Cognition implies perception and judgement. Perception consists in interpreting a sensory stimulus: it is a common process in every animal with a brain, and can be described as a Bayesian inference where the interpretive algorithm is stored in long-term memory. Judgement, on the other hand, is related to the comparison between two perceptions which are coded in a language, in that short-term memory presents the first perception once again and compares it with the second. This operation is called inverted Bayes' theorem and while it does not presuppose an algorithm, it builds a new one using comparison. The book shows how the algorithmic leaps related to linguistic operations capture aspects of reality which cannot be reached through Bayesian chains of inference following the same algorithm. Nowadays, we experience the successes of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which, however, works thanks to a direct Bayes' theorem and speeds up recursive chains, but does not resort to algorithmic leaps; therefore, it does not contribute to human language.
Prima della pandemia, Roma aveva raggiunto il record di oltre 30.000 alloggi offerti su Airbnb, di cui circa la metà concentrata nel centro storico. Ma i cambiamenti a favore dell'uso turistico del patrimonio immobiliare avevano trasformato la città già da almeno tre decenni. Si può dire quindi che lo shortterm rental si sia innestato a Roma in un contesto in cui l'uso residenziale era stato già fortemente compromesso da varie forme di uso temporaneo. Per cui, al centro di questa analisi non è solo, né tanto, il passaggio agli affitti a breve termine, ma la storia e la geografia di diffusione del fenomeno nelle loro caratteristiche specifiche. Attraverso i risultati di una più ampia ricerca dedicata alle trasformazioni della rendita urbana e del mercato immobiliare in relazione alla crisi, inclusa quella pandemica, appoggiati e confrontati con un ormai solido filone di ricerca dedicato al fenomeno Airbnb, si provano a mettere in luce alcune caratteristiche del real estate romano per poter eventualmente definire delle politiche orientate al governo delle STR e dell'economia delle piattaforme, all'interno di un necessario quadro regolativo nazionale, ma misurate e tagliate sulla realtà locale. ; Before the pandemic, Rome reached the record of over 30,000 accommodations offered through Airbnb, about the half concentrated in the historic center. Indeed, the tourist use of real estate had already transformed the city for at least three decades. Therefore, it can be said that short-term rental has spread in Rome in a context where housing had already been strongly threatened by various forms of temporary use. Thus, the focus of this analysis is not simply the transition to short-term rentals, but the diffusion of the phenomenon in its specific geographical and historical characteristics. Through the results of a broader research dedicated to the transformations of urban rent and the real estate market in relation to crises, including the pandemic, supported and compared with a consistent stream of research dedicated to Airbnb, we try to highlight here some characteristics of the real estate in Rome in order to eventually define policies oriented to the governance of STR and the platform economy, within a very needed regulatory national framework but tailored on the local context.
L'eterogeneità dei contenuti e la libertà di espressione offerte dalle piattaforme di Social Networking porta gli utenti a trovarsi in situazioni di dissonanza cognitiva. Il disagio provato viene affrontato adottando, sempre più spesso, comportamenti di esposizione selettiva e di bias di conferma. Questa tendenza viene ulteriormente rafforzata dagli algoritmi di personalizzazione dei contenuti dei Social Network, portando alla nascita e crescita di fenomeni quali Polarizzazione e Echo Chamber. Questo lavoro, declinando tali concetti ad un contesto di tipo politico, si pone come obiettivo la loro identificazione e misurazione su Reddit durante i primi due anni e mezzo di presidenza di Donald Trump. Inizialmente definiamo una metodologia per misurare la polarizzazione politica di un post. Dopo la creazione di una Ground Truth, sono testati parallelamente due diversi approcci per risolvere il task. Il primo prevede l'estrazione di keywords che caratterizzano il linguaggio dei due partiti, tramite Latent Dirichlet Allocation, e la successiva classificazione di un post in base alle features estratte, con Support Vector Machine. Il secondo approccio, di tipo neurale, sfrutta Word Embeddings e Long Short-Term Memory per misurare il livello di polarizzazione di un post quantificando il suo allineamento con le ideologie repubblicane e democratiche. Successivamente, verifichiamo l'esistenza di sistemi polarizzati\Echo Chamber, in tre diversi topic relativi a questioni socio-politiche. Per ognuno, abbiamo definito il grafo delle interazioni tra gli utenti, annotandoli in base al loro livello di polarizzazione, e applicato algoritmi di Community Discovery. Infine, le comunità estratte sono analizzate da un punto di vista di coesione strutturale e ideologica. Le metodologie utilizzate permettono di individuare potenziali Echo Chamber politicamente polarizzate sia rispetto alle ideologie democratiche che a quelle repubblicane, distribuite in modo diverso a seconda del topic di riferimento.
Negli ultimi anni, in seguito ad un esponenziale aumento degli arrivi internazionali , il turismo urbano di massa e il diffondersi delle locazioni brevi mediate da Airbnb hanno innescato un rapido processo di turistificazione nel centro storico di Napoli. La tesi analizza gli impatti di questo fenomeno sollevando questioni urgenti in merito alle sue conseguenze in termini di aumento delle disuguaglianze, espulsione degli abitanti e mercificazione del patrimonio culturale. A partire dalla specificità del caso di studio e dal ruolo che la casa svolge all'interno del processo di turistificazione, la tesi analizza in particolare quella che definisce "la turistificazione del residenziale", interpretandola come una declinazione contemporanea della rendita urbana. In fine, propone un'analisi critica delle politiche pubbliche che influiscono sul fenomeno, suggerendo gli strumenti di pianificazione utili ad invertire la tendenza alla monocoltura turistifica.
Concerned about their jobs in the Rabelj lead and zinc mine, the miners of Log pod Mangartom wrote to the Government of the People's Republic of Slovenia in February 1947 urging it to intercede on their behalf with the (Italian) administration of the mine to secure their employment. The author examines the miners' letter to the Government of the People's Republic of Slovenia through the prism of a community and its members living in a border area (amidst specific social and historical moments and their short-term intersection), by taking into account events of long duration that are manifested in the collective (social) memory of the inhabitants of Log pod Mangartom. Individuals and the community to which they belonged are not perceived as passive observers of the «great» history. Rather, the author's main intention is to demonstrate how individuals (and the community) used their life strategies, ways of life and traditions to oppose, change, adapt and subject themselves to each political change, and particularly to the new political and economic conditions established after the dissolution of the Allied Military Government and the annexation of the former Zone A (in the upper Posočje area) to Yugoslavia.
The article discusses three issues, which are strictly interwoven to each other. Firstly, the relationship between the eyewitness memory for past events, their recording in institutionalized archives, and their reconstruction provided by historians is framed within a systematic perspective, in order to make clear in which sense the eyewitness constitutes the basic pillar of any historical work. Secondly, the role played by eyewitness of the Shoah is related to the "politics of memory". The social function of the latter is important not as a form of monumentalization of the past, rather as an attempt to improve a shared memory for an event –the Shoah− whose cultural and political meaning concerns above all the European heritage and not only the history of the Jewish people. Thirdly, the attempt to read the Shoah as an expression of biopolitics −in the foucauldian sense of the term− provides the frame for a discussion about contemporary forms of social and institutionalized violence, assuming that the compass of the Holocaust Studies and their methodology reach far beyond the phenomena related to the Shoah.
The Safe Harbour agreement was the result of an economic and political compromise between the European Union and the United States in the field of data protection, where the European regulatory model has demonstrated its influence in an interdependent world. The ECJ judgement has put an end to this compromise.Against this background, the author points out the different solutions that private companies may adopt in the short-, medium- and long-term. In this light, the article considers the chance of reaching a new international bilateral agreement in short time and the limits posed by the ECJ decision to this potential agreement.Focusing on the medium-term scenario, the author takes into account the impact of the Schrems case on the different legal alternatives for data transfer (data subject's consent, standard contractual clauses, and binding corporate rules) and discusses the consequences of this judgement on business strategies.In the long-term scenario, a more optimistic outlook is possible, given the increasing demand for data protection coming from U.S. companies and society at large, as demonstrated by the support provided the U.S. business community to new regulatory initiatives and by the In re Microsoft Corp. case. ; The Safe Harbour agreement was the result of an economic and political compromise between the European Union and the United States in the field of data protection, where the European regulatory model has demonstrated its influence in an interdependent world. The ECJ judgement has put an end to this compromise.Against this background, the author points out the different solutions that private companies may adopt in the short-, medium- and long-term. In this light, the article considers the chance of reaching a new international bilateral agreement in short time and the limits posed by the ECJ decision to this potential agreement.Focusing on the medium-term scenario, the author takes into account the impact of the Schrems case on the different legal alternatives for data transfer (data subject's consent, standard contractual clauses, and binding corporate rules) and discusses the consequences of this judgement on business strategies.In the long-term scenario, a more optimistic outlook is possible, given the increasing demand for data protection coming from U.S. companies and society at large, as demonstrated by the support provided the U.S. business community to new regulatory initiatives and by the In re Microsoft Corp. case.
Martin Eden (2019) is Pietro Marcello's latest film, a free adaptation of Jack London's 1909 novel of the same name. The hybridization of languages, especially between fiction and non-fiction, and the use of archival footage – director's stylistic code – reaffirm the originality and visionary power of Marcello's cinema. Transporting the protagonist of London from the 1909 Oakland into a multi-temporal Naples, and assigning to an extraordinary Luca Marinelli the task of taking a dense, political and poetic journey throughout the "short century", this film reflects on the ways in which images reconfigure memory, both the public memory, the one of an entire country, and the private and intimate memory of migrant subjects who wander among utopias and identity dispersions. ; Martin Eden (2019) è l'ultimo film di Pietro Marcello, libero adattamento dell'omonimo romanzo del 1909 di Jack London. L'ibridazione dei linguaggi, in particolare tra fiction e non fiction, e l'uso del materiale d'archivio – cifra stilistica del regista – ribadiscono l'originalità e la potenza visionaria del cinema di Marcello. Trasportando il protagonista di London dall'Oakland del 1909 in una Napoli multitemporale, e assegnando ad uno straordinario Luca Marinelli il compito di compiere un viaggio denso, politico e poetico lungo tutto il "secolo breve", questa pellicola riflette sui modi in cui le immagini riconfigurano la memoria, sia la memoria pubblica, ovvero quella di un'intera nazione, che quella privata ed intima di soggetti migranti che deambulano tra utopie e dispersioni identitarie.
This research aims at collecting the various information about studies quantifying economic impacts of coronavirus, also trying to provide some interpretations on the short and medium term effects of COVID - 19. We try to deepen the impact of the crisis on our productive system, on the basis of quantitative data and examining various qualitative surveys carried out recently by the Bank of Italy and by some business associations. The research then focuses on the production reconversion strategies carried out by many Italian firms. Finally, we have tried to schematize some short and mediumterm post-crisis scenarios.JEL classification: H12
Twenty years ago a unique figure in the history of our country returned dramatically to the world of the "drowned", one of the spectral "saved" who had found the strength to testify the dramas of the twentieth century: Primo Levi. On the twentieth anniversary of his death, Firenze University Press has decided to revive his lesson with a tribute that is not intended as a celebration, but rather as a pause for refection in which we can listen again to the words of this great writer, dissected and scrutinised the world over, generating germs of memory hopefully as universal as the mathematical and geometrical signs and the chemical formulas he so loved. Voci dal mondo per Primo Levi. In memoria, per la memoria edited by Luigi Dei, a lecturer in physical chemistry at the University of Florence, consists of fifteen short essays contributed by a polyhedric group of writers from various parts of the world and of different educational and professional backgrounds. Review: La Rassegna Mensile di Israel Interview with Ustation.it
1938 in Italy is marked by the introduction of the racial laws which ejected Jews from schools and universities, preceding similar measures in Germany. The aim of the author is to illustrate the debates in parliament around the Day of Memory and on holocaust denial before dealing with the events of 1938, in order to underline their contemporary significance and to interpret them as linked and not separable. After showing the progress that has been made in terms of historical research and the difficulties that the political world has experienced in taking this work into account, the volume examines the losses in qualitative terms in Italian university teaching and the huge difficulties encountered by professors who had lost their posts and struggled to return to their former positions. The case of Florence is studied closely within the framework of the transformations to university institutions which took place during the Fascist period. The indifference or the silence of the intellectuals, including Gentile, is underlined.
"- austerity = + economic growth" equation has been the focus of Renzi's Government economic policy, as stated in the Italian Stability Program 2014. This research proves that Italy did not experience such trade-off in the short term. Furthermore, as mainstream literature had demonstrated, as to the negative correlation between high public debt and economic growth, this investigation has collected evidence that the growth of public debt, in absolute terms and in relationship with Gdp, has been accompanied in Italy by economic stagnation. Moreover, data show that this situation is, in the European framework, a phenomenon nearly exclusively specific to Italy.
The purpose of this thesis is to show the importance of education in the post-conflict reconstruction period and how the host countries can improve their educational programs in order to empower refugees. Often, post-conflict reconstruction and humanitarian strategies only focus on short-term economic and political outcomes, so the social components of recovery are left for a later stage. "One day I will write the story about how the Syrian Youth went back home to rebuild their country. But we can't do it without education". Muzoon Almellehan.
This dissertation aims at providing empirical evidence on the effectiveness of two training programs for math teachers in southern Italy (M@t.abel+ and PQM). The programs are structured as content focused, one year lenght blended training sessions. Exploiting similarities and differences in the training (mainly, on organization of tutoring sessions and the presence on incentives), the analysis show positive effects of the training on both students outcomes and teacher short and medium term behaviours. Implications for policy are discussed.
One can easily affirm that Bernard Stiegler has always criticized both the concept of immaterial – starting from the sense and the theoretical meaning of the exhibition Les immatériaux organized by Lyotard in 1985 – and the same signifier, stating on several occasions that what we refer with this term actually calls always a material dimension. The immaterial would therefore always be hyper-material, that is to say the expression of an organized mat-ter as an active support for any type of memory, cognitive, symbolic etc. On the other hand, his attitude towards the Stoic-Deleuzian concept of incorporeal – with the conceptual chain that accompanies it in The Logic of Sense: event, quasi-cause, counter-effectuation – is certainly different, given that Stiegler, at least starting from the mature phase in its pharmaco-logical perspective, seems to have adopted it as a tool for analysing the current political economy and the hyper-industrial context (therefore not at all post-industrial) of platform capitalism. Adopting the incorporeal then means transforming it, in the sense of its radical technologization. Thus, from the Stieglerian point of view, the incorporeal becomes the hyper-material expression of exosomatization, that is the technical externalization of memory and bodily gesture that accompanies humanity since its prehistory, while the Deleuzian control societies become society of hyper-control, that is, of the control that hyper-material exerts on us. The aim of the paper is then to show originality, intuitions and limits of Stiegler's conceptual adoption, examining its effects in relation to both the reactivation of the Deleuzi-an concept of incorporeal and the same process of composition of the Stieglerian perspective.