Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this short article is to argue that measures likely to promote structural reform should be given a higher priority in British agricultural policy, and in particular that Government expenditure should be so adjusted that less emphasis is placed on protection and more on the adaptation required to fit the industry for a competitive international environment. This is a question which has been much discussed recently, and it is the aim of this article to summarise the case as it at present appears. British Policy is still too closely tied to the pattern which was devised to meet the problems of the post‐war years. It is clear to all that the present situation differs fundamentally from that which existed between 1945 and 1952. Yet measures which were designed in times of food shortage are still given great emphasis; and though farmers now realise that maximum output with little regard to cost is no longer the aim, no new objective has yet been set. In consequence one sometimes sees a rather confused mixture of measures designed to restrain the growth of output imposed on top of those which were originally intended to raise it: price subsidies are paid with one hand, while quotas or acreage restrictions are imposed with the other. This climate of confusion and uncertainty cannot help in the task of raising the industry's productivity which ought to be the primary aim. The time seems ripe, therefore, for the Government to state clearly the objectives which agriculture should be trying to meet in present circumstances and then to redesign its policy so that priority would be given to measures which are most likely to assist in their attainment.

Land Reform in Japan has been regarded as one of the most successful and drastic in the world. But it has been confronting the new phase of structural problems which requires resolution from the point of view of the long‐run prospect of agriculture and national economy.Policies for establishment of owner‐farmers introduced by the reform gave an incentive to high productivity and secured the stability of the farmer's household. However, since the stage of so‐called High Economic Growth, the small‐scale farming and fragmentary holding of arable land have resulted in a bottleneck to the further development of the Japanese economy.

Political scientists have approached the study of administrative organizations with widely divergent purposes and modes of analysis. The early studies in this field were suffused with a desire to improve administrative institutions. Attention was centred on the "problems" of administrative accountability, red tape and inertia, administrative efficiency, and the public's low estimation of government service. Emphasis in these early studies was placed on the description of formal institutions and arrangements, since these arrangements, rather than informal behavioural patterns, were amenable to reform. This approach still characterizes the great body of literature on "public administration" in all western countries.In the 1930s and 1940s some American political scientists began to focus their analysis on the "leadership" or "political" behaviour of top-level administrators. Rejecting the notion that public administration could be studied or taught apart from the general concerns of political science, this approach viewed administration as simply one phase in the political process. Emphasis was shifted from the internal aspects of administrative organizations to the environmental or "political" problems of these organizations. Emphasis was shifted from reform to value-free, neutral analysis. This "administrative politics" approach developed at the same time as the "behavioural revolution" in American political science and applied many aspects of that revolution to the study of public administration.

THIS STUDY EMPLOYS DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS TO TEST THE CAPACITY OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND REGIONAL VARIABLES TO PREDICT CITY GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE-MAYOR VERSUS MANAGER GOVERNMENT, PARTISAN VERSUS NONPARTISAN ELECTIONS, AND WARD VERSUS AT-LARGE COUNCIL CONSITUENCIES. AMBIGUITIES IN THE EXISTING LITERATURE REGUARDING THE RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF ETHNICITY VERSUS REGIONALISM ON STRUCTURAL REFORM ARE CLARIFIED.

Change within contemporary social systems is analyzed from an historical perspective to delineate what factors determine change & the role of each structural element during the process of change. Functionalist research & systems analysis techniques are defined & used. 5 complimentary historical approaches--history as process, organization, struggle, spontaneity, & social reorganization--are discussed, outlining major factors of change. Encompassing those approaches, the concept of history as systems has been influenced by cybernetics. Decisions leading to intersystematic change are advocated for both revolutionary organizations & conservative organizations. The revolutionaries might benefit from changes leading to effective revolutionary organization while the conservatives might best attempt to institute structural reforms leading to social adjustment on a macroscale. S. Lupton.