Suchergebnisse

The concept of sovereignty is not defined by international law. It does not stand alone in the United Nations Charter but as sovereign equality. This is reflected in the principle of sovereign equality proclaimed by the Charter. In legal terms, all countries are equal and in this sense sovereign. This approach distinguishes the legal concept of sovereignty from political or economic concepts which refer to the realities of the balance of power. In international law, sovereignty is synonymous with international and legal subjectivity. The subjects of international law are sovereign states primarily. States have the ability to be the subject of international law and obligations through the independent execution of state competences. Sovereignty also means the transfer of own powers to international organizations resulting from our own will. Sovereignty cannot justify violations of international law by states. However, states sometimes try to invoke their sovereignty to justify violations of international law. In the international aspect, the restriction of the freedom decision of the states results from: the subordination of states to generally recognized principles of international law, from the provisions of international agreements to which a given country is a party, from the resolutions of international organizations to which a given country belongs, if in the light of the organization's statutes they are law-making. There is no doubt that the concept of sovereignty is an important subject of research in the humanities and social sciences.

The article analyzes the evolution of the Serbian national movement in Croatia in the early 1990s. The author examines the essence and peculiarities of Serbian communities' consolidation processes. The author focuses on the development of territorial and political institutes of the Serbian population in Croatia in 1990–1991, showing the circumstances of transformation of the Serbian movement for autonomy into the aspiration of the leaders of Serbian communities for sovereignty. ; В статье анализируется эволюция сербского национального движения в Хорватии в начале 1990-х гг. Рассматриваются содержание и особенности процессов консолидации сербских общин. Особое внимание уделяется развитию территориально-политических образований сербского населения в Хорватии в 1990–1991 гг. Автором показаны обстоятельства трансформации сербского движения за автономию в стремление лидеров сербских общин к достижению государственной независимости.

The article focuses on the theory of humanitarian intervention and its applicability to actual meddling in the affairs of other states including military operations - directly or indirectly - sanctioned by the UN. The authors begin with the assumption that intervention and war are not dissimilar because war might be regarded as a radical form of intervention. Historical condition and normative justification of the emergence of the legality and legitimacy of war are reconstructed with the view to highlight the antinomy between defending the state sovereignty and defending the human rights. We opt for the contractarian approach, which, in our view, allows us to overcome the antinomy, and we argue that in international law it is the violation of the human rights by the state that should be the universal and paramount legitimation for intervention. Further analysis of political practices, however, reveals that human rights are rarely invoked in legitimizing intervention. Yet, we demonstrate that classical political realism that prioritizes interests of the state is itself in need of justification if it is used for legitimizing intervention, because its main tenet is the supremacy of the state, which is undermined by intervention. In conclusion, we highlight the methodological problems in normative political theory, which faces the choice of what is to be the "foundational notion" for modern international law.Key words: humanitarian intervention, jus ad bellum, legitimacy, sovereignty, state, human rights, contract, casus belli, UN. ; В статье анализируется теория гуманитарной интервенции в ее отношении к реальным практикам вмешательства в дела отдельных государств, прямо или косвенно санкционированным ООН. Концептуально и отчасти методологически авторы сближают интервенцию и войну (война понимается как наиболее радикальная форма интервенции). В начале статьи кратко реконструируются исторические и нормативные предпосылки, сформировавшие ключевую для юридических оснований допустимости войны антиномию защиты либо суверенитета государства, либо прав человека. Выбрав контрактуализм как теоретическую рамку, позволяющую предварительно разрешить (разрушить) эту антиномию, мы приходим к выводу о том, что в международном праве именно нарушение базовых прав граждан со стороны государства должно было бы быть универсальным и основным оправданием интервенции. Дальнейший анализ политической практики убеждает нас в том, что концепт прав человека редко используется для оправдания интервенции и, по существу, не является в этой риторике ведущим компонентом. Тем не менее мы показываем, что классический политический реализм государственного интереса как оптика осмысления интервенции также нуждается в защите, поскольку допущение о том, что именно государства являются доминирующими субъектами международного права, сегодня ставится под сомнение. В заключение мы формулируем методологические проблемы современной нормативной политической теории как проблемы выбора «приоритетного субъекта» международного права. Ключевые слова: гуманитарная интервенция, jus ad bellum, легитимность, суверенитет, государство, права человека, контракт, casus belli, ООН.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Вопросы теории" ; Цель статьи: на основе изучения международных соглашений, свода канонического права Римско-католической церкви, документов Святого Престола, западной правовой доктрины определить природу суверенитета Святого Престола, выявить специфику и объем его правосубъектности. При определении круга субъектов международного права и объема их правосубъектности ключевой является концепция суверенитета. На современном этапе развития международного права правовая доктрина трактует суверенитет как неотъемлемое свойство национальных государств. Зачастую из этого делается общий вывод о том, что только национальные государства являются полноправными субъектами международного права. История Святого Престола, верховного органа Римско-католической церкви и старейшего суверенного субъекта международного права, свидетельствует об обратном. Святой Престол, не будучи государством, обладает полной правосубъектностью. В отличие от современных государств, т. е. национальных государств, чья международная правосубъектность основана на территориальном суверенитете, Святой Престол обладает духовным суверенитетом, что обусловливает уникальность его международного статуса. = The article aims to determine the nature of the sovereignty of the Holy See and define the scope and particulars of its legal personality. The findings provided in the article are based on the analysis of international treaties, Canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, the official documents of the Holy See, and the Western legal doctrine. Sovereignty is the key concept used to determine the range of subjects of international law and, respectively, the scope of their legal personality. Modern legal doctrine interprets sovereignty as an inherent characteristic of a nation-state. Accordingly, it is often stated, nation-states are the only subjects of international law that enjoy full legal personality. However, the history of the Holy See, the universal government of the Roman Catholic Church and the oldest sovereign subject of international law, suggests otherwise. The Holy See enjoys full legal personality without being a state. Unlike modern states, i.e. nation-states, whose legal personality is founded on territorial sovereignty, the Holy See claims sovereignty of a spiritual nature thus acquiring a unique international status.

На сегодняшний день вопрос суверенитета стоит очень остро не только для Республики Беларусь, но и для других стран. Понятие суверенитета раскрывается через независимость государства во внешних делах и верховенство государственной власти во внутренних делах. Однако наряду с пышным «парадом суверенитетов», произошедшим в ХХ веке, в этом же столетии страны мира начали путь обратный от независимости. Страны, входящие в НАТО, Европейский Союз, не потеряли суверенитет, однако существенно ограничили свои права в некоторых вопросах. Страны бывшего СССР не отстают от стран Европы и создают такие наднациональные образования как: ЕАЭС, СНГ, Союзное государство. Все эти преобразования в сторону ухода от полной независимости, продиктованы глобализацией, которая охватывает практически все стороны жизни современного общества. Глобализация в целом способствует изменению и сокращению суверенных полномочий государств, и при этом процесс является двусторонним: с одной стороны, усиливаются факторы, объективно уменьшающие суверенитет стран, а с другой — большинство государств добровольно и сознательно идѐт на его ограничение. ; Today, the issue of sovereignty is very acute not only for the Republic of Belarus, but also for other countries. The concept of sovereignty is revealed through the independence of the state in foreign affairs and the supremacy of state power in internal affairs. However, along with the magnificent "parade of sovereignty" that took place in the twentieth century, in the same century the countries of the world began the path back from independence. The countries that are members of NATO, the European Union, have not lost their sovereignty, but significantly limited their rights in some matters. The countries of the former USSR do not lag behind the countries of Europe and create such supranational entities as: EAEU, CIS, Union State. All these transformations towards avoiding full independence are dictated by globalization, which covers almost all aspects of the life of modern society. Globalization as a whole contributes to the change and reduction of the sovereign powers of states, and the process is two-sided: on the one hand, factors are intensifying that objectively reduce the sovereignty of countries, and on the other, most states voluntarily and consciously limit it.

This study examines evolution of the content of the principle of sovereignty in relation to airspace and its consolidation in international law and the national legal systems of the state (on the example of the Republic of Belarus). The author in the work summarizes the scientific ideas about the essence of the principle, enshrined in the sources of international aviation law; identifies changes in legal understanding of the principle of sovereignty in the context of liberalization of the regulation of international flights; analyzes the legal status of sovereign airspace and the nature of new common aviation spaces created on its basis; considers aspects of implementation of the principle in national legislation (on the example of the Republic of Belarus); assesses the compliance of the air legislation of the Republic of Belarus with the obligations undertaken by the state to build a single airspace within the Eurasian Economic Union. The purpose of this work is to investigate the nature of the evolution in the legal understanding of the principle of complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace in the process of development of international aviation law. The object of the research is legal relation arising between the subjects of the international aviation law in the sovereign airspace in connection with the legal regulation of international flights. The subject of the research is complex of international and national law (by the example of the Republic of Belarus), in the norms of which the principle of complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace is realized. As a result of studying the topic, it was concluded that legal understanding of the principle of sovereignty, enshrined in the international aviation law, is undergoing significant changes on the background of global and regional development processes in international air navigation. There is a gradual development from the understanding of the principle as an instrument of absolute and unlimited freedom of states to control their air territory without putting into consideration other actors of the international aviation law. This tendency is growing and is primarily associated with integration of sovereign airspace of a certain states into common (single) regional airspaces and, as a result, with a change in the airspace regime and state's transfer of a part of its power to the supranational governing bodies of this common space. The principle of sovereignty in this context acts as a political and legal instrument that allows the state in integration associations to defend its sovereign rights to manage the state territory in a common space, as well as to choose its own pace of integration towards the "single sky" on the basis of balanced use of both liberal, and protective measures for regulating international flights in their skies. A comprehensive study of the problem allowed the author to clarify the definition of the concept of "the principle of sovereignty in relation to airspace"; to propose a new point of view on the periodization of the process of consolidation and implementation of the principle in the sources of international aviation law; to determine a group of public rights of the state arising in the conditions of the functioning of the new liberal aeropolitics; identify a number of factors that impede the state (by the example of the Republic of Belarus) to successfully implement integration processes in the field of building a single airspace, as well as propose recommendations for improving the Air Code of the Republic of Belarus. Methodological basis of the study is formed by general scientific methods of systemic and structural analysis, generalization, interpretation, as well as special scientific methods of historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal analysis. Practical significance of the work lies in the ability to use specific provisions, facts and conclusions set out in the dissertation research in specialized courses and academic subjects of international legal orientation, and will also be an asset author's employment in aviation sector.

This study examines evolution of the content of the principle of sovereignty in relation to airspace and its consolidation in international law and the national legal systems of the state (on the example of the Republic of Belarus). The author in the work summarizes the scientific ideas about the essence of the principle, enshrined in the sources of international aviation law; identifies changes in legal understanding of the principle of sovereignty in the context of liberalization of the regulation of international flights; analyzes the legal status of sovereign airspace and the nature of new common aviation spaces created on its basis; considers aspects of implementation of the principle in national legislation (on the example of the Republic of Belarus); assesses the compliance of the air legislation of the Republic of Belarus with the obligations undertaken by the state to build a single airspace within the Eurasian Economic Union. The purpose of this work is to investigate the nature of the evolution in the legal understanding of the principle of complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace in the process of development of international aviation law. The object of the research is legal relation arising between the subjects of the international aviation law in the sovereign airspace in connection with the legal regulation of international flights. The subject of the research is complex of international and national law (by the example of the Republic of Belarus), in the norms of which the principle of complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace is realized. As a result of studying the topic, it was concluded that legal understanding of the principle of sovereignty, enshrined in the international aviation law, is undergoing significant changes on the background of global and regional development processes in international air navigation. There is a gradual development from the understanding of the principle as an instrument of absolute and unlimited freedom of states to control their air territory without putting into consideration other actors of the international aviation law. This tendency is growing and is primarily associated with integration of sovereign airspace of a certain states into common (single) regional airspaces and, as a result, with a change in the airspace regime and state's transfer of a part of its power to the supranational governing bodies of this common space. The principle of sovereignty in this context acts as a political and legal instrument that allows the state in integration associations to defend its sovereign rights to manage the state territory in a common space, as well as to choose its own pace of integration towards the "single sky" on the basis of balanced use of both liberal, and protective measures for regulating international flights in their skies. A comprehensive study of the problem allowed the author to clarify the definition of the concept of "the principle of sovereignty in relation to airspace"; to propose a new point of view on the periodization of the process of consolidation and implementation of the principle in the sources of international aviation law; to determine a group of public rights of the state arising in the conditions of the functioning of the new liberal aeropolitics; identify a number of factors that impede the state (by the example of the Republic of Belarus) to successfully implement integration processes in the field of building a single airspace, as well as propose recommendations for improving the Air Code of the Republic of Belarus. Methodological basis of the study is formed by general scientific methods of systemic and structural analysis, generalization, interpretation, as well as special scientific methods of historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal analysis. Practical significance of the work lies in the ability to use specific provisions, facts and conclusions set out in the dissertation research in specialized courses and academic subjects of international legal orientation, and will also be an asset author's employment in aviation sector.

The latest phase of globalization and global crisis processes actualize and exacerbate the problem of economic sovereignty of national States. Mechanisms for its provision and protection are enshrined in country legislative systems and their constitutional components. Based on this, the author of the article, first of all, characterizes the constitutional and legal mechanisms that are rarely covered in the domestic literature, tested in the foreign experience that is instructive for Russia. Moreover, it is proposed to draw lessons from the negative elements of this experience: constitutional acts are sometimes late and either do not sufficiently protect certain elements of economic sovereignty (for example, in the scientific, industrial, technological and information spheres), or protect them only from «classic» threats, without reflecting new challenges (this applies, in particular, to ensuring resource-energy and financial sovereignty). Secondly, it proposes to make the analysis of economic sovereignty issues (as well as related issues of economic security) interdisciplinary and advocates the development of scientific areas that integrate economic and legal knowledge.

The constitutional principle of the sovereignty of the people is enshrined in the constitutions of democratic states as the basis of the democratic structure of society and the state. The problem of management culture is not sufficiently developed in the science (theory) of management. Although the scientific literature notes the complex nature of the concept of management culture, often in its definition, the emphasis is on ethics and management aesthetics. Apparently, the culture of governance in society (the culture of public administration, in particular) presupposes, first of all, the consistent fulfillment of all the requirements formulated by the science (theory) of management, or the content, process, dynamics and statics of management as a special kind of human activity. The author of the paper, noting the complex nature of the management culture, emphasizes the special importance of fulfilling the requirements of this science, which reflected in the principles and laws of governance, expressing the essential aspects of management activity. In this regard, as an essentially important manifestation of the culture of management, the paper analyzes the problems of implementing the constitutional principle of the sovereignty of the people and the objective law of the widest possible participation of citizens in governance.

The author discusses the reasons for Austria's favorable attitude towards Kosovo's independence. This attitude is analyzed in the overall context of the Austrian foreign policy and history of its relations with Kosovo. Austrian foreign policy is demonstrated to stem from its national identity and political culture.Keywords: Austria, foreign policy, national identity, Kosovo's independence. ; В статье объясняются причины положительного решения Австрии по вопросу суверенитета Косово. Это решение рассматривается в контексте внешнеполитической стратегии Австрии и истории ее взаимоотношений с Косово. Показаны истоки внешнеполитической стратегии Австрии в контексте ее национальной идентичности и культуры.Ключевые слова: Австрия, внешняя политика, национальная идентичность, независимость Косово.

The paper provides a historical retrospective of the transformations which led Kosovo from being one of the historical regions in the north-west of the Balkan Peninsular to becoming an autonomous political entity within Yugoslavia and, finally, to obtaining its own statehood. The paper further discusses the international reaction to Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence in 2008, revealing the two main principles of international law applicable to the Kosovo question: sovereignty and peoples' right to self-determination. A special focus is put on the ruling of the International Court of Justice regarding the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence. It is demonstrated that such decision considers Kosovo's declaration to be a fact by no means setting a precedent and that this decision does not involve the two international law principles mentioned above. However, the reaction of international actors to this ruling shows that the wide recognition of Kosovo's statehood is actually considered as precedent-setting. The result of the Kosovo case is destruction of the universal character of sovereignty as a principle of international law, which will inevitably lead to growing chaos in the international relations. ; В настоящей статье в исторической ретроспективе рассматривается путь края Косово от одной из исторических областей на северо-западе Балканского полуострова через трансформацию его в автономное политическое образование в рамках Югославии до создания собственной государственности. Рассмотрена международная реакция на провозглашение Косово независимости в одностороннем порядке в 2008 г. в аспекте, затрагивающем два основных принципа международного права, имеющих отношение к вопросу о Косово: суверенитет и право народов на самопределение. В частности, более подробно изучено решение Международного суда ООН по вопросу о правомочности декларации независимости Косово международному праву 2010 г. Показано, что данное решение рассматривает провозглашение независимости Косово как факт, не создающий прецедента, и не дает заключения о том, в какой мере затронуты два вышеназванных принципа международного права. Несмотря на это, реакция международных акторов на данное решение суда показывает, что широкое, хотя и не всеобъемлющее признание своей государственности, которое получила Республика Косово, расценивается как прецедентное. Итогом ситуации с Косово является разрушение универсальности суверенитета как принципа международного права, что, несомненно, ведет к нарастанию хаоса в международных отношениях.

В статье рассматриваются агитационные и пропагандистские мероприятия, осуществляемые партийными органами и их роль в организации и проведении военно-оборонительных мероприятии в Ульяновской области в 1941-1945 гг. Эти мероприятия считались эффективным методом профилактики преступности. Автор утверждает, что в годы Отечественной войны происходит увеличение роли агитации и пропаганды, как ключевого средства, способствующего улучшению морального состояния населения и поддержанию отлаженной работы тыла. В статье проведен анализ основных видов агитационно-пропагандисткой деятельности, таких как собрания домовладельцев, партийный суд. Средства массовой информации, в основном в форме газет и журналов, были наиболее массовыми источником информации, помогали поддерживать патриотический дух и беззаветную преданность Родине. В рассматриваемый период главным их содержанием стало освещение в печати боевых действий на фронтах и настойчивый, самоотверженный труд в тылу. Военно-технические и агитационные мероприятия успешно проводились и транслировались благодаря местной печати. Печать выступала не только как коллективный пропагандист и агитатор. Успешному проведению политической агитации содействовала мощная организационно-методическая работа. Эффективная организация политической работы была обусловлена постоянным и эффективным контролем за работой, проводимой агитаторами.

In the conditions of the globalization of national economies, the current situation in macroeconomics and, as a result, the need to improve the quality of life of the population it is necessary to clearly outline and resolve the following three strategic tasks of the country's agro-food complex: Ensuring the country's food sovereignty based on import substitution; improving the farm products competitiveness; ensuring high level standard of living at the rural area based on the social-economic development of the territories. The analysis of the government policy documents and concepts of developing the agricultural sector of economy has revealed the following. The state-run program for the farming sector development and regulation of the farmers' market, agricultural raw materials and food in 2013-2020 is the main functioning tool, a primary factor of accelerated agro-food import substitution, and a foundation for the new national agricultural policy. At the same time, the program does not answer the question, how one can really improve the competitiveness of the domestic farm products. It does not outline the tasks and mechanisms to raise the standard of living for the rural population. The article considers the necessity to increase the agrofood sector competitiveness as a prospective strategic direction in the government export policy. It clarifies the key factors of the influence on the competitiveness of the domestic farm products, namely: At the macroeconomic level - equivalence of cross-sector exchange, subsidizing and credit financing of the agro-food sector; at the sectoral level -Territorial and sectoral specialization in agricultural production and system of profit distribution between the producers, processors and retailers of the farm products. The article outlines the possible ways of employment assistance for the rural population being released as a result of improving the competitiveness of the agricultural production. It shows the advisability of formulating the single scientificallybased interministerial document in the form of the national strategy and some relevant programs to improve the competitiveness of the country's agro-food complex, employment and income of the rural population. © Diniz F., Vale Leito H. Text. 2016. © A. I. Altukhov, V. V. Drokin, A. S. Zhuravlev, 2016. ; Рассмотрена необходимость повышения конкурентоспособности агропродовольственного сектора как перспективного стратегического направления экспортной политики государства. Уточнены основные факторы влияния на конкурентоспособность отечественной сельскохозяйственной продукции. Обозначены возможные направления трудоустройства сельского населения. Показана целесообразность разработки единого научно обоснованного межведомственного документа в виде национальной стратегии и соответствующих программ повышения конкурентоспособности агропродовольственного комплекса страны, занятости и доходов сельского населения.

The author examines the conceptualizations of the notion of "sovereignty" in the written statements of the US and Argentina at the UN International Court of Justice on the question of the accordance of the unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo with the international law. The analysis relies on the methodology proposed by Michael Freeden for the study of political ideology. The viability of this methodology for the linguistic study of ideological texts and for the study of conceptualizations of political notions is demonstrated.Key words: sovereignty, Kosovo, conceptual analysis, concept, Michael Freeden. ; В статье анализируются варианты концептуализации понятия «суверенитет», представленные в ходе обсуждения Международным судом ООН вопроса о независимости Республики Косово в письменных заявлениях США и Аргентины. Методология анализа соответствует схеме, предложенной Майклом Фриденом для изучения политических идеологий. В статье делается вывод, что данная методология может быть с успехом применена при лингвистическом изучении идеологических текстов и изучении механизмов концептуализации политических понятий.Ключевые слова: суверенитет, Косово, концептуальный анализ, концепт, Майкл Фриден.