Suchergebnisse

This text is written in memoriam of Professor A.V. Karelsky. Alongside
the grateful memoirs of the author of the text, the latter provides opinions of some
other philologists about Karelsky as a Teacher, Lecturer, Translator, as well as a Man
and a Poet.

Gap junctions (GJ) provide metabolic cooperation between cells through the direct exchange of
cytoplasmic components. We analyzed the effect of short-term hypoxic stress on the efficiency
of communication through the GJs in cultured multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)
and characterized the sensitivity of MSCs to short-term hypoxic stress depending on the GJ
function. Mitotically inactive MSCs were used in the experiments, in which the GJs were
blocked with a specific inhibitor – carbenoxolone. The MSCs were continuously cultured at
20% O2. Further, MSCs with blocked and working GJs were subjected to hypoxic stress (0.1%,
24 hours). The efficiency of GJ communication was attenuated under hypoxic stress. The
combined action of GJ inhibition and hypoxic stress was accompanied by an increase in ROS
level as compared to the MSCs after hypoxic stress only. MSCs with blocked GJs were less
sensitive to short-term hypoxic stress in comparison with MSCs integrated into the common
network through working GJs. It was manifested in attenuation of hypoxia-induced angiogenic
activity of MSCs. The angiogenic effects of conditioned medium from the MSCs with blocked
GJs were almost twice less, which seems to be related to differences in the angiogenic mediators'
profiles: VEGF level decreased and FGF-2 level increased, while the monocyte chemoattractant
protein 3 (MCP-3) level was unchanged. Thus, a decrease in the efficiency of direct MSCs-
MSCs communication had a negative effect on mostly requested MSCs activity – the ability to
induce angiogenesis. We conclude that blocking of GJ communication in MSCs is a negative
event that impairs the coordination of MSCs' response to the microenvironmental factors, in
particular hypoxic stress, and reduces their functional plasticity.

Simultaneous interpreting is one of the most difficult cognitive tasks where the comprehension, processing and production of speech occur almost at the same time. In addition to linguistic competencies, simultaneous interpreting involves many cognitive mechanisms, including working memory (WM). One of the main issues in studying the correlation of simultaneous interpreting and WM is confirming the hypothesis about the interpreters' advantage in working memory (controversial data are presented), as well as identifying its cause — if it is a natural phenomenon or acquired by virtue of learning certain skills and professional experience. The purpose of this article is to analyze a number of works that reflect longitudinal studies of working memory in students studying simultaneous interpreting. This approach to the study of WM among simultaneous interpreters is relatively new and still relevant. Usually, such studies compare students at the beginning and at the end of their training, while control groups may or may not be included.
As for the results of longitudinal studies, the following fact can be noted: the advantage of interpreting students is not observed at the very beginning of training. The rest of the results are very inconsistent. Thus, some works demonstrate indicators in favor of WM improvement, while others cast doubt on this. Also, short-term memory can be measured in parallel with WM at the beginning and end of training, but not all research is able to confirm its improvement in simultaneous interpreters after training. The main reasons for the conflicting results lie in the different samples of participants and control groups, as well as varying methods of conducting memory tests. It seems promising for future longitudinal studies to take into account the experience and errors of previous experiments, in order to be able to present subsequent meta-analyses and identify the statistical significance of the results.

The normative space of legal discourse does not only contain norms of various types and functions - regulatory and constitutive, formal and non-formal - but also implicates general value-based benchmarks of both social behavior of society in general and the representatives of political and state power and their "way of thinking". The article considers the correlation between the etymology of the English word, used in the text of legal discourse, and the cognitive reconstruction of the meanings of the concept «reasonable authority» on the example of Family Procedure Rules used in England and Wales. Etymological memory of a word is viewed upon in this study as a «mobile determiner» of the context, able to modify the conception of the UK judiciary. The etymology of a word should reveal the deep semantics of lexical units, uncover inferential characteristics and show the connotations of the word. ; В данной статье рассматривается корреляция этимологии английского слова, используемого в тексте юридического дискурса, и когнитивной реконструкции смыслов концепта-представления "рациональный авторитет" на примере семейного судопроизводства Англии.

Рассматривается процесс формирования управленческих структур и реализации новых принципов управления земельно-лесным хозяйством на территории Алтайской и Томской губерний в первой половине 1918 г. Складывание административно-хозяйственного механизма происходило параллельно с упразднением существовавшей прежде системы управления государственными имуществами. В основу советской государственной лесной политики было положено несколько принципов: национализация природных ресурсов, обязательное участие населения в охране лесов, коллегиальное управление бывшим казенным земельно-лесным имуществом, максимально возможная эксплуатация лесов, даже в ущерб интересам рационального лесного хозяйства. Первые шаги новой власти по формированию советского административно-хозяйственного аппарата вызвали неприятие не только у политических противников большевиков и лесных служащих, но и у значительной части населения. После прихода к власти Временного Сибирского правительства все преобразования в сфере лесоуправления, произведенные советской властью, были отменены, начала восстанавливаться прежняя система управления государственным лесным имуществом.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)2-25 ; The article considers the process of formation of administrative structures and realization of the new principles of management of land forestry on the territory of the Altai and Tomsk provinces in the first half of 1918. The formation of administrative structures occurred in parallel with the abolition of the former system of management of state property. The Soviet state forest policy was based on several principals: nationalization of natural resources, obligatory participation of the population in forest conservation, joint management of the former state-owned land and forest property, the greatest possible exploitation of the woods, even to the detriment of interests of rational forestry. The first steps of the new government on the formation of the Soviet administrative apparatus caused the rejection, not only from political opponents of the Bolsheviks and forest employees, but a considerable part of the population. After coming to power of the Provisional Siberian government all transformations in the sphere of forest management, made by the Soviet regime were abolished and the former control system of the state forest property was restored.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)2-25

The article analyzes domestic and foreign criminal legislation regulating the execution of punishment in the form of arrest. Scientific points of view regarding the issues of regulation and execution of arrest in Russia are evaluated. Modern problems of execution of arrest are defined and ways of their solution are offered. The author's position on the essence of the arrest and its distinctive features is given. The authors conclude that in modern Russia, one of the important aspects that contribute to the formation of the system of punishments is the internal and external economic conditions. It is argued that it is impractical to exclude arrest from the system of criminal penalties. The conclusion is made that the arrest is not executed, as it goes against the modern penal policy. Separate amendments to the criminal and penal enforcement legislation are proposed. It is argued that in modern conditions it is necessary to provide for the execution of punishment in the form of arrest in pre-trial detention centers. ; Анализируется отечественное и зарубежное уголовное законодательство, регламентирующее исполнение наказания в виде ареста. Оцениваются научные точки зрения относительно вопросов регламентации и исполнения ареста в России. Определяются современные проблемы исполнения ареста и предлагаются пути их решения. Приводится авторская позиция относительно сущности ареста и его отличительных признаков. Авторами делается вывод, что в современной России одними из важных аспектов, способствующих формированию системы наказаний, являются внутренние и внешние экономические условия. Аргументируется мнение о том, что исключать арест из системы уголовных наказаний нецелесообразно. Делается вывод, что арест не исполняется, так как идет вразрез с современной уголовно-исполнительной политикой. Предлагаются отдельные изменения в уголовное и уголовно-исполнительное законодательство. Отстаивается мнение, что в современных условиях следует предусмотреть исполнение наказания в виде ареста в следственных изоляторах.

The article is devoted to the actual problem of introducing innovative technologies in the clinical and psychological diagnostics and rehabilitation. The results of the study of provocation of bodily sensations during the self-regulation task using biofeedback are discussed. The most important issue of the effectiveness of rehabilitation using technical tools related to the identification of possible complications and the description of the mechanisms of their occurrence is also considered. The program for diagnostics of short-term spatial memory violations using the virtual reality system (VR) is described. A scenario of patient interaction with VR is proposed for diagnosing the extent of memory volume disorders, as well as memory impairment. It also describes unique diagnostic protocols for detecting of vestibular dysfunction. A distinctive feature of the proposed technique is the applying of VR environments specifically adjusted for a particular patient, as well as the using of the eye tracking as a method of building rehabilitation technology.

Today, Russia is not secured by the principal – the legal basis for the formation of a unified system of planning and links between federal and regional aspects, and the lack of systematic approach to planning at the state level affects the pace of economic development. Approved are only a few documents regulating work in certain areas of strategic planning, and these documents are often contradictory. Compulsory rules on mandatory components of the strategic, long-term, medium-term, and short-term planning for the country and for regions should be legislatively fixed. ; Сегодня Россия не обеспечена главным – правовой основой для формирования единой системы планирования и взаимоувязки федеральных и региональных аспектов, а отсутствие системного подхода к вопросам планирования на уровне государства отрицательно сказывается на темпах экономического развития. Утверждаются лишь отдельные документы, регламентирующиеработы в отдельных направлениях стратегического планирования, причем эти документы зачастую противоречат друг другу. Необходимо законодательно закрепить нормы об обязательных составляющих системы стратегического, долгосрочного, среднесрочного и краткосрочного планирования для страны и регионов.

This article is a primary exploration of memory about deportations from theWestern borderlands of the Soviet Union, and particularly from Lithuania, in the 1940s. Its aim is to pinpoint the main issues and to give a general overview of questions for further research. In the first place, I analyze the specific traits of memory on deportation and offer a short overview of the history of forced displacement in the USSR. The central point of the article is an analysis of the stories told by former Lithuanian deportees. They were interviewed in the course of the project "European Memories of the Gulag" (http://museum.gulagmemories.eu) and provided valuable – if often contradictory – insights on ways of coping with and remembering the experience of being uprooted.Such testimonies provide a solid starting point for research on the memory of deportation that could challenge the homogenizing view of state-produced sources about forced displacement. In conclusion, possible theoretical approaches to the study of this memory are suggested.

In the present article some forecasts of technological, political, as well as social and economic development of the world are presented in a systematic manner. The author presents short-term (10-15 years), medium-term (20-50 years) and long-term (50-100 years) forecasts which are based on the theories of long cycles and related technological modes, as well as on the theories of production principles and production revolutions.

The article analyzes the results of a sociological study of the historical memory of students about the World War II in general (and the Great Patriotic War in particular), conducted by the Russian Society of Sociologists in 2020, as well as materials from surveys of other research teams. The author comes to the conclusion that historical memory is formed, first of all, by the information field, set by state institutions or encouraged by them (school, mass media, network resources). Contradictory assessment of the events of the twentieth century led to the rupture of the historical memory of generations and the formation of a large group of people ready to accept the revision of the geopolitical results of the war from the standpoint of history falsifiers. The attitude of young people to the past, without taking into account the cause-and-effect liaison of the events of that time, is explained not only by the extinction of communicative memory for the departure of war generations, the desacralization of their life, deed, death. The range of factors is much wider. Since there is no integral picture of the history of the USSR, there is no value core for assessing events of the Great Patriotic War either. In the absence of historical hygiene in the Russian Federation, the entire Soviet period turns into historical antiques for new generations. They treat this in different ways: with reverence, condescension, aggressiveness, indifference, but it is excessive for the daily life of the majority. The slogan "If required, we repeat / can repeat", replicated on May 9, is nothing more than a short-term emotional reaction, including to PR management, but not the readiness / mindset / promise of action in a real war. The opposition of the state to the country, that is reflected in the popular among young people song of the group Lumen, actually testifies to alienation from both the state and the country, since there is no one without the other. Questions are inevitable: how adequate are the methodologies and techniques based on which social scientists choose the range of factors that form the portrait of modern youth and predict the direction of further socialization of its individual groups? How many meaningful collaborators should there be to lose / win a civilizational battle in which historical memory is only one of the components? According to the author, the conditions and opportunities for the realization of the desired worldview values ​​in modern Russia adjust the attitude to the present and the life strategies of young people to a greater extent than historical memory.

Implementing the Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation involves various regional policy measures and requires choosing the most appropriate tools. The issue gains importance in case of combining the search for additional sources of growth with an integrated system for assessing the efficiency of the existing measures. Admittedly, such system in the Russian Federation is still in its formation. Therefore, in order to implement public policy, it is crucial to critically analyse the most significant aspects of the methodology for assessing the efficiency. The concept of «efficiency», apart from efficiency itself, includes he performance, impact, and usability of the tool. The assessment of the efficiency varies in different countries, as it is not a single practice that can be applied regardless of geographical and historical context. The paper substantiates the idea that the assessment of the efficiency includes the examination of social, cultural and political elements. The assessment is a flexible management tool, not just an instrument demonstrating the reduction of regional differences. Drawing on the principles of spatial hierarchy, the paper suggests assessing the efficiency of regional policy tools at the macro-, meso- and micro-regional levels. The assessment focuses on solving four large classes of applied problems: provision of public goods, forms of the spatial organisation of the economy, implementation of regional and macro-regional programs, and the development of large projects. The characteristics of the assessment of the efficiency depend on the choice of either endogenous or exogenous growth theory. Additionally, the assessment of the efficiency of a variety of programs (multi-criteria evaluation) specifically differs from the assessment of individual programs of spatial development. It is advisable to consider the practice of assessment in a broader context, not just as a task of financial and management control. The research findings can be used for creating an integrated system that provides feedback, organises the consequences of regional policies and the effects of achieving national development goals. © 2020 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ; Реализация Стратегии пространственного развития России предполагает использование разнообразных мер региональной политики. Это повышает требования к выбору наиболее подходящих инструментов. Актуальность темы возрастает, когда поиск дополнительных источников роста должен быть сопряжен с целостной системой оценки эффективности уже действующих мер. Следует признать, что такая система в России по-прежнему находится в стадии формирования. Поэтому критический анализ наиболее значимых направлений методологии оценки эффективности приобретает особое значение для реализации прикладной государственной политики. Понятие «эффективность» охватывает как собственно эффективность, так и результативность, влияние, полезность инструмента. В разных странах практика оценки имеет различные корни. Оценку эффективности нельзя представлять как единую практику, свободную от «обременений» географического и исторического контекста. Обосновано, что в оценку эффективности должны быть включены социальные, культурные и политические элементы. Саму оценку следует рассматривать как гибкий инструмент управления, а не только как барометр сокращения региональных различий. Показано, что оценка эффективности инструментов региональной политики должна производиться на различных ступенях пространственной иерархии: макро-, мезо- и микрорегиональном уровнях. Выделено четыре больших класса прикладных задач, на решение которых она направлена: оценка эффективности предоставления общественных благ, форм пространственной организации экономики, реализации региональных и макрорегиональных программ и крупных проектов. Особенности оценки эффективности рассматриваются в зависимости от опоры на теории эндогенного или экзогенного роста. Отмечены специфика проведения оценки эффективности в случае оценки множества программ (мультипрограммная оценка) и оценки единичных программ развития территорий. Рекомендуется оценку эффективности рассматривать в более широкой постановке, а не только как задачу осуществления финансового и административного контроля. Речь может идти о создании комплексной системы, позволяющей обеспечивать обратную связь, систематизируя последствия политики в регионах и эффекты достижения национальный целей развития. ; The article has been prepared in accordance with the state task for the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. ; Статья подготовлена в рамках государственного задания Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы.

Subject. From all set of forms and methods of impact of the state on the agrarian sector of economy the most significant — financial and credit tools. The necessity of a specific mode of crediting of the agrarian sector of economy is caused by the numerous internal and external factors influencing its rather low profitability and the increased risk of production. Owing to the submitted review of economic indicators of the agrarian sector of economy of Russia in 2015–2017 the analysis of indicators of investments into fixed capital under the article "Agriculture" for the 10-year period (2006–2015), expenses of the federal budget and budgets of territorial subjects of the Russian Federation for 2016 which source of financial security is the subsidy is carried out. An assessment is given to indicators of subsidizing and crediting of the agrarian and industrial complex enterprises in 2006–2015. The structure of the modern mechanism of crediting of agrarian and industrial complex of the Russian Federation is given, common features and differences of preferential crediting in a se ction of the shor t-term and investment credit are revealed. Purposes. A complex author's research of system of subsidizing and crediting of the agrarian and industrial complex enterprises of Russia, detection of advantages of new forms of crediting of the agrarian sector and also the existing concepts and approaches to a solution of the problem of financial support of agrarian and industrial complex. Justification of essentially new approaches of access for agricultural producers to credit resources and providing to an opportunity development of the new equipment and technologies in production of competitive production in the conditions of new "wave" of sanctions of the USA and the European Union countries. Methodology. The research is based on dialectic approach. When carrying out a research system, institutional approaches and statistical methods hav e been used. Results. On the basis of the analysis of dynamics of crediting of agrarian and industrial complex of JSC Rosselkhozbank in 2006–2015 on indicators of volume, structure, quantity of the credits, terms and subjects of crediting offers on change of system of crediting of the agricultural organizations, individual forms of managing and agricultural consumer cooperatives are provided. The bit-by-bit structure of the modern mechanism of crediting of agrarian and industrial complex within market system and state regulation is disclosed and also common features and distinctive features of conditions of preferential crediting of agrarian and industrial complex on the shor t-term and investment credits are revealed. Conclusions. Considering the fact that in Russia generally two banks with the state participation are engaged in crediting of agriculture now: Rosselkhozbank and Sberbank of the Russian Federation while in the middle of the 2000th years, over 200 Russian commercial banks participated in the system of crediting of agricultural producers with subsidizing of an interest rate, need to be expanded both the list of the credit institutions, and the range offered by them credit products, considering the interests of all forms of managing in the village. Further development of components of the mechanism of crediting of agrarian and industrial complex and also development and deployment of new forms of crediting in the form of the soft short-term and investment loans have to be focused on ensuring high rates of production and consumption of domestic agricultural production per capita and an impor t substitution course. ; Предмет. Дана оценка показателям субсидирования и кредитования предприятий АПК в 2006–2015 гг. Приведена структура современного механизма кредитования АПК РФ, выявлены общие черты и отличия льготного кредитования в разрезе краткосрочного и инвестиционного кредита. Цели. Комплексное авторское исследование системы субсидирования и кредитования предприятий АПК России, выявление преимуществ новых форм кредитования аграрного сектора, а также существующих концепций и подходов к решению проблемы финансовой поддержки АПК. Обоснование принципиально новых подходов доступа сельхозпроизводителей к кредитным ресурсам и предоставление возможности освоения новой техники и технологий в производстве конкурентоспособной продукции в условиях новой «волны» санкций США и стран Евросоюза. Методология. Исследование базируется на диалектическом подходе. При проведении исследования были использованы системный, институциональный подходы и статистические методы. Результаты. На основе анализа динамики кредитования АПК ОАО «Россельхозбанком» в 2006–2015 гг. по показателям объема, структуры, количеству кредитов, срокам и субъектам кредитования приведены предложения по изменению системы кредитования сельскохозяйственных организаций, индивидуальных форм хозяйствования и сельскохозяйственных потребительских кооперативов. Раскрыта поэлементная структура современного механизма кредитования АПК в рамках рыночной системы и государственного регулирования, а также выявлены общие черты и отличительные особенности условий льготного кредитования АПК по краткосрочному и инвестиционному кредитам. Выводы. Учитывая тот факт, что кредитованием сельского хозяйства в России в настоящее время занимаются в основном два банка с государственным участием: Россельхозбанк и Сбербанк РФ, в то время как в середине 2000-х гг. в системе кредитования сельхозпроизводителей с субсидированием процентной ставки участвовали свыше 200 российских коммерческих банков, необходимо расширить как перечень кредитных учреждений, так и ассортимент предлагаемых ими кредитных продуктов, учитывающих интересы всех форм хозяйствования на селе.

Following comparative analysis of relevant national and post-soviet Criminal Codes as well as the Criminal Code of France the article proposes to provide in future Constitutional Code of Ukraine or other state an exhaustive legal list of circumstances which exempt anti-social activity. In this regard the essence, grounds and limits of acts connected with innocent ignorance of legal norms should be presented. Those acts are conflict of laws, short-term collision of various social subjects' legal statuses, necessary defense, emergency, actions in the state of the proved risk, arrest of the person who committed a crime, commission of crime as a result of psychiatric or physical influence, commission of offense as a result of performance of a legal order or instruction, and commission of offense as a result of fulfillment of special task based on warning, detection, termination and solving of an organized group. After the text the essence, grounds and limits of acts of the mentioned circumstances in the context of counteraction to certain type of offense should be provided. A special understanding of circumstances which exempt anti-social activity depending on the fact whether certain or uncertain persons commit the act and whether they can be protected taking into account necessary defense has been investigated. The other article of the Constitutional Code of Ukraine or other state should include general legal definition, form and types of guilt as well as the list of circumstances which exempt, alleviate or aggravate the guilt of the person. Circumstances which exempt should include para-accident or para-special case, legal or factual mistake, pretended circumstance which exempts anti-social act, legal insanity and limited sanity of the person.

The report analyzes the importance of the memory of anti-fascism, in a country like Italy where fascism originated. The concept of long Resistance is examined, focusing on the early twenties of the twentieth century, when Mussolini rose to power, considering in particular the notable figure of Piero Gobetti and his activities as a publisher. In the short space of three years, he published 114 volumes. Among the authors there were all the major figures of the anti-fascist culture of the time, from Einaudi to Salvemini, from Amendola to Salvatorelli, from Ruffini to Monti, from Sturzo to Nitti, literary critics such as Fubini and Sapegno, novelists, poets, including Eugenio Montale, future Nobel laureate. A Committee chaired by me took the initiative to republish the entire corpus of Gobettian books, to make available to the new generations the best democratic literature of the time, as a contribution - in an era of right-wing populism and crisis of democracy in various parts of the world - to the struggle against fascism which is always taking on new forms, against the "eternal fascism" Umberto Eco spoke about. Eighty volumes have been released so far (October 2020) which - hopefully - will help to preserve the memory and to maintain an intergenerational message, foreseeing a future without oblivion. ; The report analyzes the importance of the memory of anti-fascism, in a country like Italy where fascism originated. The concept of long Resistance is examined, focusing on the early twenties of the twentieth century, when Mussolini rose to power, considering in particular the notable figure of Piero Gobetti and his activities as a publisher. In the short space of three years, he published 114 volumes. Among the authors there were all the major figures of the anti-fascist culture of the time, from Einaudi to Salvemini, from Amendola to Salvatorelli, from Ruffini to Monti, from Sturzo to Nitti, literary critics such as Fubini and Sapegno, novelists, poets, including Eugenio Montale, future Nobel laureate. A Committee chaired by me took the initiative to republish the entire corpus of Gobettian books, to make available to the new generations the best democratic literature of the time, as a contribution - in an era of right-wing populism and crisis of democracy in various parts of the world - to the struggle against fascism which is always taking on new forms, against the "eternal fascism" Umberto Eco spoke about. Eighty volumes have been released so far (October 2020) which - hopefully - will help to preserve the memory and to maintain an intergenerational message, foreseeing a future without oblivion.