Suchergebnisse

This article touches upon the world-scale policy which is being carried on providing tolerance and tranquility, plus accomplishing international political-legal basis, as well as effective cooperation and international initiatives of Uzbekistan with UNESCO

In today's world, state cooperation is carried out in almost all aspects of political, social and economic life. The interaction of States on high technologies in medicine is not something new and is carried out in a wide range of clinical areas. The cooperation of States in the field of organ donation and transplantation is not limited to the exchange of clinical experience between specialists from different countries or the provision of medical care in a particular case. On the one hand, this direction affects many aspects of social life of man, and needs special legal regulation. On the other hand, it is an effective organizational mechanism, the use of which by States can contribute to saving the lives and health of their own citizens through the inter-state exchange of donor organs. The most important goal of inter-state cooperation is to unite the efforts of the relevant state institutions and services to combat the illegal organ donation and transplantation tourism. ; В современном мире сотрудничество государств осуществляется практически по всем аспектам политической и социально-экономической жизни. Взаимодействие государств по вопросам высоких технологий в медицине не является чем-то новым и осуществляется по широкому спектру клинических направлений. Сотрудничество государств в области донорства органов и трансплантации не ограничивается обменом клиническим опытом между специалистами из разных стран или оказанием медицинской помощи в конкретном случае. С одной стороны, данное направление затрагивает многочисленные стороны социальной жизни человека и нуждается в особом нормативно-правовом регулировании. С другой стороны, является эффективным организационным механизмом, использование которого государствами может способствовать спасению жизни и здоровья собственных граждан посредством межгосударственного обмена донорскими органами. Важнейшей целью межгосударственного сотрудничества является объединение усилий соответствующих государственных институтов и служб по противодействию незаконному изъятию донорских органов и трансплантационному туризму.

The article focuses on cross-border cooperation of post-Soviet de facto states (Abkhazia, Donetsk, and Lugansk people's republics, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, and South Ossetia) from the early 1990s until 2021. The author argues that in the most of examined cases cross-border cooperation of post-Soviet de facto states is not particularly effective. It can be largely explained by de facto states' complicated political relations with some adjacent recognized states, the illegitimacy of de facto borders for many potential partners, limited economic potentials of de facto states, perceiving them as a potential source of threats and instability even by friendly adjacent legitimate states, and over-centralized management of cross-border interactions by governments. Despite numerous problems, cross-border cooperation between post-Soviet de facto states and adjacent provinces of the relevant patron state (that is Russia) largely contributes to solving a de facto state's survival problems in the domains of health care, communication, and economic development. It should be noted that Russia's cooperation with those de facto states whose independence it has recognized is much more dynamic than cooperation with a non-recognized state. Cross-border cooperation between parent states and their "breakaway territories" is in its infancy in most cases. Relatively successful cooperation between Moldova and Transnistria can be considered as a partial exception but even in this case cooperation is periodically complicated with political contradictions. Finally, cross-border cooperation of a de facto state with a third country (Ukraine-Transnistria) is complicated with non-recognition and unfavorable political situation, while cooperation between two de facto states (between Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics) by hypercentralized governance in both republics. ; Статья посвящена приграничному сотрудничеству постсоветских де-факто государств (Абхазии, Донецкой и Луганской народных республик, Приднестровской Молдавской Республики и Южной Осетии) за период с начала 1990-х годов по 2021 г. Приграничное сотрудничество большинства постсоветских де-факто государств, за исключением Приднестровья, не отличается особой эффективностью. Свою роль играют сложные политические отношения с частью сопредельных государств, нелегитимность де-факто границ для значительной части потенциальных партнеров, чрезмерный контроль центральных органов власти над кросс-граничными связями, ограниченность экономических потенциалов де-факто государств и восприятие их соседями (включая даже союзников) как потенциального источника угроз и нестабильности. При всех имеющихся проблемах сотрудничество постсоветских де-факто государств с сопредельными регионами государства-«покровителя» («патрона», в данном случае России), по большей части, решает наиболее острые проблемы выживания де-факто государства, его функционирования в сферах здравоохранения, связи, развития ряда отраслей экономики. При этом сотрудничество России с признанными им постсоветскими де-факто государствами гораздо шире и разнообразнее, чем с непризнанными. Приграничное сотрудничество между де-факто государствами и прежде контролировавшими их территории материнскими государствами в большинстве случаев находится в зачаточном состоянии. Частичным исключением можно считать относительно успешное сотрудничество между Молдавией и Приднестровьем, которое, однако, регулярно осложняется многочисленными политическими противоречиями. Наконец, приграничное сотрудничество де-факто государства с третьей страной (ПМР–Украина) осложняется фактором непризнанности и неблагоприятной политической конъюнктурой, а между двумя непризнанными государствами (ДНР-ЛНР) – гиперцентрализацией управления в обеих республиках.

Until lately economic relations of Caspian littoral states were mainly developed on bilateral basis. Level of five-lateral cooperation evidently because of various reasons didn't matchthe intensity in political dialogue and dynamics of communication in different other segments.Focus on oil and gas sector and aspiration for separation were dominating. Still possible formatsof All-Caspian interaction have been discussed since the Second Caspian Summit 2007. Whileexperience of successful co-working and mutual trust were growing, with new priorities in economic development set (first of all - transport and infrastructure) the Caspian Littoral States started seeking for a suitable common platform. A new chapter for the "Caspian Five" in this segmentwas open with the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea signed at the highest levelin August 2018, as well as intergovermental Agreements on cooperation in trade, economic andtransport fields. Decision to organize the first Caspian Economic Forum in Turkmenistan on August, 12 this year under participation of governments' members and business delegations of thelittoral states is significant. Cooperation in this format can bring a good synergy. ; До недавнего времени экономические отношения прикаспийских государствразвивались преимущественно по двусторонней линии. Уровень пятистороннего сотрудничества по ряду причин явно не соответствовал интенсивности политического диалога,динамике связей в иных отраслях. Преобладала фокусировка на нефтегазовом секторе,стремление к обособленности. Вместе с тем со времени Второго каспийского саммитав 2007 г. всерьез обсуждался вопрос о возможных форматах общекаспийской кооперации.По мере накопления опыта успешного взаимодействия и роста взаимного доверия, а также определения новых приоритетных направлений экономического развития (в первуюочередь — транспортно-инфраструктурных проектов) прикаспийские страны приступилик поиску оптимальной совместной платформы. Подписание в августе 2018 г. на высшемуровне Конвенции о правовом статусе Каспийского моря, а также межправительственных соглашений о сотрудничестве в торгово-экономической и транспортной сферах вкупес решением о созыве 12 августа текущего года в Туркменистане первого Каспийского экономического форума с участием членов правительств и представителей бизнеса прибрежных стран открывают новую главу в данном сегменте сотрудничества «Каспийской пятерки». Сотрудничество в этом формате способно дать хороший синергетический эффект.

Basic issues of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and countries of the Persian Gulf Arab States Cooperation Council (GCC) are discussed. Despite mutual interest, relations between GCC states and Russia could not have reached sufficiently high level, specifically owing tothe influence of political factors. At the same time, in spite of rather small trade volumes and poor economic relations between Russia and GCC states, their cooperation prospects may be considered as sufficiently optimistic. ; Статья посвящена рассмотрению основных вопросов торгово-экономического сотрудничества России и стран Совета содружества арабских государств Персидского залива (ССАГПЗ). Отмечается, что, несмотря на взаимный интерес, отношения между государствами ССАГПЗ и Россией на текущий момент не смогли достичь высокого уровня, в том числе по причине влияния политического фактора. Вместе с тем, несмотря на относительно небольшие объёмы торгово-экономических связей России с государствами ССАГПЗ, перспективы взаимодействия между ними представляются в достаточной степени оптимистичными.

The article deals with the main directions of cooperation in the sphere of education within the framework of the Union State. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time it formulates and introduces the authors' research position, clearly outlines the boundaries separating the processes which take place within the Union State, and traces the development of the Russian-Belarusian interaction. In the context of this concept the authors identify and formulate the main stages of development of these processes and systematize the main trends of formation of the normative-legal base of the common educational space and measures for its practical implementation. They examine the interaction between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus within the Union State framework in the general context of the Union State building. The following stages are outlined: the preliminary stage from 1995 through 1999 included the maintenance of equal rights of citizens at the level of interstate relations and in the beginning of the Union State building; the second stage from 1999 through 2012 provided the normative-legal base of the educational space of the Union State and implementation of the existing norms; the third stage from 2012 through 2018 was characterized by gradual growth of attention of the governing bodies of the Union State to the problems of humanitarian cooperation, adaptation of the normative-legal acts to the actual changes in the sphere of education of the two countries; the fourth stage from 2018 until now is regarded as a high time for formation of a single space of education of the Union State for further development of integration. The article categorizes and characterizes the actions taken by the bodies of the Union State, educational institutions and professional circles in order to develop cooperation in the field of education. The study identifies the role of diaspora public organizations in the processes under consideration. The authors conclude about the special role of educational and scientific organizations, professional associations and civil society institutions of the two countries in the development of a unified educational space.

For the first time in Russian-language historiography on the basis of an analysis of the most important components of Franco-German cooperation in the field of higher education the evolution of cooperation between higher education institutions of France and Germany in the post-war period is presented. The prerequisites for Franco-German cooperation after the Second World War are determined. The evolution of academic mobility between these countries is considered. The results of activities to create equivalents of documents on higher education in France and Germany are revealed. The Franco-German joint institutions of higher education are characterized. The aim of this work is to consider the evolution of cooperation between France and Germany in the field of higher education in the post-war period of time through the prism of its key aspects. The relevance of this study is due to the lack of research on this issue in Russian-language historiography. In addition, the study of Franco-German relations in the field of science and higher education in the post-war period is also of practical importance, since the experience of this cooperation, or its individual aspects, can be used in the field of higher education and science of our state. As a result of the analysis of key aspects of the Franco-German university cooperation, the following stages were identified in bilateral cooperation. 1. Establishment of Franco-German educational cooperation (1949–1963) – a period of post-war contradictions and the emergence of academic mobility between universities in France and Germany. The intensification of Franco-German cooperation in higher education was due to the unfolding Cold War and the ongoing process of European integration: the cultural sphere acted as a means of overcoming Franco-German antagonism. 2. Franco-German cooperation after the conclusion of the Treaty of Elysee (1963 – the end of the 1970s) – a period of expansion of academic mobility and the creation of new tools for its implementation; at the same time, this period of cooperation was marked by a shift in the attention of the governments of France and Germany towards national education issues. 3. The beginning of the process of institutionalization of Franco-German cooperation (late 1970s – 1993). The transition to the third stage of cooperation is due to the emergence of new trends in bilateral educational partnerships: the creation of coordinating institutes and joint educational institutions and the beginning of solving the problem of equivalence of diplomas. 4. The cooperation of France and Germany after the formation of the EU in 1993 – the Franco-German partnership at the present stage and within the European Higher Education Area. The implementation of the provisions of the Bologna Agreement in practice significantly unified the higher education systems of France and Germany, which facilitated bilateral academic exchanges, and the two countries' participation in European educational programs became an additional incentive for their intensification.

The article discusses the main problems and prospects for the development of BRICS as an organization that is important for fostering international cooperation of developing countries. For a detailed study of areas of cooperation, Starn examines the history and background of the organization, reviews existing international legal acts relating to the cooperation of the BRICS member countries, analyzes the current state of economic and political relations between states and the results achieved. In conclusion, it offers topical methods and measures to improve the cooperation of states within the framework of this organization in order to most effectively achieve common goals.

The subject of the study is the financial and economic activities of the subjects of domestic credit cooperation at the present stage. The purpose of the work is to determine the contradictions in the functioning of credit consumer cooperatives (at the micro and macro levels) and to develop practical measures to resolve them. The article singles out seven main groups of problems an unbalanced structure of the rights and obligations of the shareholders of credit cooperatives, low degree of state regulation of the credit cooperative market, instability in the subject composition of the credit cooperative market, low degree of security of the invested funds in credit cooperatives, ultra-low openness of financial statistics of credit cooperation, low transparency of the conditions for the provision of financial services by credit 83 cooperatives, insufficient attention to strategic planning and conducting scientific and practical consultations.

Ключевые слова: безопасность; военно-техническое сотрудничество; высокоточное оружие; оборонительные системы; развитие; специализация; этапы; эффективность. = International Military-Technical Cooperation of Belarus: Modern State and Perspectives ; В статье рассматриваются этапы развития (этап становления: 1991—2003 гг.; этап упорядочения и стабилизации: 2003—2018 гг.; этап инновационного прорыва: с 2018 г. по настоящее время) и актуальные проблемы совершенствования военно-технического сотрудничества Республики Беларусь с иностранными государствами. Особое внимание уделяется влиянию дипломатического обеспечения на эффективность указанного процесса, специфике данной формы межгосударственного взаимодействия в контексте актуальных тенденций на рынке вооружений, задач укрепления национальной и региональной безопасности. Делается вывод о том, что выпуск некоторых видов новой военной продукции сдерживается ограниченностью финансовых ресурсов и некоторыми техническими проблемами. Предлагается преодолеть упомянутые трудности за счет более активного поиска инвесторов, освоения новых организационно-управленческих и правовых возможностей сотрудничества с иностранными партнерами, интенсификации дипломатической поддержки взаимодействия. Данная позиция обусловлена пониманием необходимости укрепления национальной и региональной безопасности, закрепления условий устойчивого социально-экономического развития страны и ее научного потенциала с помощью не только политического инструментария, но и поставок партнерам Беларуси разрабатываемых и выпускаемых в республике современных высокоточных оборонительных систем. ; The article deals with the stages of development (the stage of formation: 1991—2003; the stage of regularisation and stabilisation: 2003—2018; the stage of the innovation breakthrough: from 2018 — present) and actual problems of improving military-technical cooperation of the Republic of Belarus with foreign countries. Special attention is paid to the infl uence of diplomatic support on the eff ectiveness of this process, the specifi cs of this form of interstate interaction in the context of current trends in the arms market, the tasks of strengthening national and regional security. It is concluded that the production of some types of new military products is constrained by limited fi nancial resources and some technical problems. It is proposed to overcome these diffi culties through a more active search for investors, the development of new organisational, managerial and legal opportunities for cooperation with foreign partners, the intensifi cation of diplomatic support for this interaction. This position is based on the understanding of the necessity to strengthen national and regional security, consolidate the conditions for sustainable socio-economic development of the country and its scientifi c potential with the help of not only political tools, but also with the supply of modern developed and produced in the country high-precision defense systems to the partners of Belarus.

The European Union pursues an active foreign policy both in a form of bilateral ties with sovereign states and while interacting with regional associations. The article considers the strategic attractiveness of the Persian Gulf region for the European Union as well as EU's external regional policy (European interregionalism) towards the Gulf Cooperation Council. The paper analyzes the methodological basis of the European interregionalism, the goals and specific directions of the EU's policy in the region, the mechanisms for its implementation, strategic changes in the EU's policy while taking into account the Arab Spring. The authors conclude that the cooperation initially planned in Brussels on the basis of exporting the liberal values could not stand the test of the Arab Spring. In the Global Strategy of 2016 the EU introduced changes that envisage a differentiated approach in the policy of European interregionalism. In the final part, the authors draw the conclusion about the effectiveness of the new EU Global strategy towards the GCC. © 2019 Institute of Europe Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

The article discusses the role and importance of regional trade and economic cooperation of Uzbekistan with the countries of Central Asia in modern conditions. The necessity of further deepening of the cooperation in order to increase the competitiveness of national producers, ensure sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty is emphasized. The geographical location and remoteness from the main centers of the world market, the similarities of customs, mentality, tastes and preferences of the population of the countries of the region, awareness of the legislation of neighboring countries in the field of foreign trade, logistics, production management reinforce significance of the problem of further deepening of trade and economic cooperation between the countries of the region. The reforms carried out in Uzbekistan in recent years, significant liberalization of the foreign trade regime and the implementation of a new open, good-neighborly and friendly policy with neighboring countries, enshrined in the Action Strategy for the five priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017 - 2021, are reflected in the dynamic development of trade and economic cooperation of Uzbekistan with the states of the region. However, there are significant unrealized potentials in this area. In order to implement tthese potentials, the article proposes measures to reform customs services, suggests initiatives to simplify trade procedures, create various forms of international special economic zones, form a common market for agricultural products, and make conditions for building regional agricultural-food clusters. According to the author's views, the implementation of suggested measures will become important factor to reduce transport expenditure in the cost of goods, expand market capacity and achieve economies of scale, diversify choices of raw materials, form competitive commodity markets in the region and reduce price volatility on them. All this, in turn, will lead to increase in the attractiveness of the regional market for foreign investment, growth of export potential and more efficient use of the advantages of the international labor division and international trade.