Suchergebnisse

This study rests on Agribiom, a simple world food-balance model in calories connecting land use and agricultural production to biomass consumption in various forms (food, feed, biofuel, etc.). This tool is used to revisit and discuss the 2012 revision of the "World Agriculture Towards 2030/50" of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Conversion and aggregation into calories of country-wise and product-wise detailed FAO data in tonnes (demand, production and trade) for 2005-07 and 2050 help to synthesize the FAO projections and their assumptions for nine world regions, including Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the focus of this study. Our regional FAO-based scenarios in calories are then compared and discussed with Agribiom historical estimates from 1961 to 2007 in various fields (cultivated area, yield, net trade, population and food diet, other uses of food biomass). In the last section, we question three critical points that challenge the projection of SSA in the global food system: the population projections (total and active), the agricultural labour productivity, the widening gap of income between farm and non-farm jobs.

This study rests on Agribiom, a simple world food-balance model in calories connecting land use and agricultural production to biomass consumption in various forms (food, feed, biofuel, etc.). This tool is used to revisit and discuss the 2012 revision of the "World Agriculture Towards 2030/50" of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Conversion and aggregation into calories of country-wise and product-wise detailed FAO data in tonnes (demand, production and trade) for 2005-07 and 2050 help to synthesize the FAO projections and their assumptions for nine world regions, including Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the focus of this study. Our regional FAO-based scenarios in calories are then compared and discussed with Agribiom historical estimates from 1961 to 2007 in various fields (cultivated area, yield, net trade, population and food diet, other uses of food biomass). In the last section, we question three critical points that challenge the projection of SSA in the global food system: the population projections (total and active), the agricultural labour productivity, the widening gap of income between farm and non-farm jobs.

This study rests on Agribiom, a simple world food-balance model in calories connecting land use and agricultural production to biomass consumption in various forms (food, feed, biofuel, etc.). This tool is used to revisit and discuss the 2012 revision of the "World Agriculture Towards 2030/50" of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Conversion and aggregation into calories of country-wise and product-wise detailed FAO data in tonnes (demand, production and trade) for 2005-07 and 2050 help to synthesize the FAO projections and their assumptions for nine world regions, including Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the focus of this study. Our regional FAO-based scenarios in calories are then compared and discussed with Agribiom historical estimates from 1961 to 2007 in various fields (cultivated area, yield, net trade, population and food diet, other uses of food biomass). In the last section, we question three critical points that challenge the projection of SSA in the global food system: the population projections (total and active), the agricultural labour productivity, the widening gap of income between farm and non-farm jobs.

This study rests on Agribiom, a simple world food-balance model in calories connecting land use and agricultural production to biomass consumption in various forms (food, feed, biofuel, etc.). This tool is used to revisit and discuss the 2012 revision of the "World Agriculture Towards 2030/50" of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Conversion and aggregation into calories of country-wise and product-wise detailed FAO data in tonnes (demand, production and trade) for 2005-07 and 2050 help to synthesize the FAO projections and their assumptions for nine world regions, including Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the focus of this study. Our regional FAO-based scenarios in calories are then compared and discussed with Agribiom historical estimates from 1961 to 2007 in various fields (cultivated area, yield, net trade, population and food diet, other uses of food biomass). In the last section, we question three critical points that challenge the projection of SSA in the global food system: the population projections (total and active), the agricultural labour productivity, the widening gap of income between farm and non-farm jobs.

This article has sought to identify the main possible reforms that could enable the Franc area, if not to become an optimal currency area, at least to move closer to one. On the political level, research has shown that policies for the allocation of production factors (fertile land, modern working tools, financial resources) are less favorable to the food sector than to the agricultural export sector. By prioritizing the objectives of the modern agricultural sector over the superior means in terms of quantity and quality devoted to it, this option has made the extroversion of the economies of the PAZFs inevitable. Their dependence on the outside world has been a brake on inter-African trade and, by ricochet, an obstacle to endogenous development. Compared to the secondary sector, the PAZFs have a poorly developed industrial fabric limited to a few industries processing agricultural products or extracting and/or processing mining raw materials. All in all, the PAZFs appear to be small-scale economies, fairly highly extroverted and whose specialization in the production and export of raw materials makes them particularly vulnerable to exogenous factors. To overcome this impasse, we have proposed in this article reforms aimed at making the economic integration of the PAZFs an instrument of endogenous development of these countries by taking into account the factors at the origin of these characteristics. Thus, in the first part of this article, we approached the issue of structural reforms by considering that they imply the need to meet certain preconditions related to education, health, infrastructure and the transformation of rentier economies into productive economies. As for the structural reforms themselves, they have been identified as factors of change and development of the agricultural and industrial sectors with a view to intensifying intra-CFA zone trade and promoting self-centred development of the PAZFs. ; Des études antérieures ont rapporté des résultats mitigés et ambigus de la relation entre les Il ...

Résumé Cet article présente l'architecture des fonds européens, telle qu'elle est conçue pour intégrer les nouveaux Etats membres. La période de programmation 2007-2013 montre le rôle important joué par l'Union européenne pour la politique de cohésion économique et sociale. L'UE a adopté une proposition pour le prochain cadre financier multi-annuel 2014-2020: un budget pour réaliser la stratégie Europe 2020. Cet article cherche à analyser le nouveau cadre des fonds structurels européens, tel que les Etats membres doivent le prendre en considération dans la conception des programmes opérationnels pour la période 2014-2020. L'auteur a également analysé les bénéfices des fonds structurels et à chercher à identifier les principales contraintes dans la capacité d'absorption à long terme et à court terme. En outre, l'auteur examine la structure de l'économie roumaine, afin d'identifier les secteurs économiques d'intérêts national qui nécessite un financement de fonds structurels pour la période de programmation 2014-2020.

The Turkish economy has traditionally been characterized by high volatility with periods of significant growth followed inevitably by deep recessions. This volatility has been essentially due to a problem of political governance. The last crisis of 2001 provided the necessary impetus for reforming governance structures. The economy responded positively & Turkey has entered a period of sustained growth. In the long term, economic growth in Turkey will be fueled by the openness of the economy, positive demographic factors & productivity levels which compare favorably with the countries of Central & Eastern Europe. The main challenge will, however, be one of structural transformation addressing the dual structure of the economy & reducing the weight of agriculture. The role of the EU will be essential as an anchor helping to consolidate the reforms & to pave the way for a sustainable & high growth pattern. The EU will also benefit from a Turkey that has become a regional engine of growth. Adapted from the source document.

Historical Materialism, viewed as Marxian theory of history, and summarized in the Preface of Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, has been worked out by Cohen in an analytical way. His approach of development of productive forces as transhistorical and his strict definition of productive forces as independent from the relations of production, has raised the issue of technological determinism. Resting it upon scarcity, rationality and knowledge, he has torn apart a philosophical anthropology from a theory of social transformation, and he has dealt with collective action as an unintentional consequence of the existig social structure. Facing with recent structural transformations, this conception has been revised in response to the modifications of social structure and to new environmental issues. This article views environment as a productive force, which existence is threatened by the current social structure. It is aimed to relocate historical materialism in Marxism as an organic unity of theory that are mutually interdependent. ; Le matérialisme historique, considéré comme la conception marxienne de l'histoire, et synthétisé dans la Préface à Contribution à la critique de l'économie politique, est étudié par Cohen de façon analytique. Son approche du développement des forces productives comme transhistorique et sa stricte définition des forces productives comme indépendantes des rapports de production, soulève la question du déterminisme technologique. En la faisant reposer sur la rareté, la rationalité et le savoir, Cohen sépare une anthropologie philosophique d'une théorie de la transformation sociale, et envisage l'action collective comme une conséquence non intentionnelle de la structure sociale existante. Face aux transformations structurelles récentes, cette conception a été révisée en réponse aux mutations de la structure sociale et aux nouvelles questions environnementales. Le présent article envisage l'environnement comme une force productive dont l'existence est menacée par la ...

Historical Materialism, viewed as Marxian theory of history, and summarized in the Preface of Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, has been worked out by Cohen in an analytical way. His approach of development of productive forces as transhistorical and his strict definition of productive forces as independent from the relations of production, has raised the issue of technological determinism. Resting it upon scarcity, rationality and knowledge, he has torn apart a philosophical anthropology from a theory of social transformation, and he has dealt with collective action as an unintentional consequence of the existig social structure. Facing with recent structural transformations, this conception has been revised in response to the modifications of social structure and to new environmental issues. This article views environment as a productive force, which existence is threatened by the current social structure. It is aimed to relocate historical materialism in Marxism as an organic unity of theory that are mutually interdependent. ; Le matérialisme historique, considéré comme la conception marxienne de l'histoire, et synthétisé dans la Préface à Contribution à la critique de l'économie politique, est étudié par Cohen de façon analytique. Son approche du développement des forces productives comme transhistorique et sa stricte définition des forces productives comme indépendantes des rapports de production, soulève la question du déterminisme technologique. En la faisant reposer sur la rareté, la rationalité et le savoir, Cohen sépare une anthropologie philosophique d'une théorie de la transformation sociale, et envisage l'action collective comme une conséquence non intentionnelle de la structure sociale existante. Face aux transformations structurelles récentes, cette conception a été révisée en réponse aux mutations de la structure sociale et aux nouvelles questions environnementales. Le présent article envisage l'environnement comme une force productive dont l'existence est menacée par la structure sociale existante. Il a pour objectif de resituer le matérialisme historique dans le cadre du marxisme comme unité organique de théories mutuellement interdépendantes.

When proposing to surpass the political alternative family-individual, the author underlines that the variety of contemporary families becomes comprehensible only if analyzed in the context of big structural, political and cultural evolutions that affects the entire society. With contemporary conjugality turning more and more contractual, privatized but also more unstable, the link of filiations goes the other way around, turning more unconditional. Hence, the author introduces three important aspects concerning the family institution nowadays. The first is connected to the increasing number of mixed couples. The second aspect is linked to an ever increasing life expectancy. Lastly, the third concerns the diversification of filiations by means of adoption, family reorganizations, and medically assisted conception.

This article has sought to identify the main possible reforms that could enable the Franc area, if not to become an optimal currency area, at least to move closer to one. On the political level, research has shown that policies for the allocation of production factors (fertile land, modern working tools, financial resources) are less favorable to the food sector than to the agricultural export sector. By prioritizing the objectives of the modern agricultural sector over the superior means in terms of quantity and quality devoted to it, this option has made the extroversion of the economies of the PAZFs inevitable. Their dependence on the outside world has been a brake on inter-African trade and, by ricochet, an obstacle to endogenous development. Compared to the secondary sector, the PAZFs have a poorly developed industrial fabric limited to a few industries processing agricultural products or extracting and/or processing mining raw materials. All in all, the PAZFs appear to be small-scale economies, fairly highly extroverted and whose specialization in the production and export of raw materials makes them particularly vulnerable to exogenous factors. To overcome this impasse, we have proposed in this article reforms aimed at making the economic integration of the PAZFs an instrument of endogenous development of these countries by taking into account the factors at the origin of these characteristics. Thus, in the first part of this article, we approached the issue of structural reforms by considering that they imply the need to meet certain preconditions related to education, health, infrastructure and the transformation of rentier economies into productive economies. As for the structural reforms themselves, they have been identified as factors of change and development of the agricultural and industrial sectors with a view to intensifying intra-CFA zone trade and promoting self-centred development of the PAZFs ; Des études antérieures ont rapporté des résultats mitigés et ambigus de la relation entre les Il a été question dans cet article de déterminer les principales réformes possibles pouvant permettre à la zone Franc sinon de devenir une zone monétaire optimale du moins de s'en rapprocher. Sur le plan politique, les travaux de recherches ont conduit a relevé que les politiques d'allocation des facteurs de production (terres fertiles, outils de travail modernes, ressources financières) sont moins favorables au secteur vivrier qu'au secteur agricole d'exportation. En privilégiant ainsi les objectifs du secteur agricole moderne au regard des moyens supérieurs en quantité et en qualité qui lui sont consacrés, cette option a rendu inévitable l'extraversion des économies des PAZF[1]. Leur dépendance vis-à-vis de l'extérieur a été un frein aux échanges interafricains et par ricochet, un obstacle au développement endogène. Par rapport au secteur secondaire, les PAZF ont un tissu industriel peu développé limité à quelques industries de transformation des produits agricoles ou d'extraction ou/et de transformation des matières premières minières. Au total, les PAZF apparaissent comme des économies de dimension réduite, assez fortement extraverties et dont la spécialisation dans la production et l'exportation des matières premières les rendent particulièrement vulnérables aux facteurs exogènes. Pour sortir de cette impasse, nous avons proposé dans cet article des réformes visant à faire de l'intégration économique des PAZF un instrument du développement endogène de ces pays en tenant compte des facteurs à l'origine de ces caractéristiques. C'est ainsi qu'en première partie de cet article, nous avons abordé la problématique des réformes structurelles en considérant qu'elles impliquent la nécessité de satisfaire à certaines conditions préalables liées à l'éducation, à la santé, aux infrastructures et à la transformation des économies de rente en économies productives. Quant aux réformes structurelles proprement dites, elles ont été déterminées comme des facteurs de mutation et de développement des secteurs agricole et industriel dans un souci d'intensifier les échanges intra zone CFA et de promouvoir un développement autocentré des PAZF. [1] Pays Africains de la Zone Franc ou Pays Africains membres de la Zone Franc