In 2008, a global financial crisis happened. It led to strong currency price volatility. Because of that, discussions on the need for an alternative, institution-independent currency occurred. Due to this reason the first decentralized cryptocurrency Bitcoin was created. The new and not yet explored concept of cryptocurrency changed the previously strictly defined role of money. Currently, with the growth of the cryptocurrency market, the most important regional institutions (e.g. FED, EBA) provide regulatory guidelines of a recommendatory nature. The regulations of these institutions remain significant, reflecting the dominant approach to digital money. Because of this reason, the aim of the study is to identify the factors that determine the difficulties in the legalization process of cryptocurrencies and to investigate the features of the European Union's cryptocurrency regulatory policy. Methods used: analysis of scientific literature and legal documents, systematization, comparison, interpretation and generalization of information. The results of the study show that the European Union has taken active regulatory action with the growing importance of cryptocurrencies in the world. To date, a document regulating the definition of cryptocurrencies has not yet been adopted at Union level, but the adoption of the cryptocurrency regulation proposal presented in 2020 would mean greater clarity and security for cryptocurrency issuers, intermediaries and users.
The 2015-2017 global migratory crisis saw unprecedented numbers of people on the move and tremendous diversity in terms of age, gender and medical requirements. This article focuses on key emerging public health issues around migrant populations and their interactions with host populations. Basic needs and rights of migrants and refugees are not always respected in regard to article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 23 of the Refugee Convention. These are populations with varying degrees of vulnerability and needs in terms of protection, security, rights, and access to healthcare. Their health status, initially conditioned by the situation at the point of origin, is often jeopardised by adverse conditions along migratory paths and in intermediate and final destination countries. Due to their condition, forcibly displaced migrants and refugees face a triple burden of non-communicable diseases, infectious diseases, and mental health issues. There are specific challenges regarding chronic infectious and neglected tropical diseases, for which awareness in host countries is imperative. Health risks in terms of susceptibility to, and dissemination of, infectious diseases are not unidirectional. The response, including the humanitarian effort, whose aim is to guarantee access to basic needs (food, water and sanitation, healthcare), is gripped with numerous challenges. Evaluation of current policy shows insufficiency regarding the provision of basic needs to migrant populations, even in the countries that do the most. Governments around the world need to rise to the occasion and adopt policies that guarantee universal health coverage, for migrants and refugees, as well as host populations, in accordance with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. An expert consultation was carried out in the form of a pre-conference workshop during the 4th International Conference on Prevention and Infection Control (ICPIC) in Geneva, Switzerland, on 20 June 2017, the United Nations World Refugee Day.
In: Congressional digest: an independent publication featuring controversies in Congress, pro & con. ; not an official organ, nor controlled by any party, interest, class or sect, Band 89, Heft 2
This toolkit provides an overview of available policy options for state and local governments to expand health care coverage for undocumented immigrants. Approximately, 45% of undocumented immigrants in the United States (U.S.) are uninsured, compared to 23% of documented immigrants and 8% of U.S. citizens (1). Lack of health insurance coverage among undocumented immigrants is linked to delays seeking health care and underutilization of cost-effective health care services (2). Improving access to care for undocumented immigrants could contribute to better health outcomes and financial security in immigrant households (3). In this toolkit, we review a selection of policies and programs that state and local governments have implemented to provide health care coverage to undocumented immigrants. These efforts include policies, programs, and partnerships with community organizations. We classify these efforts into three distinct categories: (A) State initiatives: 1) State programs that extend eligibility criteria to Medicaid programs and CHIP. 2) Waivers to create Uncompensated Care Pools (UCP). 3 ) End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) treatment. (B) Local/county initiatives include: 1) Government-run medical homes. 2) County programs in partnership with FQHCs and other community clinics. (C) Partnerships with consular authorities and community organizations. We provide a list of available policies and programs in states such as California, Texas, New Mexico, New York, Arizona, District of Columbia, Washington, Illinois and Massachusetts that can inspire similar efforts in other states and counties with a presence of undocumented immigrant population.
This is a uniquely opportune time for anti-money laundering initiatives and policy reform to occur. Since the terrorist attacks in the United States in September, 2001, security agencies throughout the world have rushed to follow leads that may prove that Osama bin Laden financed the attack with massive amounts of laundered money. Greater awareness of the harmful effects of money laundering, and public and governmental concerns regarding reverse-money laundering by terrorists, has resulted in a surge of attention directed toward anti-money laundering efforts. Consequently, financial institutions are under increasing pressure to comply with existing anti-money laundering regulations by implementing internal anti-money laundering guidelines. Governments also are experiencing significant public pressure to enhance and expand the anti-money laundering legislative framework. To determine the future direction for effective anti-money laundering initiatives, it is important to first examine the multiple challenges faced by government and other organizations and institutions trying to eradicate money laundering. These challenges include, inter alia, private banks, correspondent banks, unregulated financial services, and various banking practices traditionally shrouded in secrecy. In order to assess these challenges it is necessary to evaluate the existing money laundering initiatives to determine if they sufficiently resolve the challenges relevant to the eradication of money laundering. The initiatives evaluated by the authors include those from the United States, European Union, Council of Europe ("COE"), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD"), United Nations, the Organization of American States ("OAS"), Transparency International ("TI"), the Financial Action Task Force ("FATF"), and the Financial Stability Forum ("FSF").
Se defiende la tesis de que el terrorismo yihadista, cuyo fin es la ordenación política de la sociedad sobre una interpretación fundamentalista del Islam, es una seria amenaza para España. Analizada y enfrentada como cualquier otra amenaza, ante ella no cabe sino defenderse. En ese análisis se parte de los conceptos, hoy en día estrechamente relacionados, de Seguridad y Defensa, se considera también el de política de Defensa y, tras describir la política de Defensa de España ante esa grave amenaza, se justifica la imperiosa necesidad de lograr el apoyo ciudadano para que cale en la sociedad su vital necesidad, la importancia de que esas políticas de Defensa, que protegen a la sociedad y sus intereses, requieren el esfuerzo adicional que implica el mantenerlas y sostenerlas adecuadamente. ; The thesis defended is that Jihadist terrorism, whose final purpose is the political planning of society based upon a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, constitutes a serious threat to Spain. Examined and addressed as any other threat, before it the only possible response is fighting back. In that analysis, the concepts of Security and Defense, today closely linked, are taken as starting points. The concept of Defense policy is also covered, and, after describing the Spanish Defense policy to face that threat, the imperative need to attain community and citizens support is justified, so that its vital necessity permeates on society, as well as the importance that those Defense policies, which serve to protect the society and its interests, require every additional effort to be sustained and maintained properly. ; Seguridad, Defensa, Política de Defensa, Terrorismo yihadista
The purpose of this paper is to address the influence of the changes in the European economic landscape in the aftermath of the break up of the iron curtain and the new dynamics of the process of European integration in the since 1989. The main focus is on the interaction between political and economic aspects of transition and reintegration in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). In the first section a concept of spatial integration is sketched based on political and economic concepts of integration. The second part provides a brief record of political and economic integration and reintegration in the Baltic Sea Region. The central hypothesis is that the region has embarked on a path toward a coherent economic and political region with regard to political and economic affiliation. We have seen a consolidation of the old market economies within one trading block, and the former state trade economies will join the EU within two years. The old division of the Nordic countries into two different blocks concerning security policy seems also to diminish. In the same period, the cleavages between East and West with regard to security policy and economic system have disappeared. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of this process at the end of the first phase of transition at the threshold of the creation of a unified economic space in the Baltic Sea Region. The empirical section will contain information on economic flows as well as an assessment of the institutional changes within the BSR and the emerging new system of production and division of labor in the area. The final section will, based on the concept of spatial integration discuss, whether or not the BSR constitutes a functional region within the European regional system. Keywords: European economic integration - Transition and transformation in the BSR - The BSR in the European regional system - Trade and Production in the BSR
Как важный показатель защищенности граждан, общества и государства информационная безопасность является неотъемлемой составляющей национальной безопасности. Поэтому ее определения в основном концентрируются вокруг предотвращения тем вредным последствиям, которые могут принести различные информационные угрозы, а также устранения и преодоления этих последствий с как можно меньшим вредом для общества и человека. В этом аспекте особую актуальность приобретает исследование не только философско-феноменологических и социально-психологических детерминант информационной безопасности граждан, но и политико-правовых ресурсов и механизмов защиты информационного пространства государства в условиях функционирования глобального информационного общества. Задачи исследования. К сожалению, в Украине еще не выработано эффективной модели системного обеспечения информационной безопасности государства, общества и человека, хотя такая необходимость зафиксирована на конституционном уровне. Поэтому сегодня очень важно разработать целостный кодификационный документ, который полноценно охватил бы различные аспекты формирования государственной политики в сфере национальной безопасности, а также определил конкретный инструментарий ее реализации. Автор считает, что важно обратить внимание на выработку теоретико-методологических основ исследования проблемы информационной безопасности, которые ориентированы на всестороннее обеспечение национальных интересов как на внутреннем, так и на внешнем уровнях. Также важно формировать всесторонний концептуально-теоретический базис, который охватывал философско-политологический и информационно-технологическое измерение проблемы. Результат. Рассматривается ряд проблем в сфере информационной и национальной безопасности в Украине, требующих неотложного решения как в концептуально-теоретическом и законотворческом плане, так и в плане выстраивания целостной системы реализации стратегических задач в практике реального информационного общества ; Актуальність проблеми. Наявність в Україні активного концептуально-теоретичного дискурсу щодо проблематики інформаційної безпеки зумовлює необхідність аналізу тих визначень, які існують сьогодні щодо цієї комплексної і складної категорії. Саме враховуючи її багатовимірність, структурно-функціональну поліморфність та системну складність, слід зазначити, що існують різні підходи до формулювання сутності категорії «інформаційна безпека». Постановка завдання полягає у тому, що в Україні ще не вироблено ефективної моделі системного забезпечення інформаційної безпеки держави, суспільства і людини, хоча така необхідність зафіксована на конституційному рівні. Тому сьогодні дуже важливо розробити цілісний кодифікаційний документ, який повноцінно охопив би різні аспекти формування державної політики в сфері національної безпеки, а також визначив би конкретний інструментарій її реалізації. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій – ми спираємося на авторів, що досліджували філософсько-феноменологічні і соціально-психологічні детермінанти інформаційної безпеки громадян, політико-правові ресурси та механізми захисту інформаційного простору держави. Це твори: В.Андрущенка, Т. Андрущенко, В. Вашкевича, В. Воронкової, О. Кивлюк, В. Мельник, В. Нікітенко, Р. Олексенка, О.Сосніна, І. Малик, Е. Аронсон, Д. Белл, Х. Варіан, М. Кастельс, Е. Тофлер, Ю. Хабермас та інших. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми – потребує уваги вироблення теоретико-методологічних засад дослідження проблеми інформаційної безпеки, які орієнтовані на всебічне забезпечення національних інтересів. Постановка завдання – як важливий показник захищеності громадян, суспільства і держави інформаційна безпека є невід'ємною складовою національної безпеки. Виклад основного матеріалу. Розглядається низка проблем в сфері інформаційної і національної безпеки в Україні, що потребують нагального вирішення. В концептуально-теоретичному та законотворчому плані, так і в плані вибудовування цілісної системи реалізації стратегічних завдань в практиці реального інформаційного суспільства. Висновки - в сфері інформаційної і національної безпеки її визначення переважно концентруються навколо запобігання тим шкідливим наслідкам, які можуть принести різні інформаційні загрози, а також усунення та подолання цих наслідків з якомога меншою шкодою для суспільства й людини ; ФAs an important indicator of protection of citizens, society and state, information security is an integral part of national security. Therefore, its definition is mainly focused on preventing those negative consequences that may arise from various information threats, as well as eliminating and overcoming these consequences with the least losses for society and a human. In this aspect, what has become particularly relevant is the research of not only philosophical, phenomenological and socio-psychological determinants of the information security of citizens, but also political and legal resources and mechanisms of the information space of the state in the conditions of the functioning of the global information society. Unfortunately, Ukraine has not yet produced an effective model of the information security system of the state, society and a human, although the need for this is fixed at the constitutional level. Therefore, today it is very important to develop a holistic codifying document that would fully cover various aspects of the formation of national security policy, and also define a specific tool for its implementation. The author considers that it is important to pay attention to the development of the theoretical and methodological foundations of research of the problem of information security, which are focused on strict observance of national interests both at the internal and external levels. It is also necessary to form a comprehensive conceptual and theoretical basis that should cover the philosophical-political and information-technological aspect of the issue. A number of issues in the areas of national security and information in Ukraine in terms of concept theory and legislation and developing integral system of strategic tasks fulfillment in the practice of information society is considered
Marxism and Leninism, the theoretical foundation of the CCP (Chinese Communist Party), had many ambiguous dimensions in treating the national issue, and the CCP's national discourse was influenced by Marxist ideology, Confucian tradition of Great Unity, its own revolutionary practices, and the realpolitik concerns over resources and security as the leader of the State after 1949. Its ideology shifted in several stages. Firstly, a liberal-revolutionary national discourse which called for self-determination of all nationalities (minzu) within the Chinese territory, who made up six percent of the Chinese population based on the 1954 census. Secondly, the Long March of 1934-1935 fully exposed the CCP to the non-Han minorities in southwest and northwest Chinese borderlands, and the Party had both tensions and accommodations with local tribes. After arriving at Yan'an, the CCP had more experiences in engaging the Chinese Muslims and started empirical studies. In the third place, after the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the CCP put more emphasis on the unity of the "Chinese nation" (zhonghua minzu) which was invented in the early twentieth century and implied presumably a homogeneous Chinese nation in the common resistance of the Japanese. Finally, after 1949, the CCP explicitly terminated any previous call for national self-determination, emphasizing instead the PRC's nature as a 'unified multi-nation State' (tongyi de duo minzu guojia ), and the CCP distinguished itself from the Soviet Union by disavowing the Soviet-style federalism. The CCP in the early 1950s also defined the term minzu (Chinese generic word for nation, nationality, and ethnic group) as historical formations and cultural entities regardless of its presumed relationship with the rise of modern capitalism, and it rejected the labeling of buzu (clan) or buluo (tribe) to achieve internal equality. This semantic practice distanced socialist China from the Western definition of ethnicity and nation, but the Chinese Communist concept minzu, regardless of its uniqueness compared with the Soviet and Chinese Nationalist ideologies, also had some intrinsic weaknesses, one of which was paternalist 'neo-traditionalism' which reinforced minority nationalities' dependency on Han nationality.
В статье речь идет о формировании Европейским союзом (ЕС) общей иммиграционной политики в отношении граждан третьих стран. Рассматриваются ее основные аспекты гуманитарный и охранительный, а также различные правовые механизмы, призванные данную политику реализовать. Анализируются Женевская конвенция 1951 г. и НьюЙоркский протокол 1967 г. о статусе беженцев, статьи Договора о функционировании Европейского союза, регулирующие пространство свободы, безопасности и права, шенгенские соглашения, соответствующие акты вторичного права ЕС. Что касается гуманитарного аспекта иммиграционной политики ЕС, здесь подчеркивается его моральноэтическая суть уважение человеческого достоинства. Охранительные меры направлены прежде всего на борьбу с нелегальной иммиграцией. В заключении автор приходит к выводу, что в гуманитарной сфере ЕС действует более эффективно, чем в охранительной. ; The subject matter of the article is the EU immigration policy applied to third country nationals (TCN). The main aspects of the policy are considered: humanitarian policy, national security policy, and various legal tools of its implementation. In particular the author considers the 1951 Geneva Convention and 1967 New York Protocol relating to the status of refugees, the clauses of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU regulating «area of freedom, security and justice» (title V), Schengen Conventions, the related acts of the EU secondary law. As to the humanitarian aspect of the EU immigration policy, its moral essence the respect for human dignity is emphasized. The national security measures are directed mainly against illegal immigration. Finally the author comes to the conclusion that EU humanitarian efforts in the immigration policy proved to be more effective than the security one.