Suchergebnisse

Rosja zawsze była państwem, które dążyło, aby być mocarstwem. Nawet jeżeli straciło znaczenie po rozpadzie ZSRR, to chęć powrotu jako twórcy porządku międzynarodowego, wymusza wypracowanie nowej strategii, która przewiduje użycie środków soft power. Stanowi to pewną przeszkodę dla Rosji, która tradycyjnie przygotowana jest do użycia sił zbrojnych czy presji ekonomicznej. Dużo gorzej jest z wykorzystaniem wartości, które w zamierzeniach Moskwy powinny być różne od Zachodu. Wynikało to z tego, że Rosja stara się stworzyć konkurencyjny do zachodu projekt soft power. Rosja stara się dobrze wykorzystać swoją dyplomację, w tym cyfrową, umiejętnie jej używając nawet jako narzędzi propagandy czy walki w cyberprzestrzeni. ; Russia has always been a country seeking the Great Power status. Even though it lost its importance after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the desire to return to the role of the creator of international order force it to introduce new strategy that will implement soft power resources. This represents a certain obstacle for Russia, which traditionally is accustomed to hard power resources like economic pressure or the use of armed forces. Culture is Russia's soft power resource that is significant. Values can be more problematic for Russia, because in Moscow's intentions they should be different from the Western values. Russia is trying to create an alternative soft power project, competitive to that of the West. Russia is trying to make good use of its diplomacy, including digital diplomacy, in order to show the use of its hard power to be seen as soft.

Rosja zawsze była państwem, które dążyło, aby być mocarstwem. Nawet jeżeli straciło tematyce bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. W odniesieniu do roku 2016 autor dokonał (siłą rzeczy) subiektywnego wyboru tekstów, które znalazły się na łamach czterech publikacji- ,,Bellony", ,,Rocznika Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego", ,,Rocznika Strategicznego" oraz ,,Stosunków Międzynarodowych". W naturalny sposób tematyka podejmowana przez autorów rzeczonych publikacji stanowi odzwierciedlenie obecnego stanu międzynarodowego środowiska bezpieczeństwa oraz prognoz co do kierunków jego dalszej ewolucji. ; Russia has always been a country seeking the Great Power status. Even though it lost its importance after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the desire to return to the role of the creator of international order force it to introduce new strategy that will implement soft power resources. This represents a certain obstacle for Russia, which traditionally is accustomed to hard power resources like economic pressure or the use of armed forces. Culture is Russia's soft power resource that is significant. Values can be more problematic for Russia, because in Moscow's intentions they should be different from the Western values. Russia is trying to create an alternative soft power project, competitive to that of the West. Russia is trying to make good use of its diplomacy, including digital diplomacy, in order to show the use of its hard power to be seen as soft.

Soft closure spaces are a new structure that was introduced very recently. These new spaces are based on the notion of soft closure operators. This work aims to provide applications of soft closure operators. We introduce the concept of soft continuous mappings and soft closed (resp. open) mappings, support them with examples, and investigate some of their properties.

Wenige Begriffe stehen in der internationalen Politik höher im Kurs als Soft Power - und ziehen mehr irrige Annahmen nach sich. Wenn es darum geht, das internationale Renommee eines Landes zu verbessern, greifen die meisten Glaubenssätze zu kurz oder sind schlichtweg falsch. Mit den Mitteln von PR und Marketing sind Imagewandel nicht zu erreichen. (IP)

"Soft Balancing" published on by Oxford University Press.

In this paper, we introduce new concepts that relates to soft space based on work that was previously presented by researchers in this regard. First we give the definition of Soft Contraction Operator and some examples. After that we introduce the concepts of soft Picard iteration and soft Mann iteration processes. We also give some examples to illustrate them.
Many concepts in normed spaces have been generalized in soft normed spaces. One of the important concepts is the concept of stability of soft iteration in soft normed spaces. We discuss this concept by giving some lemmas that are used to prove some theorems about stability of soft iteration processes (with soft contraction operator) with soft Picard iteration procedure as well as soft Mann iteration procedure.

Le soft power est un concept omniprésent dans les discours de politique internationale, notamment étatsuniens et chinois, mais sans réelle substance théorique et pratique. Partant d'une critique de l'approche behavioriste de Joseph Nye, cet article mobilise Gramsci et Bourdieu pour analyser le pouvoir symbolique/idéationnel dans les relations internationales. Il montre qu'il est nécessaire de mobiliser davantage le corpus sociologique critique pour saisir les mécanismes de pouvoir et de légitimation. Il soutient que la théorie du soft power n'est pas tant descriptive que prescriptive et constitue une rhétorique politique performative qui transfigure, dissimule et euphémise les rapports de force et de domination dans la politique mondiale.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in a range of transport policy initiatives which are now widely described as 'soft measures'. Soft measures usually seek to give better information and opportunities which affect the free choices made by individuals, mostly by facilitating attractive, relatively uncontroversial, and relatively cheap alternatives. They include initiatives such as school and workplace travel plans, personalised journey planning, car clubs, public transport information and marketing and teleworking. This paper will provide an overview of the evidence for a recent DfT study of soft factors (Cairns et al 2004) which concluded that 'sufficient evidence now exists to have confidence that soft factor interventions can have a significant effect on individual travel choices'. Indeed, the headline finding of the review is that, 'given a fair wind from national and local government policy, and a serious but not unrealistic commitment of effort, the voluntary changes in car use brought about by soft measures could amount to a reduction in the order of 11% of traffic at the national level'. Projections for peak period traffic reduction at the local level ranged between 14% and 21%. The evidence used to inform these conclusions will be outlined in this paper. The paper will then outline the projections of the impacts of soft factors and address the following: - How much do soft factors cost and what value of money do they represent? - Are soft measures introduced in combination greater than the sum of their parts? - What constitutes a 'supportive policy environment' for soft factors? Finally some conclusions will be drawn as to whether soft factors are indeed a 'softer option' and, in the light of the evidence, what role they have in transport policy in the future.