Suchergebnisse

The former manifests in cases when the official negotiating a transaction with the briber invokes administ- rative, material and financial resources of the institution that he/she represents only. In these cases interference of the hierarchically above-standing organizations or legislature is unnecessary. Political corruption determined by supply manifests in participation of political layers in corrupt transactions. Transactions of this kind can be implemented completely only after political approval is received or after special changes of legal norms have been passed. According to range of corrupt relations in organizations narrow-range and systematic corruption are distinguished. Narrow-range corruption manifests in cases when the solution of a problem that is important to the briber depends on one or a few corrupt persons only. Political corruption manifests in cases where solution of a certain problem in corrupt ways is a feature of the whole organization and different layers of organization (for example, separate departrnents) that take part in the process. According to subordination of layers of organization horizontai and vertical corruption are distinguished. HorizontaI corruption manifests when an important question (permit, licence, regulation) is being solved in a corrupt way in different parallel and unsubordinated departrnents of organization. Vertical corruption manifests in cases when a chain of corrupt acts unites persons standing on different steps of hierarchy. The practice reveals that horizontaI corruption in the last segment of a chain often turns to a vertical one while vertical corruption is practically impossible without support of horizontal segrnents of the chain.

The former manifests in cases when the official negotiating a transaction with the briber invokes administ- rative, material and financial resources of the institution that he/she represents only. In these cases interference of the hierarchically above-standing organizations or legislature is unnecessary. Political corruption determined by supply manifests in participation of political layers in corrupt transactions. Transactions of this kind can be implemented completely only after political approval is received or after special changes of legal norms have been passed. According to range of corrupt relations in organizations narrow-range and systematic corruption are distinguished. Narrow-range corruption manifests in cases when the solution of a problem that is important to the briber depends on one or a few corrupt persons only. Political corruption manifests in cases where solution of a certain problem in corrupt ways is a feature of the whole organization and different layers of organization (for example, separate departrnents) that take part in the process. According to subordination of layers of organization horizontai and vertical corruption are distinguished. HorizontaI corruption manifests when an important question (permit, licence, regulation) is being solved in a corrupt way in different parallel and unsubordinated departrnents of organization. Vertical corruption manifests in cases when a chain of corrupt acts unites persons standing on different steps of hierarchy. The practice reveals that horizontaI corruption in the last segment of a chain often turns to a vertical one while vertical corruption is practically impossible without support of horizontal segrnents of the chain.

The former manifests in cases when the official negotiating a transaction with the briber invokes administ- rative, material and financial resources of the institution that he/she represents only. In these cases interference of the hierarchically above-standing organizations or legislature is unnecessary. Political corruption determined by supply manifests in participation of political layers in corrupt transactions. Transactions of this kind can be implemented completely only after political approval is received or after special changes of legal norms have been passed. According to range of corrupt relations in organizations narrow-range and systematic corruption are distinguished. Narrow-range corruption manifests in cases when the solution of a problem that is important to the briber depends on one or a few corrupt persons only. Political corruption manifests in cases where solution of a certain problem in corrupt ways is a feature of the whole organization and different layers of organization (for example, separate departrnents) that take part in the process. According to subordination of layers of organization horizontai and vertical corruption are distinguished. HorizontaI corruption manifests when an important question (permit, licence, regulation) is being solved in a corrupt way in different parallel and unsubordinated departrnents of organization. Vertical corruption manifests in cases when a chain of corrupt acts unites persons standing on different steps of hierarchy. The practice reveals that horizontaI corruption in the last segment of a chain often turns to a vertical one while vertical corruption is practically impossible without support of horizontal segrnents of the chain.

The former manifests in cases when the official negotiating a transaction with the briber invokes administ- rative, material and financial resources of the institution that he/she represents only. In these cases interference of the hierarchically above-standing organizations or legislature is unnecessary. Political corruption determined by supply manifests in participation of political layers in corrupt transactions. Transactions of this kind can be implemented completely only after political approval is received or after special changes of legal norms have been passed. According to range of corrupt relations in organizations narrow-range and systematic corruption are distinguished. Narrow-range corruption manifests in cases when the solution of a problem that is important to the briber depends on one or a few corrupt persons only. Political corruption manifests in cases where solution of a certain problem in corrupt ways is a feature of the whole organization and different layers of organization (for example, separate departrnents) that take part in the process. According to subordination of layers of organization horizontai and vertical corruption are distinguished. HorizontaI corruption manifests when an important question (permit, licence, regulation) is being solved in a corrupt way in different parallel and unsubordinated departrnents of organization. Vertical corruption manifests in cases when a chain of corrupt acts unites persons standing on different steps of hierarchy. The practice reveals that horizontaI corruption in the last segment of a chain often turns to a vertical one while vertical corruption is practically impossible without support of horizontal segrnents of the chain.

Political systems doesn't limit government enforcement mode. Adoption of political regime implies its implementation into legitimacy. Definition of political regime and its enforcement is a very important issue for every single state. The analysis of regime implied into legitimacy of particular state helps us understand political process and political ruling. The actuality of this theme mostly relies on the analysis of states' political regime and its development through historical, political and national changes. Object of this work is political regimes, and its aim - to analyse political regimes that exists in world. Main tasks given – to analyse and systematically present main state governing forms, fully analyse concept of political regimes, to present its' differentiations and forms, also – to provide two empirical research: to analyse the impact of development of political regime in Lithuania, analysing its Constitutions in XX century and to analyse three various political regimes – ones existing in USA, Belarus and North Korea. States might be divided into republics and monarchies. Republics – presidential (representative) or direct democracy. Analysing republics by constitutional approach it may be also divided into parliamentary or presidential governing forms. Though mixed forms also exists. States, relying on theoretical approach and governing form may be also distinguished: unitary, federation and confederation. The governing regime depends on constitutional background that sets state's government. Political regime – methods of governing. They may be distinguished: normative, economical political, cultural, social or mixed. But mostly these regimes are distinguished into democratic or nondemocratic. Nondemocratic are also distinguished into authoritarian and totalitarian. Development of political regime mostly depends on the states' historical development, traditions, values, geopolitics or political leader. After analysing Lithuanian XX c. Constitutions, we conclude, that political regime developed from democratic to authoritarian, and nowadays – it's again democracy, that was established in the 1922 years' Constitution (with exceptions also in 1928), changed to authoritarian governing in 1938 and restored after Independency (1992). Three different foreign political regimes let us to conclude, that USA is a presenter of fundamental constitutionalism, Belarus is a state, that though has constitution but its' regime is authoritarian, and North Korea has totalitarian political regime. Master thesis consists of introduction, four parts, conclusions, list of used literature and summaries, in Lithuanian and English.

Political systems doesn't limit government enforcement mode. Adoption of political regime implies its implementation into legitimacy. Definition of political regime and its enforcement is a very important issue for every single state. The analysis of regime implied into legitimacy of particular state helps us understand political process and political ruling. The actuality of this theme mostly relies on the analysis of states' political regime and its development through historical, political and national changes. Object of this work is political regimes, and its aim - to analyse political regimes that exists in world. Main tasks given – to analyse and systematically present main state governing forms, fully analyse concept of political regimes, to present its' differentiations and forms, also – to provide two empirical research: to analyse the impact of development of political regime in Lithuania, analysing its Constitutions in XX century and to analyse three various political regimes – ones existing in USA, Belarus and North Korea. States might be divided into republics and monarchies. Republics – presidential (representative) or direct democracy. Analysing republics by constitutional approach it may be also divided into parliamentary or presidential governing forms. Though mixed forms also exists. States, relying on theoretical approach and governing form may be also distinguished: unitary, federation and confederation. The governing regime depends on constitutional background that sets state's government. Political regime – methods of governing. They may be distinguished: normative, economical political, cultural, social or mixed. But mostly these regimes are distinguished into democratic or nondemocratic. Nondemocratic are also distinguished into authoritarian and totalitarian. Development of political regime mostly depends on the states' historical development, traditions, values, geopolitics or political leader. After analysing Lithuanian XX c. Constitutions, we conclude, that political regime developed from democratic to authoritarian, and nowadays – it's again democracy, that was established in the 1922 years' Constitution (with exceptions also in 1928), changed to authoritarian governing in 1938 and restored after Independency (1992). Three different foreign political regimes let us to conclude, that USA is a presenter of fundamental constitutionalism, Belarus is a state, that though has constitution but its' regime is authoritarian, and North Korea has totalitarian political regime. Master thesis consists of introduction, four parts, conclusions, list of used literature and summaries, in Lithuanian and English.

The article seeks to develop the concept of social competence in higher education based not only on theoretical background but also on the reflections of social competence in European Union (EU) and national (in this case – Lithuanian) regulations of higher education. Theoretical analysis revealed that social competence as a concept has many definitions. As a result it was recognized that the set of skills defining social competence differs depending on the context where they are exploredand the particular components of the social competence in education are revealed. They served as the base to identify how social competence reveals itself in higher education. In order to carry out this task the empirical research – relevant document analysis was performed.

The article seeks to develop the concept of social competence in higher education based not only on theoretical background but also on the reflections of social competence in European Union (EU) and national (in this case – Lithuanian) regulations of higher education. Theoretical analysis revealed that social competence as a concept has many definitions. As a result it was recognized that the set of skills defining social competence differs depending on the context where they are exploredand the particular components of the social competence in education are revealed. They served as the base to identify how social competence reveals itself in higher education. In order to carry out this task the empirical research – relevant document analysis was performed.

The article seeks to develop the concept of social competence in higher education based not only on theoretical background but also on the reflections of social competence in European Union (EU) and national (in this case – Lithuanian) regulations of higher education. Theoretical analysis revealed that social competence as a concept has many definitions. As a result it was recognized that the set of skills defining social competence differs depending on the context where they are exploredand the particular components of the social competence in education are revealed. They served as the base to identify how social competence reveals itself in higher education. In order to carry out this task the empirical research – relevant document analysis was performed.

Christian social security is a wide theme based on human morality which has got lots of evaluations and interpretations. The initial source for analysing this issue is the Holy Scripture, the rest of it is solely the interpretations and comments of different researchers. The latter are also of great importance as they testify the practical application of both Christ's teaching and Christian morality in human life. Many philosophers, theologians, social workers and politicians at all times have based their Christian positions and comments on Holy Scripture, that is why the Christian social approach is so complicated to reveal. The present article refers to the thesis "Christian Social Teaching" by Joseph Hoffner and the attitude of Antanas Maceina to the social problems of mankind and their solution in the Christian manner. The article goes through the basic principles of social teaching, the evaluation of work for society and the enhancement of individual human relations with society. The reasoning of Antanas Maceina states the view of solving the problems of the mankind due to the evolutions and reforms starting inside the human sole and afterwards implementing into the state political system.

Christian social security is a wide theme based on human morality which has got lots of evaluations and interpretations. The initial source for analysing this issue is the Holy Scripture, the rest of it is solely the interpretations and comments of different researchers. The latter are also of great importance as they testify the practical application of both Christ's teaching and Christian morality in human life. Many philosophers, theologians, social workers and politicians at all times have based their Christian positions and comments on Holy Scripture, that is why the Christian social approach is so complicated to reveal. The present article refers to the thesis "Christian Social Teaching" by Joseph Hoffner and the attitude of Antanas Maceina to the social problems of mankind and their solution in the Christian manner. The article goes through the basic principles of social teaching, the evaluation of work for society and the enhancement of individual human relations with society. The reasoning of Antanas Maceina states the view of solving the problems of the mankind due to the evolutions and reforms starting inside the human sole and afterwards implementing into the state political system.

This article deals with concept of gender mainstreaming based on Lithuanian and EU documents and scientific literature. Gender mainstreaming concentrates main attention towards both problems of men and women in their private and public lives. For the equity between men and women to become reality it is an imperative not only to solve specific problems of men and women, but also to understand them as complex issues incorporated in real life situations. This practically can be achieved through consistent integration of gender aspects into legal documents, programmes and policies related to institutions active in society. In order to accomplish gender mainstreaming two elements are of key importance – adequate and relevant understanding of strategy and specific methods of gender aspect integration in public institution practices. Two methods for the integration of gender mainstreaming in social care institutions at the municipal level and for direct social work practice are represented and discussed.

This article deals with concept of gender mainstreaming based on Lithuanian and EU documents and scientific literature. Gender mainstreaming concentrates main attention towards both problems of men and women in their private and public lives. For the equity between men and women to become reality it is an imperative not only to solve specific problems of men and women, but also to understand them as complex issues incorporated in real life situations. This practically can be achieved through consistent integration of gender aspects into legal documents, programmes and policies related to institutions active in society. In order to accomplish gender mainstreaming two elements are of key importance – adequate and relevant understanding of strategy and specific methods of gender aspect integration in public institution practices. Two methods for the integration of gender mainstreaming in social care institutions at the municipal level and for direct social work practice are represented and discussed.

This article deals with concept of gender mainstreaming based on Lithuanian and EU documents and scientific literature. Gender mainstreaming concentrates main attention towards both problems of men and women in their private and public lives. For the equity between men and women to become reality it is an imperative not only to solve specific problems of men and women, but also to understand them as complex issues incorporated in real life situations. This practically can be achieved through consistent integration of gender aspects into legal documents, programmes and policies related to institutions active in society. In order to accomplish gender mainstreaming two elements are of key importance – adequate and relevant understanding of strategy and specific methods of gender aspect integration in public institution practices. Two methods for the integration of gender mainstreaming in social care institutions at the municipal level and for direct social work practice are represented and discussed.

During last few decades world has irreversibly changed and moved towards globalization, therefore, exploitation of the old-fashioned organizational design methods in social service organizations became ineffective and self-destructive. It means that it is necessary to look for new ways to construct and develop the relations of social worker to clients and institutions that correspond to the conditions of current and future social environment. Networking is a process of establishing a mutually beneficial relationship with other people and institutions in different environments. Networks of social workers, clients, people related to them and institutions begin with an independent cooperation with multilateral obligations and develop long-term relationships based on trust. A social web usually consists of various institutions, including private or governmental organizations of social services, schools, church, clients, families, clubs etc. where they meet to share and exchange informational, financial, material resources and services. After being processed by the part of a coordinating center, accumulated specialized resources, knowledge and skills existing in the center of network are transferred to other members of the network. Social worker as a coordinator of this network has to create conditions for network members' self-realization and efficient communication. Ais requires the additional managerial skills in leadership, motivation, coordination, teamwork fields that social worker should acquire and develop at the same time improving the performance of his/her social services.[.]