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AbstractRegional organizations sometimes intervene to preserve democracy in one of their Member States. When a regional organization has developed a democratic identity, non‐intervention in case of violation of democratic principles would damage its credibility domestically and internationally. Nonetheless, violations of democratic principles sometimes go unsanctioned. Building on case studies of (non‐)interventions by the EU, Mercosur and SADC, we show that the ideational costs of pressure by third parties and the interests of the regional leading powers can explain the enforcement of democracy by regional organizations. Third party pressure remains ineffective, however, when there is a clash between regional identities.

Changes in the membership, guidelines, & procedures of the Australia Group (AG), Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), & Wassenaar Arrangement are surveyed. In response to the September 2001 terrorist attacks on the US, new ideas on the role of export controls in counterterrorism were put forward in the AG, the NSG, & the Wassenaar Arrangement. MTCR participating states agreed to the text of an International Code of Conduct (ICOC) aimed at discouraging ballistic missile proliferation. A decision on implementing the ICOC is expected in 2002. The NSG continued to discuss how to respond to decisions by Russia related to nuclear supply, which are considered to violate the NSG guidelines. 1 Table. Adapted from the source document.

This article examines the network of Chinese-led regional platforms, established throughout the developing world in the twenty-first century. It seeks to identify the common features of Chinese-led regional multilateralism: its normative basis, institutionalization patterns and the scope of cooperation. A comparative study of three selected platforms established in Central and Eastern Europe (16 + 1), Africa (FOCAC), and Latin America (CCF) is provided. These comprehensive dialogue mechanisms are based on Chinese-backed norms of non-binding agreements, voluntarism and consensus, derived from the tradition of South-South cooperation. This translates into a flexible and loose institutional structure that enables China to combine multilateral and bilateral approaches, creating a highly adaptable blueprint for managing foreign relations on a regional scale. The article evaluates the outcomes of the Chinese-led regional model and discusses the implications of the findings for the understanding of China's evolving foreign policy. (J Contemp China/GIGA)

Purpose - There is a growing emphasis on the need to integrate research and practice in the fields of domestic and sexual violence. However, additional research is needed to identify strategies for key stakeholders to use to bridge research and practice in these areas. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach - The current study analyzed qualitative data collected during a statewide conference for researchers and practitioners whose work addresses domestic and/or sexual violence. Findings - The findings provide information about building effective researcher-practitioner collaborations, developing methodologically sound studies that address practice-relevant research questions, and identifying steps that funders, state coalitions, researchers, and practitioners can take to advance the integration of research and practice. Research limitations/implications - Additional research is needed to evaluate specific approaches to better integrating research and practice related to domestic and sexual violence. Practical implications - Researcher-practitioner collaborations offer numerous benefits to advancing research and practice related to domestic and sexual violence. Additional guidance and tangible support is needed to foster these collaborations. Originality/value - This study used data collected during an innovative conference that brought together researchers and practitioners. The data have implications for furthering the integration of research and practice related to domestic and sexual violence. Adapted from the source document.

As school closures are on the rise across the nation, it becomes important to study these disappearing spaces. We frame the recent rash of school closings and their impact on communities through the concept of erasure, which we see as the uprooting of a particular space to make room for innovation. In this article, we consider such examples of erasure, ghosts of institutional memory, and remembrance in disappearing or reconstituted sites: specifically, 2 high schools. We discuss commonalities and differences in the ways in which these concepts manifest across these 2 sites, the first taking place in the Northeast in the mid-1990s as reflective of community-led activism and teacher union collaboration and the second in the Midwest 10 years into federal and state school accountability reform efforts, where school closure is one of several interventions for schools struggling academically. Both sites were informed by methods that have participatory elements, an action orientation, and a deeply critical and historical lens. Influenced by Apfelbaum's (2000) discussion of the obligation of remembrance and Fullilove's (2004) reflection on "root shock" in urban renewal processes, we understand erasure as a deeply psychological response to failure and conflict. We conclude by reexamining the notion of productive conflict as a necessary element in educational change. Adapted from the source document.

The financial crisis may pose a risk as well as offer an opportunity for the European defence sector: on the one hand, it sounds plausible that shrinking budgets increase the pressure on member states to cooperate and thus overcome the EU's problems related to capability development and restructuring of the defence industries and markets. On the other hand, national prerogatives still dominate despite a decade of rhetoric and initiatives for more cooperation and less state in EU defence. If this national focus continues to dominate under current financial circumstances, EU member states run the risk to implement cuts in their Armed Forces in an uncoordinated way. As a result, member states might end up with potentially even bigger capability gaps than they have today and hence even less opportunities to implement the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). This study provides a comprehensive and detailed overview on the ongoing impact of the financial crisis on EU Member States defence spending. In addition, it examines the potential of overcoming the need to cut defence spending by greater cooperation in the framework of the European Union and by drawing upon the innovations in the Lisbon Treaty. The study highlights the need to address the challenges of the economic crisis, a growing number of initiatives by various EU countries as well as the opportunities the Lisbon Treaty offers for pursuing an effective defence sector strategy that goes beyond the current incremental approach. The study has been requested to provide Members of the European Parliament, broader defence policy community and European public a first comprehensive overview of the impact of the financial crisis on European defence and at the EU level, as well as its wider impact on the future of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). It includes recommendations to be developed by the European Parliament and decision makers at the national and EU level in order to address the economic crisis whilst ensuring Europe retains defence capabilities to respond to future security challenges.

The inauguration of the mixed court of tangier on june 1, 1925, marked the beginning of a new experiment in international cooperation for the administration of justice. While it is perhaps too early for any definite conclusions to be drawn as to the success and significance of this experiment, enough time may have elapsed for some useful study to be made of it and possibly for some forecast of its future.

Does Suárez's view that political authority rests on consent or agreement make him a herald of modern contractarian theories of the state, as Quentin Skinner has argued? Or does Suárez have a fundamentally different conception of political authority? The paper will argue the latter. Modern theories of coercive authority view it as a product of human artifice, with the functions both of facilitating cooperation through coordination and of threatening sanction to contain ill will. For Suárez, by contrast, coercive authority is divinely instituted, in various ways, and has the further function of enabling the proper human exercise of or response to forms of power that are not ordinary causation. In particular coercive authority acts as a channel and teacher for forms of power that are normative – that constitute various forms of the power of truth or of goodness. Coercive authority exists at the natural level as the authority of the state, channeling the power of natural reason in relation to the good of a community, and at the supernatural level as the authority of the Church channeling the power of grace. Central to the functioning of authority at both the natural and supernatural levels is the coercive direction of belief. This is a conception of authority that is very alien to modern political theory – thanks, in large part, to the influence of Hobbes.

Competitiveness of the U.S. Minerals and Metals Industry -- Copyright -- Abstract -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- TECHNOLOGY AND COMPETITIVENESS -- Industry -- Academe -- Government -- Bureau of Mines -- Government-Academic-Industrial Cooperation -- RECOMMENDED ACTIONS -- 1 U.S. Minerals and Metals Industry in a Changing Global Context -- WORLD MINERALS AND METALS INDUSTRY -- Globalization of Production and Ownership -- Changing Patterns of Supply and Demand -- Changing Corporate Structure of the Industry -- TRENDS IN THE U.S. INDUSTRY -- REVIVAL OF THE MINERALS AND METALS INDUSTRY -- Factors Leading to the Recovery -- Effects of the Recovery -- Outlook for the Industry -- REFERENCES -- 2 Supply, Demand, and Competitiveness -- OVERVIEW OF THE MINERALS AND METALS INDUSTRY -- TRENDS IN MINERAL AND METAL PRODUCTION -- Aluminum -- Steel -- Base Metals -- Copper -- Lead -- Zinc -- TRENDS IN METALS DEMAND -- Current Status of Materials Demand -- Near-Term Trends in Materials Consumption -- Trends in Industry Use of Materials -- COMPETITIVENESS OF THE U.S. INDUSTRY -- Shifts in U.S. Competitiveness -- General Trends -- Competitiveness by Sector -- Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages of the U.S. Industry -- Technology and U.S. Comparative Advantage -- Data Analysis for Materials Planning -- 3 Role of Science and Technology in Minerals and Metals Competitiveness Issues -- BACKGROUND -- EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES -- Exploration Geology -- Mapping and Surveying -- Geophysics -- Geochemistry -- Drilling Technology -- Directions for Future R&D -- MINING TECHNOLOGIES -- Current Mining Technologies -- Limitations of Present Mining Technology -- The Case for New Technology -- Directions for Future R&D -- MINERAL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES -- Current Mineral Processing Technologies -- Directions for Future R&D.