorter than that of younger age group. Conclusion A study of 1,609 married women under the age of 45 was conducted in Kouang Gun to investigate their menstruation in terms of cycle, regularity, and duration of flow. The following conclusion have been drawn; 1. The intervals of normal menstrual cycle was from 26 to 37 days. 2. The most frequent intervals of menstrual cycle was 29 days followed by 30,31, and 28 in turn, the mean being 30.8 days. 3. The older age groups-reflected a shorter interval. 4. The younger age groups reflected the shortest interval in summer and the longest interval in winer. 5. The intervals within the normal range of variation in two consecutive cycle was 23 to 35 days. 6. The variation of intervals was notable in the younger age group, particularly, in 20-24 age group. 7. The noticeable variation in fluctuation of two consecutive cycles was observed in the spring. 8. the normal duration of menstrual flow was from 3 to 7 days, the mean being 407짹1.3 days. 9. The older age group reflected a longer duration of menstrual flow. This study was significant in establishing the normal range of menstrual cycle for Korean rural women. These findings could be useful not only for diagnosis and treatment of abnormal menses, but also in family planning education in order to determine the safe period. ; restriction
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In: Études rurales: anthropologie, économie, géographie, histoire, sociologie ; ER, Band 32, S. 94-103
ISSN: 0014-2182
In: Ciba Foundation symposium 23 (new ser.)
Financial resources : present and future / Charles Elliott -- Water supply in developing countries / B.H. Dieterich -- Domestic water supply : right or good? / Gilbert F. White -- Domestic water supplies for rural peoples in the developing countries: the hope of technology / Ian Burton -- Water supplies : the consequences of change / David J. Bradley -- The food potential / N.W. Pirie -- Whither the food and population equation? / W.H. Pawley -- Food supplies for physiologically vulnerable groups / Derrick B. Jelliffe, E.F. Patrice Jelliffe -- Health services and medical education in China : a brief report / O. Mellander -- The control of communicable disease : problems and prospects / Geoffrey Edsall -- Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit aspects of preventive measures against communicable diseases / B. Cvjetanovic -- The basic human right to the means of controlling fertility / Malcolm Potts -- Personal health care : the quest for a human right / Maurice King -- Bottlenecks in implementation : some aspects of the Scandinavian experience / Wenche B. Eide, Mogens Jul, Olof Mellander.
�쓽�븰怨�/諛뺤궗 ; [�븳湲�] [�쁺臾�] Introduction The intra-uterine device (IUD) has been clinically proven to be an effective contraceptive method, and it is now being adopted as a main weapon in the population control program of many developing countries including Korea. In applying the IUD in the field, a main concern is how to efficiently increase the number of IUD accepters who may in turn contribute toward lowering community birth rates through continuous use. It has been noted that, as experienced elsewhere, IUD acceptance is greatly influenced by seasonal factors (planting, harvest, raining, drought, etc.), geographic factors (distance between a village and a clinic, public transportation system, etc.), personnel factors of the clinic (medical qualification, sex and personality of a physician, etc.), characteristics of the townships (level of exposure to family planning program and to other communicationmedia, etc.). Since 70% of the Korean population resides in rural areas, there was a need to explore the most feasible and efficient IUD service program taking the above factors into account. Purpose of the Study The study was designed to fad out the acceptability and effectiveness of the various types of IUD services in a rural setting combining three major variables, namely, medical qualifications of inserter, time of insertion, and place of insertion in order to answer the following questions: 1. To what extent can a program be intensified if IUD services are made available to nearby villages by sending out mobile teams consisting of a physician and/or nurse? 2. What is the difference in acceptance rates for insertions made any time during the menstrual cycle compared with insertions made on specific days? 3. What is the difference in the rate of IUD insertion according to a physician's sex? 4. What is the difference in the IUD acceptance rate and in the frequency rate of side effects caused by IUD insertion when insertion is performed by a physician, by a nurse or by a nurse with a physician's screening? Study Design To help answer the above questions, the following different types of services were provided to the study population: 1. Insertion of the IUD by physicians on limited days, taking into consideration the ovulation period of each patient, at stationary clinics by male or female physicians. 2. Insertion by a paramedical person on limited days with accepters being screened by a visiting physician, at village stationary clinic. 3. Insertion by a physician any time of the month without consideration of the ovulation periodat mobile clinic. 4. Insertion by a paramedical person at any time of month with accepters being screened by a physician. 5. And, finally, both screening and insertion done by a paramedical person at any time of the month. The study area was Koyang Gun (county) including six Myuns (townships)-Wondang, Jido, Joong, Shindo, Byuckje, Songpo-which have about 76,810 inhabitants with 10,073 eligible women in 13,947 households. Study Procedure To implement this design, the following steps were taken: 1) Before-Survey: Before the IUD field services were provided, a survey of the Koyang study population was conducted during a period of April 21 to May 8, 1965 by a cluster sampling method. 1,609 eligible couples were interviewed as to their fertility for the past 5 years, and then knowledge, attitude, and practice of family planning. 2) Set-up of the New IUD Field Services: In addition to the existing four IUD clinics in Koyang County, three field units for IUD service were newly organized in those townships where the medical facilities were not available, namely, (1) a stationary clinic in Songpo providing IUD insertion by a nurse-midwife after screening by a physician and (2) a mobile service in Shindo, Byuckje with IUD service by a physician and by a nurse respectively. 3) Training of Nurses for IUD Insertion: Two qualified nurse-midwives were selected from among the family planning workers and were given a training course, under the supervision of Obstetrics and Gynecology specialists in Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine. 4) Size of Loop: Three different sizes of Lippes loop were used; namely, the medium sized loop (27.5 mm) for normal uterus, the small sizes (25 mm) for atrophied uterus, and the large sited (30 mm) for hypertrophied uterus or for reinsertion after spontaneous expulsion. 5) Field Educational Service: Advertising leaflets with the IUD clinic schedule were distributed by family planning workers directly to eligible couple i while in the village for home-visiting or group meetings. Family planning workers also handed out leaflets to Richiefs, asking them to distribute the leaflets to eligible couples in their villages. Results This report was based on the data obtained from the above study activities up to the end of July 1966, and some of the salient results were as follows: 1. Increase of Total IUD Acceptance Rates in Koyang County: As of July 31, 1966, the total number of insertions were 2,213, which is about 22.0% of the total eligible couples (10,073) in Koyang County, indicating an increase of 12.0%from 10.0% which was the level of IUD insertions in April, 1965 or before the program. The main reason for such increase was the increase in the acceptance rates of Shindo(from 7.3% to 22.3%) and Byuckje (from 10.5% to 24.8%) with the activities of the mobile service and in Songpo (from 8.2% to 24.4%) with a stationary clinic, implying that the IUD program could be intensified if IUD services are extended to the village from the Headquarters either by mobile services or stationary services. 2. Sex Difference of the Physician in IUD Services: According to the results of the before-survey done in 1965, 84% of the eligible women wanting IUD in the future preferred to have IUD insertion by a female physician, but only 4% by a male physician, 9% by nurses and midwives. However, when we examine our actual experience in the IUD clinic of the Health Center, where IUD services were conducted by a male physician on Tuesday and by a female physician on Friday each week, we note that, from May 1965 to December 1965, 137 out of 259 insertions (52.9%) were inserted by a male physician and 122 (47.1%) by a female physician. In the IUD services at village level for the same period, we see that the number of insertions done in a village stationary clinic where a pre-insertion examination was done by a male physician once a week was net much different from the number of insertions made by a female physician in the village mobile service once a week. Therefore, we could state that there is not much problem of embarrassment which might prevent women from coming into IUD services operated by male physicians, but the problem is whether a physician, regardless of sex, has an interest in IUD service itself. 3. IUD Insertions by Time in Relation to Menses: As to the time of IUD insertion within the menstrual cycle, first of all, about 40% out of the total insertions were made during the period of post-partum amenorrhea and other 60% of the total insertions were inserted during the menstruation Period in both stationary and mobile IUD services. In the mobile service where the IUD insertion was made at the time of visit regardless of menstrual cycle, 52.1% or 108 out of 174 insertions were done after the 10th day of the cycle rather than requesting postponement until the proper day of the next cycle. When we asked for a revisit from those women who came in after the 10th day of the menstrual cycle, about half of them failed to come back. At the stationary clinic, for an example, where the IUD was inserted within the first 10 days of the cycle, 34 out of 159were asked to revisit because of Poor timing of their first visit. Only 47% or 16 out of those 34 cases came back for insertion of the IUD at the proper time, and 53% or 18 of them failed to revisit the clinic up to December 1965. When we apply this rate of failure to revisit (53%) to the mobile services, we should have loot 57 out of 108 cases inserted after the 10th day of the cycle. In other words, about 20% or 57 out of the total number of insertions (290 cases) were saved from failure to insert due to insertion being performed regardless of when in her cycle the woman first visited the clinic 4. Possibility of Using Paramedical Personnel for IUD Insertion: As Part of the mobile service from May 1965 a nurse inserted 162 IUDs without a Physician's supervision and another nurse inserted 189 IUDs in the village stationary clinic after screening by a physician, while a private practitioner inserted 190 IUDs in the mobile service for the same period. (from May 1965 to April 1966). Therefore, the problem here apart from the legal aspects is not so much in the insertion itself but rather in the pre-insertion examination during which all contra-indicated cases must be identified as well as the identifying of side effects after insertion such as pregnancy, expulsion and removal. 5. The Over-all Evaluation of the Study in terms of an IUD Termination Rate: Even though there is a considerable variation in the relative ranking of the termination rates between the inserters and between the different times of insertion, the lowest rate was obtained for postpartum cases when the insertion was made by the specialist in Obstetrics and Gynecology; a somewhat higher termination was obtained in the same cases with insertion by a nurse. This suggests to us that the best recommendation to clients for IUD insertion would be to visit the Obstetrics and Gynecology specialist during the postpartum period, and if this feasible, then not is to see a trained nurses during the same period. This also leads to there commendation to the Government that the IUD services should be integrated into the general maternal health program, especially with the post-natal care program in the community. In short, when IUD services are extended to remote areas using medical and paramedical personnel, IUD acceptance rate as well as its use-effectiveness rate are considerably increased. This increase, in turn, can contribute markedly to the reduction of fertility in the rural population of Korea. ; restriction
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In: International social science journal: ISSJ, Band 29, Heft 3, S. 473-482
ISSN: 0020-8701
In 1975, the Dept of Human Ecology of the U of Tehran conducted a survey of Persian Gulf coast & island inhabitants to determine relationships between residence, age, & educational levels, & attitudes toward use of medical & sanitary services. It was expected that there would be significant attitudinal differences between Ru & Ur communities. Generally, internal differences between various Ru communities, & internal Ur variations were not insignificant. At random, 1,085 Ur households & 871 Ru households were selected, analyzing data on the head of the household. A strong r between Ur life & nontraditional attitudes toward medicine was expected. This hypothesis was confirmed by the data, as was the hypothesis concerning major differences between attitudes of Ru & Ur inhabitants. The major factor was that Ur dwellers were exposed to education, making them more receptive to innovative ideas & practices, & exposing them to written information & brochures concerning health & sanitation. A major problem was lack of consumption & initiative regarding available medical & public health services. The medical & public health structures should be in keeping with the various levels of social acceptance & willingness to integrate ideas. 2 Tables. A. Rothman.