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The author makes an attempt to classify the political manifestations of social protest in postwar Japanese history. The author identifies five types of politically orchestrated social protest: ideological, socio-class, problem centered, conservative and local. The specificity of concrete forms of protest is analyzed from the points of view of their substance and organization. After the end of the cold war the ideological type of social protest which had earlier played the role of the ideological basis for the consolidation of the left opposition political forces, loses its initial driving force. The aggravating crisis of the traditional corporate model decreases the significance of the social-class protest which had been an instrument of pressure over state power in favor of an active policy in the social sphere/ Also diminishing in the present-day Japan is the conservative protest as a public dissent against the ruling party caused by weakening of its ability to take into acount the interests of specific social minorities that had traditionally been prioritized by state support. Meanwhile the problem-centered and local types of protest are gaining more importance in today's Japan as they rely on a relatively broad social support. For the opposition parties social protest is nothing more than an opportunity to attract additional votes. Lacking any real chance of coming to power, these parties use mass protest mood for the consolidation of their electoral base. Many voters, disillusioned with the ability of political parties to extrapolate their opinion on the sphere of public policy decision-making, become more and more inclined not to come to the polls at all.

Though widely regarded as ill-defined and lacking conceptual clarity social innovation has been heralded as a desirable response to social economic and environmental challenges arising from market and policy failures. Based on a definition of social innovation as involving the reconfiguration of social practices through civil society engagement, this paper offers an indictive classification of the diverse types of social innovation found in Scotland, based primarily on rural examples. It is argued that not only does social innovation occur in a diverse range of fields and in many different forms, but also that the Scottish Government policy has explicitly connected to social innovation as a means of delivering a communitarian policy agenda. However, without affirmative action, the community empowerment agenda is likely to widen the gap between communities with strong social capital and those with weaker social capital, thus undermining another strong strand of Scottish policy which supports greater equality and social inclusion. ; Published in: Scottish Affairs, Volume 28 Issue 2, Page 152-176, ISSN 0966-0356 Available Online May 2019 https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/scot.2019.0275 DOI:10.3366/scot.2019.0275 Full published paper was embargoed for 12 months as per De Gruyter publication its repository policy (https://www.degruyter.com/page/repository-policy)

Though widely regarded as ill-defined and lacking conceptual clarity, social innovation has been heralded as a desirable response to social economic and environmental challenges arising from market and policy failures. Based on a definition of social innovation as involving the reconfiguration of social practices through civil society engagement, this paper offers an inductive classification of the diverse types of social innovation found in Scotland, based primarily on rural examples. It is argued that not only does social innovation occur in a diverse range of fields and in many different forms, but also that the Scottish Government policy has explicitly connected to social innovation as a means of delivering a communitarian policy agenda. However, without affirmative action, the community empowerment agenda is likely to widen the gap between communities with strong social capital and those with weaker social capital, thus undermining another strong strand of Scottish policy which supports greater equality and social inclusion.

Classification & indexing of modern specialist literature requires a multi-dimensional system. The Decimal Classification of Melvil Dewey reflected the 'sci'fic classification' of the 19th cent into genus-species hierarchies, but only rarely provided for synthesis. The Universal Decimal Classification extended this possibility by providing the Auxiliary Signs & Tables. The work of modern psychol'ts, notably J. Piaget, J. S. Bruner & T. P. Guilford has proved that the mind creates a basic structural pattern of multiplicative classification formed into a lattice system & not a series of monolithic hierarchies. This process has been matched by S. R. Ranganathan's Colon Classification & his technique of facet analysis. This has had important applications in the construction of thesauri of terms in specialist fields, as has been shown by the work of the Classification Res Group of London, & in the detailed computerized subject indexing as in the PRECIS system of the British Nat'l Bibliog. Appendixes list the categories of terms used in 3 systems for educ: the London Educ Classification (1963), the Information Retrieval Thesaurus of Educ'al Terms (1968), & the Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors (1969). AA.

It is revealed that the concept of 'social risk' was formed in line with the creation of the theory of social state and the theory of welfare state. Social risk is defined as the probability of a person losing material resources to meet his basic needs, necessary for the preservation and reproduction of a full-fledged life as a member of society. These basic needs include food, clothing, housing, medical care and social services. It is proved that the objective basis of social risk is the antagonistic nature of social relations, structural features, the nature, growth of social exclusion, the violation of adaptive processes in society, as well as the widespread distribution of various kinds of deviations among the population.Particular attention is paid to the description of the modern model of social risk. It is established that a fundamentally new type of social risk is a global risk as a product of a post-industrial society. In conditions of globalization, a list of life circumstances that violate the normal livelihoods of the individual and which it can not overcome on its own, is expanding substantially. Such unconventional social risks include support for families with children, education and care for children, care for sick children and parents, assistance in housing construction and maintenance, maternity support for a period of interrupted vocational education of up to five years per child, poverty, etc.Trace the evolution of the content of social risks from the industrial society of the period of initial accumulation of capital to modern (post-industrial) society. If, at an early stage, social risks were generated by the production and distribution of goods, values, today they are produced by the production and distribution of the dangers (actually existing) and fears (subjectively existing), that is, social risks in the society of risk are self-replicating, and this production becomes expanded , that is, it involves the phases of self-production (reproduction), distribution and consumption of risks.

Considerable research has investigated the effects of social facilitation on either positive or neutral behaviors, but little if any research has examined whether the presence of others can lead to greater levels of negative behavior. The purpose of this project was to explore the influence
of social facilitation on patterns and severity of offenses committed by juvenile delinquents. Study l compared the severity of crime (as measured by the offense classification) as a function of 130 currently incarcerated juvenile delinquents' self-reports of whether their crime was committed
alone or with others. Results suggested that juveniles tend to act in concert with others in delinquent acts. White females tended to act in concert with others more than African-American female adolescents in the commission of delinquent acts. However, no significant effects were found for
social facilitation and severity of crime, even when controlling for MMPI lie scores. Study 2 addressed the same question, but used an archival approach. Data was obtained for criminal charges and whether the crime happened in the presence or absence of others from random sample of
30 records from a juvenile delinquency home. The best predictor of severity of crime from this sample was the number of people involved with the crime. The study therefore provides limited support for Zajonc's drive theory that suggests social facilitation can have a non-directional effect
on behavior.

Importance. Social innovations have been the object of close attention of many domestic and foreign economists over the past twenty years. Their study is characterized by an interdisciplinary approach. Nevertheless, many important aspects of this phenomenon are insufficiently studied or are controversial. The latter include the essence of social innovations, their features and content characteristics, and subject forms. The above reasons lead to the need to classify social innovations according to a number of features that can be used to identify their categorical status, to identify distinctive features from such categories as innovations in the social sphere and innovations in the public sector.Objectives. Author's study of the content of social innovation. Study of the subjective forms of social innovation from the standpoint of the project and institutional approach. Classification of social innovations according to criteria: according to the spheres of public life, according to the level and degree of scale, according to the institutional form of expression, according to the subjects of interaction.Methods. In the process of achieving the set goals, a set of scientific approaches was used: historical-genetic, systemic, project-based, institutional, and structural. The work uses the techniques and methods of formal and dialectical logic (analysis and synthesis, comparisons, analogies, the unity of the historical and logical). The research is based on the study of current monographic and periodical economic literature.Conclusions and Relevance. The conclusion is made about the understanding of social innovation as a set of qualitative changes in the areas of formation, development and implementation of human and social capital in order to increase the level of personal and social well-being. The specificity of social innovations is determined by their characteristics: strategic focus, inertia, synergy, riskiness. The participants in the social and innovative process are considered from the standpoint of the project and institutional approaches. Within the framework of the project approach, the main subjects are: customer, investor, manufacturer, consumer; within the institutional framework – households, firms, the state. The typology of social innovations is characterized by great diversity, multicriteria and is significant both in theoretical and applied aspects, since the identification of types of social innovations allows you to form a holistic andcomplete idea of the object under study, as well as to identify the priority directions of their development.