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Haptic interpersonal communication is commonly used to salute, to congratulate, or indirectly to manipulate heavy objects. However, the haptic feedback is missing from the common communication systems. Recent developments in telecommunications and computer capabilities have made possible the use of haptic feedback in collaborative virtual environments. Collaborative virtual environments are a promising solution to facilitate remote work collaboration. They have many applications like: military training, engineering design, e-learning or video games.Nevertheless, users of collaborative virtual environments have to face several issues. First, interacting with a virtual environment is not a straightforward task. Navigate and manipulate objects in a virtual environment requires a good mental representation of space. Secondly, remote collaboration limits the communication quality because even the best video conference system can't support all the richness of a face to face communication. Information available on the partners are reduced thus coordinate actions between users become a complex task.The aim of this thesis is to propose visual haptic interactions to simplify coordination and increase mutual awareness between the users. Through the improvement of coordination and mutual awareness an increase of team performance and work efficiency is expected.Three kind of fundamental 3D interactions are addressed in collaborative context: the coordination of selections, the setting of selections and the manipulation of objects. For each of these three of fundamental interactions, several methods of interaction and tools of coordination are proposed and assessed.The findings of this thesis highlight the strengths and the weaknesses of the closely coupled method of interactions. The results of the experiments also confirm the importance of haptic communication in remote collaboration. ; La communication haptique interpersonnelle est communément utilisée pour se saluer, se féliciter, ou de manière indirecte pour manipuler ...

Haptic interpersonal communication is commonly used to salute, to congratulate, or indirectly to manipulate heavy objects. However, the haptic feedback is missing from the common communication systems. Recent developments in telecommunications and computer capabilities have made possible the use of haptic feedback in collaborative virtual environments. Collaborative virtual environments are a promising solution to facilitate remote work collaboration. They have many applications like: military training, engineering design, e-learning or video games.Nevertheless, users of collaborative virtual environments have to face several issues. First, interacting with a virtual environment is not a straightforward task. Navigate and manipulate objects in a virtual environment requires a good mental representation of space. Secondly, remote collaboration limits the communication quality because even the best video conference system can't support all the richness of a face to face communication. Information available on the partners are reduced thus coordinate actions between users become a complex task.The aim of this thesis is to propose visual haptic interactions to simplify coordination and increase mutual awareness between the users. Through the improvement of coordination and mutual awareness an increase of team performance and work efficiency is expected.Three kind of fundamental 3D interactions are addressed in collaborative context: the coordination of selections, the setting of selections and the manipulation of objects. For each of these three of fundamental interactions, several methods of interaction and tools of coordination are proposed and assessed.The findings of this thesis highlight the strengths and the weaknesses of the closely coupled method of interactions. The results of the experiments also confirm the importance of haptic communication in remote collaboration. ; La communication haptique interpersonnelle est communément utilisée pour se saluer, se féliciter, ou de manière indirecte pour manipuler ...

Haptic interpersonal communication is commonly used to salute, to congratulate, or indirectly to manipulate heavy objects. However, the haptic feedback is missing from the common communication systems. Recent developments in telecommunications and computer capabilities have made possible the use of haptic feedback in collaborative virtual environments. Collaborative virtual environments are a promising solution to facilitate remote work collaboration. They have many applications like: military training, engineering design, e-learning or video games.Nevertheless, users of collaborative virtual environments have to face several issues. First, interacting with a virtual environment is not a straightforward task. Navigate and manipulate objects in a virtual environment requires a good mental representation of space. Secondly, remote collaboration limits the communication quality because even the best video conference system can't support all the richness of a face to face communication. Information available on the partners are reduced thus coordinate actions between users become a complex task.The aim of this thesis is to propose visual haptic interactions to simplify coordination and increase mutual awareness between the users. Through the improvement of coordination and mutual awareness an increase of team performance and work efficiency is expected.Three kind of fundamental 3D interactions are addressed in collaborative context: the coordination of selections, the setting of selections and the manipulation of objects. For each of these three of fundamental interactions, several methods of interaction and tools of coordination are proposed and assessed.The findings of this thesis highlight the strengths and the weaknesses of the closely coupled method of interactions. The results of the experiments also confirm the importance of haptic communication in remote collaboration. ; La communication haptique interpersonnelle est communément utilisée pour se saluer, se féliciter, ou de manière indirecte pour manipuler des objets lourds. Pourtant, la modalité haptique est absente des systèmes de communication à distance usuels. Les progrès récents de l'informatique et des réseaux de communication ont permis l'émergence d'environnements virtuels collaboratifs offrant un retour haptique aux utilisateurs. Les environnements virtuels collaboratifs constituent une solution prometteuse pour faciliter le travail collaboratif à distance. Les contextes applicatifs sont nombreux : entrainement militaire, assemblage mécanique, manipulation moléculaire, conception assistée par ordinateur.Toutefois, les utilisateurs d'environnements virtuels collaboratifs sont confrontés à deux types de problématiques : celles liées aux environnements virtuels 3D et celles liées à la collaboration à distance. En effet, il est difficile pour un utilisateur peu expérimenté d'interagir avec un environnement virtuel 3D. Se déplacer et manipuler des objets dans ce type d'environnement nécessite une bonne représentation mentale de l'espace.De plus, la collaboration à distance limite les possibilités et la qualité de la communication. Les informations dont disposent les utilisateurs sur leurs partenaires sont donc réduites. Dans ce contexte, la coordination des actions entre les utilisateurs devient plus complexe.L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est donc de proposer des méthodes d'interaction visio-haptique pour faciliter la coordination et augmenter l'attention mutuelle entre les utilisateurs. Via l'amélioration de la coordination et de l'attention inter-utilisateurs, une augmentation des performances et de l'efficacité du travail collaboratif est escomptée.Trois types d'interactions fondamentales sont abordées dans un contexte collaboratif : la coordination des sélections, le paramétrage des sélections et la manipulation collaborative d'objet. Pour chacune des tâches d'interactions précédemment citées, des méthodes d'interaction ainsi que des outils de coordination et de communication ont été proposé et évalué.Ces travaux de thèse présentent les points forts mais aussi les défauts des méthodes d'interaction collaboratives fortement couplées. Les résultats obtenus montrent également l'importance de la communication haptique dans la collaboration à distance.

International audience ; Identified since the 19th Century, the concept of heritage is constantly expanding. Everything is now likely to become patrimonial, even the environment. However, at the same time, this heritage is now integrated into the sphere of commercial exchange whereas it was initially recognized for its symbolic qualities. This new register of justification has been studied in the case of territorial development. However, to the best of our knowledge, little work has concerned the social and political implications of the economic valuation of the natural heritage. This paper proposes the shared perspectives of a geographer and an economist. Based on a literature review and various case studies, it aims at discussing the social uses of economic valuation. It also questions how this tool takes part in the creation of the economic values of the natural heritage. We analyse how the monetary valuation, although highly criticized, gradually became a normative framework for designing public policies and an additional resource of authority in patrimonial expansion. But the transformation in public decision making encourages taking a better look at the way this tool is now mobilized in order to enforce, negotiate or co-build new values. ; Identifié et circonscrit depuis le XIXe siècle aux monuments historiques et aux curiosités naturelles remarquables, le patrimoine n'a cessé de s'étendre jusqu'à enserrer aujourd'hui des paysages et des écosystèmes. Mais parallèlement, un autre changement majeur s'opère, à savoir l'intégration du patrimoine, d'abord reconnu pour ses vertus symboliques, à la sphère des échanges marchands. Or, si ce registre de justification de la conservation patrimoniale a pu être étudié dans le cadre du développement territorial, peu de travaux ont à ce jour porté sur les implications sociales et politiques d'une économisation du patrimoine naturel. En procédant à une revue de la littérature et en s'inspirant de diverses études de cas, l'objectif de ce regard croisé entre un géographe et ...

International audience ; Identified since the 19th Century, the concept of heritage is constantly expanding. Everything is now likely to become patrimonial, even the environment. However, at the same time, this heritage is now integrated into the sphere of commercial exchange whereas it was initially recognized for its symbolic qualities. This new register of justification has been studied in the case of territorial development. However, to the best of our knowledge, little work has concerned the social and political implications of the economic valuation of the natural heritage. This paper proposes the shared perspectives of a geographer and an economist. Based on a literature review and various case studies, it aims at discussing the social uses of economic valuation. It also questions how this tool takes part in the creation of the economic values of the natural heritage. We analyse how the monetary valuation, although highly criticized, gradually became a normative framework for designing public policies and an additional resource of authority in patrimonial expansion. But the transformation in public decision making encourages taking a better look at the way this tool is now mobilized in order to enforce, negotiate or co-build new values. ; Identifié et circonscrit depuis le XIXe siècle aux monuments historiques et aux curiosités naturelles remarquables, le patrimoine n'a cessé de s'étendre jusqu'à enserrer aujourd'hui des paysages et des écosystèmes. Mais parallèlement, un autre changement majeur s'opère, à savoir l'intégration du patrimoine, d'abord reconnu pour ses vertus symboliques, à la sphère des échanges marchands. Or, si ce registre de justification de la conservation patrimoniale a pu être étudié dans le cadre du développement territorial, peu de travaux ont à ce jour porté sur les implications sociales et politiques d'une économisation du patrimoine naturel. En procédant à une revue de la littérature et en s'inspirant de diverses études de cas, l'objectif de ce regard croisé entre un géographe et une économiste est de proposer une réflexion sur les usages sociaux de cette monétarisation de l'environnement et sa participation à la « petite fabrique » du patrimoine naturel. Nous verrons ainsi comment l'évaluation économique, bien que vivement critiquée, est progressivement devenue un cadre normatif des politiques publiques et un opérateur stratégique des processus de patrimonialisation. Loin de rester circonscrit aux seuls pouvoirs publics, cet outil est désormais instrumentalisé, par une diversité d'acteurs, pour imposer, négocier ou co-construire des valeurs.

Our Ph.D. deals with the issue of hospital performance: its context, background, and conditions of improvement. The search for performance appears to face a crisis of legitimacy both in the private and public sectors. In particular, in the health care organizations sector, the government is reforming health care ways of control, but these reforms stumble over the lack of actors' common vision of performance. Indeed, the ways of thinking performance are either based on rational goal models, on resource acquisition models, on internal decision process models or on human relations models. These theoretical models, even when they are combined, convey the lack of common vision that leads to divergences in decisions and actions. Since, performance is a social construct, its improvement implies to look for a common definition of this term, rather than to set up additional tools to monitor hospitals' activity. This is why we worked on the means to obtain a common vision of performance among health professionals, to a priori ensure the convergence of individual actions and decisions toward global health care mission. Within hospitals, common vision depends on a common vision of the stakes of performance, of the hospital diagnostic and of the priorities of performance. These three points of common vision lie within the three dimensions of performance (horizontal, vertical and lateral) and come in a variety of forms in each hospital, depending on their environment. ; La problématique de notre thèse est la performance hospitalière, son contexte, ses fondements, ses conditions de réalisation. La quête de performance apparaît en réponse à la crise de légitimité que connaissent tant les secteurs publics que les secteurs privés. Dans le champ hospitalier, face à cette crise, les pouvoirs publics ont réformé les modes de régulation de l'offre de soins, mais ces réformes achoppent sur le manque de vision partagée des fondements de la performance. Celle-ci est tour à tour appréhendée par les acteurs sur la base de quatre types de ...

MENA countries is today, at the center of ambitious economic stakes mainly in regional integration and structural transformation. However, the Arab States of this region have suffered great shortcomings and vulnerability in the economic and productive system in the aftermath of massive political, economic, social and popular upheavals and upheavals. These shocks present a number of new challenges. The main objective of this thesis is to study the new dynamics of the structural transformation process in order to propose new development trajectories for these countries. In this context, we address issues related to the spatial determinants and effects of this process, the relationship between economic complexity and air pollution on the one hand, and economic complexity and inequalities on the other education. For this, we consider a dynamic panel of 133 countries covering an important and recent period (1984 to 2014). Using recent data and integrating previously little used parameters, we highlight particular characteristics of the process of complexification of productive systems. From a general point of view, the results reveal that the productivity performance of productive systems is very heterogeneous within MENA countries and that their determinants depend on the characteristics of the economies. The large disparities observed are explained, beyond the significant effect of per capita income, by a deficiency in the institutional system, particularly in terms of access to innovation, but also to the abundance of natural resources or the attractiveness of foreign direct investment. Beyond the individual characteristics of economies, spatial analysis shows that geographical factors such as urbanization rate, trade agreements, but especially spatial location play a very important role in the process of structural transformation.We also bring, thanks to the tools derived from classical mechanics, answers to the limits of traditional economic models which are difficult to demonstrate the existence of a process of accelerating economic development. ; La région MENA est aujourd'hui, au centre d'ambitieux enjeux économiques essentiellement en matière d'intégration régionale et de transformation structurelle. Toutefois, les Etats Arabes de cette région ont présenté des défaillances et une vulnérabilité importante dans le système économique et productif au lendemain des mouvements et des bouleversements politiques, économiques, sociales et populaires de très grande ampleur. Ces chocs apportent un lot de nouveaux défis à relever. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier les nouvelles dynamiques du processus de transformation structurelle afin de proposer de nouvelles trajectoires de développement pour ces pays. Dans cette optique, nous abordons les questions liées aux déterminants et aux effets spatiaux de ce processus, à la relation entre d'une part la complexité économique et la pollution de l'air, et d'autre part, la complexité économique et les inégalités de genre en éducation. Pour cela, nous considérons un panel dynamique de 133 pays qui couvre une période longue et récente (1984 à 2014). En utilisant des données récentes et en intégrant des paramètres jusque-là peu utilisés, nous mettons en évidence des caractéristiques particulières du processus de complexification des systèmes productifs. D'un point de vue général, les résultats révèlent que les performances en matière de complexification des systèmes productifs sont très hétérogènes au sein des pays MENA et que leurs déterminants dépendent des caractéristiques des économies. Les fortes disparités observées s'expliquent, au-delà de l'effet significatif du revenu par habitant, par une carence dans le système institutionnel, éducatif en particulier dans l'accès à l'innovation, mais aussi à l'abondance des ressources naturelles ou encore à l'attractivité des investissements directs étrangers. Au-delà des caractéristiques individuelles des économies, l'analyse spatiale montre que des facteurs géographiques tels que le taux d'urbanisation, les accords commerciaux, et la localisation spatiale jouent un rôle très important dans le processus de transformation structurelle. Nous apportons également, grâce aux outils tirés de la mécanique classique, des réponses aux limites des modèles économiques traditionnels qui peinent à démontrer l'existence d'un processus d'accélération du développement économique.

MENA countries is today, at the center of ambitious economic stakes mainly in regional integration and structural transformation. However, the Arab States of this region have suffered great shortcomings and vulnerability in the economic and productive system in the aftermath of massive political, economic, social and popular upheavals and upheavals. These shocks present a number of new challenges. The main objective of this thesis is to study the new dynamics of the structural transformation process in order to propose new development trajectories for these countries. In this context, we address issues related to the spatial determinants and effects of this process, the relationship between economic complexity and air pollution on the one hand, and economic complexity and inequalities on the other education. For this, we consider a dynamic panel of 133 countries covering an important and recent period (1984 to 2014). Using recent data and integrating previously little used parameters, we highlight particular characteristics of the process of complexification of productive systems. From a general point of view, the results reveal that the productivity performance of productive systems is very heterogeneous within MENA countries and that their determinants depend on the characteristics of the economies. The large disparities observed are explained, beyond the significant effect of per capita income, by a deficiency in the institutional system, particularly in terms of access to innovation, but also to the abundance of natural resources or the attractiveness of foreign direct investment. Beyond the individual characteristics of economies, spatial analysis shows that geographical factors such as urbanization rate, trade agreements, but especially spatial location play a very important role in the process of structural transformation.We also bring, thanks to the tools derived from classical mechanics, answers to the limits of traditional economic models which are difficult to demonstrate the existence of a process of ...

MENA countries is today, at the center of ambitious economic stakes mainly in regional integration and structural transformation. However, the Arab States of this region have suffered great shortcomings and vulnerability in the economic and productive system in the aftermath of massive political, economic, social and popular upheavals and upheavals. These shocks present a number of new challenges. The main objective of this thesis is to study the new dynamics of the structural transformation process in order to propose new development trajectories for these countries. In this context, we address issues related to the spatial determinants and effects of this process, the relationship between economic complexity and air pollution on the one hand, and economic complexity and inequalities on the other education. For this, we consider a dynamic panel of 133 countries covering an important and recent period (1984 to 2014). Using recent data and integrating previously little used parameters, we highlight particular characteristics of the process of complexification of productive systems. From a general point of view, the results reveal that the productivity performance of productive systems is very heterogeneous within MENA countries and that their determinants depend on the characteristics of the economies. The large disparities observed are explained, beyond the significant effect of per capita income, by a deficiency in the institutional system, particularly in terms of access to innovation, but also to the abundance of natural resources or the attractiveness of foreign direct investment. Beyond the individual characteristics of economies, spatial analysis shows that geographical factors such as urbanization rate, trade agreements, but especially spatial location play a very important role in the process of structural transformation.We also bring, thanks to the tools derived from classical mechanics, answers to the limits of traditional economic models which are difficult to demonstrate the existence of a process of ...

MENA countries is today, at the center of ambitious economic stakes mainly in regional integration and structural transformation. However, the Arab States of this region have suffered great shortcomings and vulnerability in the economic and productive system in the aftermath of massive political, economic, social and popular upheavals and upheavals. These shocks present a number of new challenges. The main objective of this thesis is to study the new dynamics of the structural transformation process in order to propose new development trajectories for these countries. In this context, we address issues related to the spatial determinants and effects of this process, the relationship between economic complexity and air pollution on the one hand, and economic complexity and inequalities on the other education. For this, we consider a dynamic panel of 133 countries covering an important and recent period (1984 to 2014). Using recent data and integrating previously little used parameters, we highlight particular characteristics of the process of complexification of productive systems. From a general point of view, the results reveal that the productivity performance of productive systems is very heterogeneous within MENA countries and that their determinants depend on the characteristics of the economies. The large disparities observed are explained, beyond the significant effect of per capita income, by a deficiency in the institutional system, particularly in terms of access to innovation, but also to the abundance of natural resources or the attractiveness of foreign direct investment. Beyond the individual characteristics of economies, spatial analysis shows that geographical factors such as urbanization rate, trade agreements, but especially spatial location play a very important role in the process of structural transformation.We also bring, thanks to the tools derived from classical mechanics, answers to the limits of traditional economic models which are difficult to demonstrate the existence of a process of accelerating economic development. ; La région MENA est aujourd'hui, au centre d'ambitieux enjeux économiques essentiellement en matière d'intégration régionale et de transformation structurelle. Toutefois, les Etats Arabes de cette région ont présenté des défaillances et une vulnérabilité importante dans le système économique et productif au lendemain des mouvements et des bouleversements politiques, économiques, sociales et populaires de très grande ampleur. Ces chocs apportent un lot de nouveaux défis à relever. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier les nouvelles dynamiques du processus de transformation structurelle afin de proposer de nouvelles trajectoires de développement pour ces pays. Dans cette optique, nous abordons les questions liées aux déterminants et aux effets spatiaux de ce processus, à la relation entre d'une part la complexité économique et la pollution de l'air, et d'autre part, la complexité économique et les inégalités de genre en éducation. Pour cela, nous considérons un panel dynamique de 133 pays qui couvre une période longue et récente (1984 à 2014). En utilisant des données récentes et en intégrant des paramètres jusque-là peu utilisés, nous mettons en évidence des caractéristiques particulières du processus de complexification des systèmes productifs. D'un point de vue général, les résultats révèlent que les performances en matière de complexification des systèmes productifs sont très hétérogènes au sein des pays MENA et que leurs déterminants dépendent des caractéristiques des économies. Les fortes disparités observées s'expliquent, au-delà de l'effet significatif du revenu par habitant, par une carence dans le système institutionnel, éducatif en particulier dans l'accès à l'innovation, mais aussi à l'abondance des ressources naturelles ou encore à l'attractivité des investissements directs étrangers. Au-delà des caractéristiques individuelles des économies, l'analyse spatiale montre que des facteurs géographiques tels que le taux d'urbanisation, les accords commerciaux, et la localisation spatiale jouent un rôle très important dans le processus de transformation structurelle. Nous apportons également, grâce aux outils tirés de la mécanique classique, des réponses aux limites des modèles économiques traditionnels qui peinent à démontrer l'existence d'un processus d'accélération du développement économique.

Our Ph.D. deals with the issue of hospital performance: its context, background, and conditions of improvement. The search for performance appears to face a crisis of legitimacy both in the private and public sectors. In particular, in the health care organizations sector, the government is reforming health care ways of control, but these reforms stumble over the lack of actors' common vision of performance. Indeed, the ways of thinking performance are either based on rational goal models, on resource acquisition models, on internal decision process models or on human relations models. These theoretical models, even when they are combined, convey the lack of common vision that leads to divergences in decisions and actions. Since, performance is a social construct, its improvement implies to look for a common definition of this term, rather than to set up additional tools to monitor hospitals' activity. This is why we worked on the means to obtain a common vision of performance among health professionals, to a priori ensure the convergence of individual actions and decisions toward global health care mission. Within hospitals, common vision depends on a common vision of the stakes of performance, of the hospital diagnostic and of the priorities of performance. These three points of common vision lie within the three dimensions of performance (horizontal, vertical and lateral) and come in a variety of forms in each hospital, depending on their environment. ; La problématique de notre thèse est la performance hospitalière, son contexte, ses fondements, ses conditions de réalisation. La quête de performance apparaît en réponse à la crise de légitimité que connaissent tant les secteurs publics que les secteurs privés. Dans le champ hospitalier, face à cette crise, les pouvoirs publics ont réformé les modes de régulation de l'offre de soins, mais ces réformes achoppent sur le manque de vision partagée des fondements de la performance. Celle-ci est tour à tour appréhendée par les acteurs sur la base de quatre types de modèles : objectifs rationnels, structure, processus internes, et relations humaines. Ceci conduit à une vision éclatée de la performance et à des divergences dans les décisions et actions individuelles. Or, la performance est un construit social et son amélioration repose sur une vision partagée de ses fondements, donc nécessite d'en revoir les modalités d'appréhension, en les centrant non pas sur la recherche d'outils supplémentaires d'évaluation de l'activité, mais sur la recherche du sens commun de la performance. C'est pourquoi dans le cadre de recherches-actions, nous avons travaillé sur les modalités d'obtention d'une vision partagée de la performance au niveau de l'hôpital, lors de la définition du projet d'établissement, pour assurer a priori une convergence des décisions et actions individuelles vers les objectifs. Au sein de l'hôpital, la vision partagée de la performance repose sur une vision partagée des enjeux de la performance, du diagnostic de la situation et des priorités définies. Ces trois points d'appui de la vision partagée s'inscrivent dans les méta-dimensions de la performance (performance verticale, horizontale et latérale) et se déclinent de manière singulière pour chacun des établissements selon leurs contingences propres.

Our Ph.D. deals with the issue of hospital performance: its context, background, and conditions of improvement. The search for performance appears to face a crisis of legitimacy both in the private and public sectors. In particular, in the health care organizations sector, the government is reforming health care ways of control, but these reforms stumble over the lack of actors' common vision of performance. Indeed, the ways of thinking performance are either based on rational goal models, on resource acquisition models, on internal decision process models or on human relations models. These theoretical models, even when they are combined, convey the lack of common vision that leads to divergences in decisions and actions. Since, performance is a social construct, its improvement implies to look for a common definition of this term, rather than to set up additional tools to monitor hospitals' activity. This is why we worked on the means to obtain a common vision of performance among health professionals, to a priori ensure the convergence of individual actions and decisions toward global health care mission. Within hospitals, common vision depends on a common vision of the stakes of performance, of the hospital diagnostic and of the priorities of performance. These three points of common vision lie within the three dimensions of performance (horizontal, vertical and lateral) and come in a variety of forms in each hospital, depending on their environment. ; La problématique de notre thèse est la performance hospitalière, son contexte, ses fondements, ses conditions de réalisation. La quête de performance apparaît en réponse à la crise de légitimité que connaissent tant les secteurs publics que les secteurs privés. Dans le champ hospitalier, face à cette crise, les pouvoirs publics ont réformé les modes de régulation de l'offre de soins, mais ces réformes achoppent sur le manque de vision partagée des fondements de la performance. Celle-ci est tour à tour appréhendée par les acteurs sur la base de quatre types de modèles : objectifs rationnels, structure, processus internes, et relations humaines. Ceci conduit à une vision éclatée de la performance et à des divergences dans les décisions et actions individuelles. Or, la performance est un construit social et son amélioration repose sur une vision partagée de ses fondements, donc nécessite d'en revoir les modalités d'appréhension, en les centrant non pas sur la recherche d'outils supplémentaires d'évaluation de l'activité, mais sur la recherche du sens commun de la performance. C'est pourquoi dans le cadre de recherches-actions, nous avons travaillé sur les modalités d'obtention d'une vision partagée de la performance au niveau de l'hôpital, lors de la définition du projet d'établissement, pour assurer a priori une convergence des décisions et actions individuelles vers les objectifs. Au sein de l'hôpital, la vision partagée de la performance repose sur une vision partagée des enjeux de la performance, du diagnostic de la situation et des priorités définies. Ces trois points d'appui de la vision partagée s'inscrivent dans les méta-dimensions de la performance (performance verticale, horizontale et latérale) et se déclinent de manière singulière pour chacun des établissements selon leurs contingences propres.

Nowadays, the protection of the environment through the reduction of greenhouse gases is becoming more and more important. In order to resolve environmental problems, a multimodal policy is firstly adopted in order to encourage the use of public transport. Since 2006, a new notion: the co-modality is introduced and it consists on developing infrastructures and taking measures and actions that will ensure optimum combination of individual and public transport modes. In this context, the purpose of this thesis is to implement co-modal transport system that covers all the existing transport services such as the public transport, the carpooling or the free use vehicles (bikes, cars). In order to satisfy the user's requests, the system offers optimized co-modal itineraries in terms of three criteria: total time, total cost and greenhouse gases emission taking into account their preferences and constraints. In a short time interval, many transport users can formulate simultaneously a set of requests. So the system should find feasible decompositions in terms of independent sub-itineraries called Routes recognizing similarities and recognize the different possibilities of Routes Combinations to compose each itinerary demand. Considering the dynamic and distributed aspect of the problem, an effective strategy combining different concepts like multi-agent system and optimization methods is applied. The experimental results presented in this thesis justify the importance of co-modality and the necessity of taking advantage of the complementarity between the shared vehicles and other means of transportation through an intelligent and global system ; De nos jours, l'intérêt porté à la préservation de l'environnement à travers la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre prend de plus en plus d'ampleur. Depuis 2006,la politique multimodale a évolué vers une politique co-modale qui n'oppose plus la voiture au transport public mais encourage une combinaison de tous les modes de transport sans favorisation dans le but ...

A discourse focused on the Other is firmly anchored in medical discourse. But what Other is being spoken about? What identity are we talking about when considering the otherness, recognition and vulnerability of the recipient of care? Whom are we recognising? Here, we will be exploring the relational balance within the patient-carer relationship in the field of dentofacial orthopedics. A structural approach to social representations, using concept maps, will be adopted in order to examine the relationship of the therapeutic partners to the concept of care provision - a symbolic component of the treatment process which is difficult to define explicitly. Introducing the notion of care provision means placing an emphasis on the ethical, technical and political content of the care relationship. The notion of the favourable reception of the patient, a central element of the relationship which is revealed by an analysis of representations based on questionnaires, highlights the role of identity in the contemporary reconfiguration of the care relationship - a hybrid model which combines a modulated form of medical paternalism and comparative emancipation. This original perspective enables us to examine these various value registers, which illustrate and testify to the notion of the individual. This dialectic of sameness and the Other, of the identity and the recognition of the participants, thus gives rise to a debate, simultaneously theoretical, ethical and political, focused on the relational space associated with care. ; Le discours sur l'Autre s'ancre dans le discours médical. Mais de quel Autre s'agit-il ? De quelle identité parlons nous dès lors qu'il s'agit d'altérité, de reconnaissances et de vulnérabilités du sujet de soin ? Qui reconnaît-on ? Nous explorons ici les équilibres relationnels au sein de la relation soignant-soigné en Orthopédie dento-faciale hospitalière. A travers une l'approche structurale des représentations sociales, via l'utilisation de cartes conceptuelles, est interrogé le rapport des ...

A discourse focused on the Other is firmly anchored in medical discourse. But what Other is being spoken about? What identity are we talking about when considering the otherness, recognition and vulnerability of the recipient of care? Whom are we recognising? Here, we will be exploring the relational balance within the patient-carer relationship in the field of dentofacial orthopedics. A structural approach to social representations, using concept maps, will be adopted in order to examine the relationship of the therapeutic partners to the concept of care provision - a symbolic component of the treatment process which is difficult to define explicitly. Introducing the notion of care provision means placing an emphasis on the ethical, technical and political content of the care relationship. The notion of the favourable reception of the patient, a central element of the relationship which is revealed by an analysis of representations based on questionnaires, highlights the role of identity in the contemporary reconfiguration of the care relationship - a hybrid model which combines a modulated form of medical paternalism and comparative emancipation. This original perspective enables us to examine these various value registers, which illustrate and testify to the notion of the individual. This dialectic of sameness and the Other, of the identity and the recognition of the participants, thus gives rise to a debate, simultaneously theoretical, ethical and political, focused on the relational space associated with care. ; Le discours sur l'Autre s'ancre dans le discours médical. Mais de quel Autre s'agit-il ? De quelle identité parlons nous dès lors qu'il s'agit d'altérité, de reconnaissances et de vulnérabilités du sujet de soin ? Qui reconnaît-on ? Nous explorons ici les équilibres relationnels au sein de la relation soignant-soigné en Orthopédie dento-faciale hospitalière. A travers une l'approche structurale des représentations sociales, via l'utilisation de cartes conceptuelles, est interrogé le rapport des ...