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Self-determination is a crucial concept in establishing the legitimacy of political communities in the international system, and thereby in constructing social identities and political loyalties. At the most general level, self-determination refers to an idea of a right to freedom. In international politics, it also refers to a norm on ways of bounding political communities. At the same time, what self-determination precisely means is contested and contingent. I argue that self-determination evolves today amidst a tension between the challenges of diversity and liberal peace dictates. While diversity has to do with varieties of cultural expression, socioeconomic organization and political status, liberal peace dictates concern global governance practices that tend to impose previous liberal models of democracy, development and human rights. The essay first presents the evolution of the meaning of self-determination in international politics. Then it addresses critical approaches upon contemporary liberal peace. The remaining sections analyze how contemporary self-determination movements present claims highly suggestive to rethink forms of political community, of state-community relation, and of participation in global governance structures.

Self-determination is a crucial concept in establishing the legitimacy of political communities in the international system, and thereby in constructing social identities and political loyalties. At the most general level, self-determination refers to an idea of a right to freedom. In international politics, it also refers to a norm on ways of bounding political communities. At the same time, what selfdetermination precisely means is contested and contingent. I argue that self-determination evolves today amidst a tension between the challenges of diversity and liberal peace dictates. While diversity has to do with varieties of cultural expression, socioeconomic organization and political status, liberal peace dictates concern global governance practices that tend to impose previous liberal models of democracy, development and human rights. The essay first presents the evolution of the meaning of self-determination in international politics. Then it addresses critical approaches upon contemporary liberal peace. The remaining sections analyze how contemporary self-determination movements present claims highly suggestive to rethink forms of political community, of state-community relation, and of participation in global governance structures.

Introduction: The autonomy of the individual's will aiming at the exercise of individual freedom by refusing the use of a face mask as a means of protection can have serious collective consequences in relation to the prevention and spread of the contagious infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Objective: To analyze whether the individual's freedom of self-determination against collective interest in cases of compulsory use of a face mask will prevail. Method: The study was developed through documentary and bibliographic collection, with descriptive bias. Results: The official data and guidelines of the World Health Organization in joint analysis with the existing Brazilian legislation and the constitutional commandments of fundamental rights, allowed us to reach the result of the proposed objective. Conclusions: The published normative acts are based on validity in a federal standard with the status of a law in a formal sense, with the provision for the adoption of prophylaxis measures, including the mandatory use of the mask, to combat the pandemic. The prevalence of the collective interest in favor of public health and the fundamental right to life and health of others is legitimate given the individual's freedom of self-determination. ; Introdução: A autonomia da vontade do indivíduo visando o exercício de liberdade individual ao recusar a utilização de máscara facial como meio de proteção pode trazer sérias consequências coletivas em relação à prevenção e à propagação de doença infectocontagiosa causada pelo SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: Analisar se a liberdade de autodeterminação do indivíduo em confronto com o interesse coletivo nos casos de utilização compulsória de máscara facial irá prevalecer. Método: O estudo foi elaborado por meio de coleta documental e bibliográfica, com viés descritivo. Resultados: Os dados oficiais e as orientações da Organização Mundial de Saúde em análise conjunta com a legislação brasileira existente e os mandamentos constitucionais dos direitos fundamentais nos permitiram chegar ao objetivo proposto. Conclusões: Os atos normativos editados têm fundamento de validade em norma federal com status de lei em sentido formal, havendo neles a previsão de adoção de medidas de profilaxia, dentre elas o uso obrigatório da máscara, no combate à pandemia. A prevalência do interesse coletivo em prol da saúde pública e do direito fundamental à vida e à saúde de outrem são legítimas frente à liberdade de autodeterminação do indivíduo.

Examines the legal status of East Timor, focusing on the relationship between concepts of self determination and sovereignty.

Harold Macmillan was a key figure in the process that culminated with the liquidation of Britain's formal empire in the early 1960s. His speech delivered to the South African Parliament on February 1960 became famous for an expression -- 'the winds of change' -- that encapsulated the high tide of nationalism in the colonial world. In this article, we start by analyzing the circumstances that facilitated the changes in the UK policy towards its own empire, and then proceed to describe the perceptions of the Portuguese leaders concerning those changes and how this impacted on the Anglo-Portuguese relationship. Finally we will describe the ill-fated efforts undertook by Macmillan's administration in xg6r in order to persuade Salazar to adopt a more flexible stance towards the demands for self-determination in Portuguese Africa. Adapted from the source document.

Education has been depicted as the main 'social elevator' to confront the internal inequalities of modern abyssal societies. Roma, as the largest, ancient European minority, are perpetually targeted as a 'sensitive' population in regard to access to and success in basic and higher education, creating a framework where Roma themselves, from an early age, are considered a 'problem'. Academia, scientific research and knowledge production are not isolated from these practices and political/epistemological framework. In this sense, the article unravels its complicity and responsibility in the maintenance of the white order, the modern civilisatory mission toward the racialised bodies and the 'ideology of integration' as the only possible political path. This paper discusses the current academic production of evidence-based research in the field of education in regards to Roma, exploring the semantics and conceptual constructions that frame the discussion related to the Roma experience in the educative system. Furthermore, the article discusses how the conceptual codification of such a framework actually serves to condition intellectual and political approaches that attempt to go beyond the complicit 'ideology of integration' when addressing public and educative policies.

The president of the National Resistance Council of East Timor describes conditions under which the Timorese people at present live, protected by the UN's International Force for East Timor (INTERFET), and their strong desire for a peaceful and prosperous future, as an independent country and part of the international community. Included in a collection of articles under the overall title "As Nações Unidas, a Indonésia e Timor-Leste".

Examines the killings and forced population displacement caused by paramilitary groups as part of an Indonesian government campaign to undermine the transition to independence, UN response, and prospects for independence; East Timor. Summary in English p. 252.

Neste texto, são apresentados dois estudos sobre motivação e prática musical desenvolvidos no âmbito do ensino superior. Os estudos foram conduzidos por dois referenciais distintos: Crenças de Auto-Eficácia (Albert Bandura) e Teoria da Autodeterminação (Deci & Ryan). O delineamento metodológico para cada investigação foi o estudo de levantamento conduzido por meio de instrumentos de coleta de dados elaborados de acordo com cada referencial. A população investigada foram alunos de cursos superiores de música de uma instituição de ensino da cidade de Curitiba. Os resultados apontaram possibilidades de verificar o processo motivacional de alunos de cursos de música, a partir da observação de alguns aspectos como a) a confiança do discente nas próprias capacidades e suas crenças em produzir resultados; b) as ações intencionais que possam produzir mudanças; e c) os fatores que podem promovê-las. Buscou-se ao final do texto, enfatizar a observação desses aspectos por parte dos educadores, como meio de promover um processo de aprendizagem musical mais significativo e orientado.

Started in 1956, the United Nations diplomatic pressure upon Portugal in order to recognize the right to self-determination and independence of its colonies were enhanced in the General Assembly XVth session that took place in xg6o. Supported by the new approach adopted by the United Nations in what concerned non-self governing territories, such enhancement was owed to the admission of new states in the Organization. The majority presented by the Afro-Asian countries promoted the adoption of genetic principles regarding the self determination of dependent peoples, the definition of the concept of non-self-governing territories, and the application of such definition to Portuguese colonies. Provided with those new premises the United Nations rejected the technical approach that was until then the distinct mark of its relationship with Portuguese State. Portuguese colonialism began to be viewed by the light of those premises adopted in the General Assembly, which exceeded the Charter dispositions concerning non-self-governing territories. Adapted from the source document.