Suchergebnisse

This model provides a framework for helping to understand and analyze the airport security problem. By modeling the security process, and identifying the weak points, we were able to make recommendations for possible Federal initiatives through legislative or management action to close the identified security loopholes. Passenger flow through the ticket counter, security station, and gate, which potentially includes terrorists, is modeled and quantified. A probability model estimates the probability of a terrorist escaping detection at the various stations. This probability is a function of the reliability of a proposed security database and the reliability of security equipment. The influence of these reliabilities on the probability of non detection is studied. In addition, a commonly overlooked security problem -- overloading security personnel with passenger traffic to the extent that they are distracted from thoroughly checking passengers - - is modeled and analyzed. Model quantitative results are used to delineate the implications for changes in security policy at the nation's airports.

AbstractThis article examines the challenges and contradictions between some of the leading conceptions of security within the field of International Relations (IR), from those stating that the concept can only be employed by the state with regard to immediate, existential threats, to those that see security as the foundation of social life or as a human good. This article continues a discussion that has taken place in theReview of International Studiesregarding the development of positive security, examining the potential use of the terms 'negative' and 'positive' security to bring clarity to these diverging security perspectives and to argue for a multi-actor security approach. It is argued that positive security perspectives, which rely on non-violent measures, ensure an emphasis upon context, values, and security practices that build trust, and by use of a multi-actor security model, shows the dynamics between state and non-state actors in the creation of security.

The topic of the article is the relationship between security culture and anthropology of securi-ty. The authors recall the most important definitions of security culture and anthropology of security, both of which belong to the discipline of security sciences, and conclude that culture, including its special sphere called security culture, is a human creation that strongly affects people, so it would be difficult to explore it scientifically without anthropological knowledge and tools. The authors give an account of the development of security sciences research in Poland, and point out that its subdiscipline called security anthropology is not fully formed yet, its theoretical and methodological identity still being underway; however, it develops dynamically. In forming this new subdiscipline of security sciences, apart from applying mul-tidisciplinary research, it is also necessary to consider different types of anthropology, above all biological, cultural and philosophical anthropology. The authors signalize the potential di-rections of research within the field and conclude that a methodological framework of securi-ty anthropology should be worked out, in a form that is most important and legible at the cur-rent stage of the development of science.

Outlines Lithuania's initiatives to increase regional cooperation and enhance linkages with Euro-Atlantic institutions; views of the Lithuanian foreign minister. Lithuania's chairmanship of the Council of Baltic Sea States, leadership in coordinating assistance for Russia's Kaliningrad region, and prospects for joining the EU and NATO.

In Kosovo, the concept of human security is invoked in a three-fold manner. First of all, the international community has applied human security for the purpose of maintaining a fragile peace and stability in Kosovo. For the international community, maintaining the fragile peace meant tolerating the establishment and operationalization of Serbian parallel institutions. This leads to the second application of human security: the parallel institutions claim that their existence is necessary to provide human security for the Serbian community in Kosovo. Consequently, this undermines the capacity of Kosovo's public institutions to exercise legal authority in the north of Kosovo and in other territorial enclaves. Parallel to this, Kosovo's institutions have viewed the human security approach as a means to prove the institutional capacity of independent self-government to provide inclusive security, welfare, and integration policies for all people in Kosovo, with a special emphasis on ethnic minorities. Accordingly, human security is used by different actors in Kosovo to pursue different political agendas, which have not resulted in achieving the primary goal of furthering human welfare and fulfilment beyond mere physical security. To the contrary, the (ab)use of human security has created the conditions for fragile governance, protracted ethnic destabilization, and stagnating economic and human development.

Water. In the existence and activities of each individual it is water that (un) consciously essentially defines them. Therefore, water is called the source of life, but nowadays we know it under the new concept: blue gold. The reason for such a modern understanding of the role of water lies in the increasing limitations of access to sufficient quantities, which first results in water stress – the situation where needs remain unmet, but water scarcity does not yet interfere with the foundations of the activities of societies. Water stress is thus the first form of threat to water security, especially when deficiency destroys all basic social systems that cannot function without water. The question of the role of water between them is increasingly being raised, as the operation of one system in the area of water consumption or management can mean interfering with the water potential of another system. This confronts us with the effect of the definite quantities of water, although countries with ample water resources and quantity (still) often do not understand or perceive it. Of course, this does not mean that the debate is not necessary; it is, conversely, necessary, and it is only in this way that it is possible to prevent or at least control the situation in which many countries around the world have found themselves and there is a total lack of water resources in the most existential aspects. Under these conditions, water security has become the most essential element of national security of these countries and thus a potential weak link in ensuring security.

1. Limits of theorising about IR and security -- 2. Critical theorizing about IR and security -- 3. How to access others' conceptions of the international? -- 4. Inquiring into security in the international -- 5. Inquiring into the international in security -- 6. Civilisation, dialogue, in/security.