Zeitverzögerung. Slow Food fürs Denken?
In: Neue Gesellschaft, Frankfurter Hefte: NG, FH. [Deutsche Ausgabe], Band 42, Heft 9, S. 844-846
ISSN: 0177-6738
In: Neue Gesellschaft, Frankfurter Hefte: NG, FH. [Deutsche Ausgabe], Band 42, Heft 9, S. 844-846
ISSN: 0177-6738
In: Policy studies journal: an international journal of public policy, Band 11, Heft 1, S. 25-37
ISSN: 0190-292X
Farmland preservation increasingly is becoming an area of public policy concern. A variety of policy options can be used to slow the conversion of farmland to Ur uses, including direct methods such as zoning, & indirect methods such as tax incentives. The potential of the latter is examined in detail. The two principal objects of the tax incentive approach are: (1) to relieve the tax burden experienced by farmers, & (2) to maintain enough farmland to ensure needed food & fiber. Alternative tax incentive programs are evaluated, with the conclusion that many can achieve the first objective, but none the second. One method discussed is a conveyance tax, equal to the difference between market value for the best nonagricultural use & use value as farmland, but so strong a tax would nullify the land market & lead to a variety of undesirable side effects. Thus, while tax incentives can be used to reduce the tax burden on farmers that may force them to sell, this approach is not desirable as a means for countering the profitability of land conversion. 20 References. Modified AA.
In: The journal of modern African studies: a quarterly survey of politics, economics & related topics in contemporary Africa, Band 25, Heft 1, S. 139-147
ISSN: 1469-7777
There is continuing concern throughout most of Africa about the supply of food, notably because of its impact on the nutritional status of so many millions.2 In 1984, John Mellor and Bruce Johnston reported on trends in production and indicated that Africa had the slowest food growth rates in comparison with other country groupings throughout the world. They also acknowledged the extent of malnutrition and the complex system of interactions which influence food production and consumption.3 Earlier reviews of the food-deficit problems called attention to environmental constraints and the variety of experimental strategies for agricultural development tried in Africa. Michael Lofchie and Stephen Commins concluded that fundamental changes in governmental policies are needed in order to facilitate peasant production and participation, and they suggested a balance between the retention of traditional agricultural systems and the introduction of modern agricultural practices.4 Carl Eicher emphasised the need for intensive investigation into production constraints in order to provide the knowledge base for better strategies and programmes, and among the research priorities identified were those related to food consumption and nutrition.5 However, although more national macro-level surveys are obviously needed, they alone will not help us to understand the relationships between household-based food production and consumption systems, nor the rôle of the family in allocating labour and food.
Global population may double by 2020 but the Malthusian specter of rapid population growth outracing slower increases in production will continue to be a false alarm. A vast array of agricultural technologies have the capacity to increase output 10-fold, perhaps as much as 100-fold. Discovery of a sweetener 54,000 times sweeter than sucrose (cane or beet sugar) indicates the magnitude of prodigious increases portended by new technologies. Productive agriculture, however, has become capital intense, limiting its availability in poorer nations. Increased production is the key to low prices and affordable supplies. In a world continuing to face starvation, there is no place for government policies purposely limiting supplies and artificially propping prices at high levels that place life-sustaining food beyond means of the poor. Affluence provides financial wherewithal to secure an adequate diet. Unfortunately, an estimated 25% of the world's population go hungry and face starvation. The specter of starvation may afflict as many as 600 million, and malnutrition, another 150 million by the year 2020. Improving self-sufficiency in these nations will remain a top humanitarian concern.
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In: Publius: the journal of federalism, Band 16, Heft 1, S. 133
ISSN: 0048-5950
In: Journal of Southeast Asian studies, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 27-47
ISSN: 1474-0680
British Malaya before the Japanese occupation was heavily dependent on imported rice, producing on average only 35 per cent of its requirements between 1920 and 1940. During the 1930s, efforts were made to expand rice cultivation, but progress was slow and did not even keep pace with population growth: imports increased at the same rate as domestic production.As war approached, the government of Malaya built up a stockpile of rice and had about one year's supply in reserve when the occupation began. However, a considerable proportion of this grain was appropriated for military use and the civilian population soon faced food shortages.
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 420, Heft 1, S. 11-30
ISSN: 1552-3349
Like the short circuits in an overloaded electrical system, a rash of"systems overloads" in such essential fields as food and fertilizer supply are resulting from man's apparent inability to adapt his institutions rapidly enough to permit a continuation of the rapid increases in output of recent years. The food and fertilizer crises of the mid-1970s, while ac celerated by such short term factors as widespread drought and the recent unprecedented economic boom, are also very much the product of major, longer term, interacting trends. Growing demand has been outrunning traditional sources of supply for a number of essential commodities, including food, fertilizer and energy, at a time when most nations, including the United States, are becoming heavily dependent on each other for continued progress. World economic and political structures have been too slow in their response. Major disrup tions and higher inflation have been a consequence. A critical issue is whether resolution of the longer term scarcity situations needs to continue in the 1974 context of "winners" and "losers." This article examines how the United States in its role as global food manager contributed significantly through its actions in 1973 and much of 1974 to the crises of the mid-1970s which brought to the world double-digit inflation, massive recession, and innumerable premature deaths, and how the World Food Conference marked a sharp turn in United States—and world—policy toward seeking a positive-sum game approach to the food and fertilizer problems—an approach by which all principal parties might gain.
A ministerial address on the importance of food security in the Southern Africa region. ; All ten SADCC countries are heavily dependent on agriculture. This sector provides not only national and household food security but is the major source of employment for the people of the region. It generates foreign exchange in the net agricultural exporting countries and achieves large import savings in the other countries. It is this dominant role of agriculture in the economy of the region which led the Heads of SADCC states to agree to develop regional action programmes for seven agricultural sub-sectors. It is the action programme dealing with food security, which is the responsibility of Zimbabwe, that is the focus for this Conference. The primary objective of this programme was initially to increase food production in order to improve nutritional levels of rapidly expanding populations. Cereal production has been increasing but at a slower rate than population growth. This means that, in spite of an increase in cereal imports into the region, there has been a decline in the per capita availability of cereals within the region as a whole. ; USAID (Southern Africa Regional Programme )
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In: NATO ASI Series, Series G: Ecological Sciences 29
Although many theoretical developments have been achieved in recent years, the progress both in understanding and application of risk and reliability analysis in water resources and environmental engineering remains slow. One of the reasons seems to be the lack of training of engineers with phenomena of statistical nature, including optimum cost and benefit decisions under uncertainty. This book presents, in a unified and comprehensive framework, the various aspects of risk and reliability in bothwater quantity and quality problems. The topics covered include uncertainty analysis of water quantity and quality data, stochastic simulation of hydrosystems, decision theory under uncertaintyand case studies. Methods for risk analysis of extremes in hydrology, groundwater clean-up, river and coastal pollution as well as total risk management are presented
The livestock subsector (LSS) has always been an important component of the Nigerian economy. Despite the importance of the sector, growth in livestock output has been slow. In the face of constraints posed by disease and ecological problems, government policies have not been totally successful in introducing or encouraging the development of basic technological and institutional changes necessary to exploit the potential that exists for an efficient growth of the LSS. The anatomy of these policies is the subject of this paper. It begins with a summary description of the LSS, including an analysis of trends in livestock distribution, production, trade and consumption. Throughout the paper attempts are made to examine the political economy of policy decisions in order to explain why certain policies are chosen when other alternatives appear to be available. A discussion of the lessons and suggestions for feasible policy changes in the futre concludes the paper.
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In: Middle Eastern studies, Band 24, Heft 1, S. 68-109
ISSN: 0026-3206
IN THE ABSENCE OF A DETAILED NATIONAL POLICY TOWARD THE ARAB POPULATION IN ISRAEL, LOCAL CIVILIAN AND MILITARY ADMINISTRATORS WERE ABLE TO EXERCISE CONSIDERABLE INFLUENCE OVER THE POLICIES CARRIED OUT IN THE VARIOUS LOCALITIES AND REGIONS. THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE POLICIES CARRIED OUT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL, IN THE ABSENCE OF AN OVERALL DETAILED NATIONAL POLICY. THE AUTHOR DESCRIBES THE SITUATION OF THE ARAB POPULATIONS OF HAIFA AND OF NAZARETH, AND THEN DISCUSSES SOME OF THE MAIN AREAS OF DAILY LIFE WHICH WERE OF CENTRAL IMPORTANCE TO THE ARABS IN ISRAEL DURING THIS PERIOD: FOOD SUPPLY; EMPLOYMENT; RESTRICTION OF MOVEMENT; RADIO AND THE PRESS; AND POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING THE TREATMENT OF INDIVIDUAL ARABS. CONSIDERATION OF LOCAL POLICY TOWARD ARABS IN THE MONTHS FOLLOWING THE WAR IS PROVIDED TO SLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARABS IN ISRAEL IN LATER YEARS.
The 1980s were noted for the escalation of the war on drugs. The dominant public perception was that drug use is a hideous evil that must be stopped, even at a great cost of public resources and personal liberties. Parents, politicians, and law enforcement officials rallied to battle drug use.2 Tremendous expenses and limited victories did not slow the war on drugs.'It cannot be disputed that drug abuse is widespread. More than seventy million Americans have experimented with illegal drugs, and twenty-three million currently use an illegal drug.4 The costs to society include drug-related crimes, accidents, lost productivity, increased health costs, and personal suffering.' Drug users' employers bear a large portion of the costs resulting from lost productivity, accidents, illnesses,and related expenses." Some employers have responded by requiring employees to be tested for drug use. The federal government, the Nation's largest employer, is leading the way in drug testing.8 Serious fourth amendment issues arise, however, when the government forces employees to submit to drug testing as a condition of employment. The typical urinalysis of a government employee constitutes a search without a warrant, probable cause, or individualized suspicion that a particular employee violated a law or even a workplace rule. Nevertheless, the United States Supreme Court in 1989 upheld government drug testing programs in National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab and Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives' Association.' These cases were among a flood of recent federal and state court decisions allowing mandatory testing of federal, state, and municipal employees and private employees in pervasively regulated industries. These rulings have led several commentators to note that a "drug exception" to the fourth amendment may be emerging.' Part II of this Note details the executive branch's efforts to per-form drug tests on its employees and on private employees in pervasively regulated industries. Part III traces the Supreme Court's ...
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Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is an example of a medical technology that has been widely accepted since its introduction in the mid-1960s. However, review of the literature does not provide convincing evidence of EFM efficacy, and four recent, controlled, clinical trails show little if any benefit in terms of preventing death or long-term disability of the baby. Public and private policies have largely acted to encourage use of EFM, and none have acted to slow or prevent its spread. This need for mechanisms to assure the timely evaluation of new medical technologies before they are accepted as a medical practice has led to a new medical devices program in the Food and Drug Administration, consensus development groups at the National Institutes of Health, and congressional legislation to establish a new National Center for Health Care Technology.
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In: The journal of developing areas, Band 27, Heft 4, S. 469-484
ISSN: 0022-037X
Technological change in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is necessary in any effort to obtain sustainable increases in food production. Yet, the diffusion of these technologies has not been rapid. A central question is why farmers are slow to adopt production-increasing technologies. This paper argues that technology adoption, rather than being an event, is best seen as a process shaped by a multitude of changing factors. The paper offers insight into this process by determining those socioeconomic factors associated with farm-level changes in the rates of adoption of selected technologies over time. Factors investigated include farm size, farm labour, input and output prices, capital availability, education, risk and uncertainty, and draft animal ownership. The study employs data gathered in 1985, 1988 and 1991 through three separate surveys of 85 households to examine maize technology adoption in Swaziland between 1985 and 1991. (Documentatieblad/ASC Leiden)
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