Suchergebnisse

In the rich Western societies, the several crises at the beginning of this century focus on the worsening of old economic and social problems, which have taken on new importance in the cities undergoing a rapid transformation because of the globalization and the new structures of the labor market. These are issues that have called into question the traditional political systems, with significant effects on the evolution of democratic systems. These issues have been raised throughout the 20th century and today they are once again central to the structural transformations aforementioned and to the crisis of the welfare systems built in Europe during the so-called Golden Age. The theme of living in the peripheries reappears in a dramatic way; a problem exacerbated by the fact that today these areas are no longer just those outside the cities (shaped by the processes of the economic modernization of the 19th and 20th centuries) but they deeply characterize the urban fabric and are linked to the existential conditions of those who live there. The book combines historical and geographical perspectives, according to an interdisciplinary approach. It is possible to examine the policies adopted and to be adopted in these territories and the role that social forces and associative networks have played and can play in identifying adequate and durable responses to such complex problems. A long-term view and a more systemic analysis allow a reflection on the relationship between socio-economic development and the processes of construction of the living together in the different contexts of European cities. Social actors, in their various forms, have offered and are able to offer strategic contributions for the production of new development models, in which the quality of life in working-class peripheries and the processes of social inclusion will be once again a priority, as required by the urban agendas of this new millennium.

ITALIANO: L'economia altomedievale costituisce uno dei temi più frequentati dalla storiografia dell'ultimo secolo e l'Italia, ovvero il cuore di quello che fu l'impero romano, rappresenta indubbiamente un ambito privilegiato in cui esaminare le trasformazioni strutturali che si ebbero nel passaggio dall'età antica al Medioevo. Questo studio cerca di ricostruire le vicende complesse dell'economia in età longobarda, in particolare tra la fine del VII secolo e la conquista carolingia, analizzando la problematica sia dal punto di vista della produzione che dalla prospettiva del mercato, mettendone in evidenza le convergenze strutturali, in un orizzonte politico-sociale più ampio. L'età di Liutprando costituisce il cuore dell'analisi, ma il discorso si spinge fino all'età carolingia, per cercare di verificare l'impatto che ebbe la conquista franca sulla Penisola. Le regioni centro-settentrionali del regno longobardo costituiscono l'impalcatura che sorregge questo lavoro, ma non mancano incursioni comparative – sempre utili a comprendere meglio i fenomeni – nelle strutture socio-economiche del ducato-principato longobardo di Benevento, che per molto tempo costituì uno spazio politico sostanzialmente autonomo. / ENGLISH: Early medieval economy is one of the most frequented topic by modern historiography and Italy, the heart of the old Roman Empire, represents undoubtedly a privileged area where we can examine the structural transformations that occurred in the passage from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. This study tries to reconstruct the complex events of the economy in the Longobard period, specifically between the end of the seventh century and the Carolingian conquest, analyzing the question both in terms of production and market, attempting to highlight its structural convergences, in a broader political-social perspective. Liutprando's age constitutes the core of the analysis and the central-northern regions of the Longobard kingdom are the scaffolding on which this work is built but, in an attempt to better understand some phenomena by comparing them, there is no shortage of forays into the socio-economic structures of a political space for a long time essentially autonomous such as the Longobard duchy-principality of Benevento.

Between the 11th and the 20th century, the monastery of San Miniato al Monte in Florence played a leading role in the religious and cultural life of the city. The volume analyses for the first time the historical and documentary evolution of this regular institute, famous almost only from the architectural and artistic points of view. The book focuses the period of the bishop's patronage in the 11th century, when the monastery and some of its members emerged in the context of the ecclesiastical reform, and continues with the study of the the Olivetan monks community, during the 14th-16th centuries, to arrive at the important structural and functional, but also semantic, transformations of the monument between the 18th century and the contemporary times.

To discuss, after the end of twentieth-century utopias, the possibility and meaning of the idea of "the alternative" within the social and political realm entails the necessity to understand opportunities and limits inherent in the structural and cultural conditions of the global society. This essay introduces three theoretical insights and proposes them as fundamental axes for the analysis of the problem. The contemporary society can be described as morphogenetic and without an outside in the process of undergoing radical transformations concerning its profound symbolic nature; such transformations can be noted through the category of axiality, which is tied to the distinction between immanence and transcendence. The thesis of this essay is that the abovementioned conceptual framework uncovers some paradoxes at the heart of the global society, most notably, its complex mixture of opening and closure. The framework also facilitates analyzing emerging phenomena within such a context and helps identifying those that can still be considered "alternatives." This enables escaping the unilateralism of the new grand narratives and thinking of other possible paths of development that are void of grandeur and alternative to the current, strong tendencies that lead to the ascent of illiberal democracies and liberal post-democracies, to a renewed absolutization of Realpolitik, and to the construction of a post-social future.

This paper deals with A. Young`s approach to the explanation of increasing returns, devoting attention not only to his 1928 famous article, but also to other interesting indications which can be found in his previous works. It argues that the logic of Young`s analysis is based on a multisectorial model subject to quantitative and qualitative transformations. Such a view allows us to understand 1) the emphasis, posed by the author, on propositions (that would have to be fulfilled) among different productives to ensure balanced economic expansion; 2) the attempt (made by the author in the appendix to 1928 article) to explain the economic system dynamics in presence of different intersectoral growth rates. The main conclusion is that Young`s theoretical contribution should be regarded as one of the first examples of structural economic dynamics, thus resulting quite unconformable to the neoclassical theoretical paradigm.

A partire dal 1960, in Spagna sono stati registrati numerosi e importanti cambiamenti politici, sociali e territoriali, parallelamente a un forte processo di sviluppo urbano. In questo lavoro, in particolare, viene fornito un quadro delle trasformazioni rilevate nella rete infrastrutturale e dei trasporti, in relazione alle esigenze delle realtà urbane. Inoltre, l'analisi considera le politiche che hanno portato a tali modifiche, soprattutto nel corso del periodo 1981-2010. Tra i principali obiettivi, vi è quello di evidenziare la necessità di organici modelli progettuali e di apposite linee guida, al fine di garantire un'oculata e proficua gestione dei fondi.A partir des années 60, en Espagne on constate un certain nombre d'importants changements politiques, sociaux et territoriaux, qui vont de pair avec un développement urbain de grande envergure. Dans cet article, en l'occurrence, on présente un tableau des transformations du réseau infra-structural et des transports, relativement aux exigences de la réalité urbaine. Par ailleurs, l'analyse prend en considération les politiques qui ont mené à de telles modifications, en particulier durant les années 1981-2010. Parmi les objectifs principaux, il faut mentionner celui qui concerne la nécessité d'avoir des modélisations holistiques des projets, afin de promouvoir une gestion attentive et productive des fonds.

For at least a quarter of a century, sociologists, political scientists, & political analysts wondered if & how classical social variables -- in the first place those related to socio-structural cleavage -- which for decades had guided the analyses of political behavior & attitudes, could be capable of "explaining" the variance of electoral behavior today. Our empirical research consisted in building up an explanatory model for electoral choice in Italy, having -- in three subsequent steps -- social cleavages (class, religion & territory), socio-demographic variables (age, gender & education) & various political attitudes as independent variables, & applying such model over a rather long period of time. This, in order to see if & how the capability of this model -- & of the three different sets of variables -- of explaining electoral behavior has changed over time. We have applied such a model to the national elections of 1968, 1972, 1983, 2001 & 2006, using logistic regressions with vote dichotomized into Center-left vs. Center-right parties. The results show clearly the existence of a rather true gap between the elections of 1968, 1972, 1983 & the election of 2001 & 2006: the ability of the model to correctly predict voting outcome & the general fitting of the model sharply declined between these two groups of elections. In 2001 & in 2006 the variables that we can define as "socio-structural" for their link to social cleavages or to basic socio-demographic characteristics, seem to be almost completely irrelevant for the purpose of understanding-explain electoral behavior in Italy. We do not know how much of the different explanatory ability within the very same model for the years '70-'80, & at present, is due to the transformation of the political system (also as a consequence of the new electoral legislation), or if caused by a real process that makes collective identity grow significantly weaker, thus favoring the individualization of politics & electoral behavior. Whichever be the answer to this question, the fact is that today, sociological variables seem to be unable to explain voting behavior successfully in Italy. Tables, Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the formation of a new geopolitical reality in the post-Soviet space with the emergence in 1991 of five new independent states in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) and a complete transformation of their political and economic systems. The purpose of this study is the institutional and socio-economic evolution of the Central Asian region (CAR) and its states after Chapter I defines geographically the different possible boundaries of the Central Asian region, which over the centuries were part of different empires, kingdoms, and states, and the population of which historically de jure and de facto never had their independent national statehood until 1991. The study also focuses on the consequences of the policy of the ethnic and territorial division adopted in the Soviet era in Central Asia on the current political instability in the region. The chapter analyzes the features and results of the transformation of the Soviet political system into a Western democratic system in the CAR. Why did Central Asian countries abandon communism for democracy, then turn to authoritarian rule? This paper proposes a theoretical framework, which discusses the durability and sustainability of the super-presidential regimes in the region, and the key factors that have largely determined the failure of a democratic transition in all five post-Soviet Central Asian states. Special attention is given to the issues of political legitimacy of the current authoritarian regimes and the prospects of further democratic modernization. Chapter II is devoted to an analysis of the main features and results of the socio-economic transformation of the Soviet planned economy to a market economy in Central Asian states. The research area includes an analysis of the structural changes in the five Central Asian economies. State capitalism and critical dependence on external factors have become today the main common features of all these economies. In particular, the second chapter describes the restrictions imposed on the Central Asian commodity and labor exported economies and the protectionist policies adopted by national governments. Protectionist policies are aimed at reducing the economies' vulnerability to external shocks, which are due to the high sectorial and geographical concentration of exports, significant migrants' remittances and consistent inflows of foreign direct investments. The chapter discusses the issues of regional cooperation and integration and the perspectives of sustainable economic development in the states of Central Asia. Finally, this study highlights the emerging challenges associated with the intersection of the competitive multidirectional interests of the major world powers, which consistently expand and strengthen their control over the natural resources of the CAR. Through different economic instruments, such as providing loans and investments, or the formation of alternative macro-regional integration projects in Eurasia, they seek to achieve their ambitious strategic objectives in Central Asia.

Abstract. Come invertire la rotta della svendita indiscriminata del territorio? Quale sviluppo promuovere in accordo con le esigenze ambientali ed economiche? Con l'obiettivo di porre le basi di un effettivo superamento delle criticità determinate da abuso o uso improprio del costruito, l'Università di Palermo ha promosso: il Progetto APRAE (Analisi, Prevenzione e Recupero dell'Abusivismo Edilizio), il Progetto HERA (Habitat Edilizia Recupero Ambiente) e il Progetto Egeo_Med sorto dalla virtuosa collaborazione con il Ministero della Cultura Ellenico (Grecia). Le ricerche hanno ap- profondito da una parte la struttura fenomenologica dell'abusivismo e gli squilibri apportati al «sistema abitativo»; dall'altra hanno individuato strategie di recupero competitive nell'ottica della sostenibilità, dell'innovazione e della partecipazione. ; In the modern scenario of economical social and environmental crisis, even the areas of architectural/technology research are called to make resurrect a political liability able to hustle the "community" upon critical issues and loss of balance that affect the built environment and housing system, claiming the role of the University in the formulation of appropriate design strategies, to address scientific and technical choices of action. In this perspective the study on the phenomenon of unauthorized building is a process of research and experimentation, aimed to protect the heritage and to deepen the culture of design and environmental technology. In the increasing of the abusive building we find a chronic lack of project, known in its specificity of process whose aim is a quality product, both formal, performancing, and structural. And it is in this lack of project, in this irresponsible way of building, where we can see the real problem of abusive building. Investigating on the illegal housing production by triggering compensatory actions derived from a critical reading of the imbalances imposed to the housing system, thus means to come back - as Edmund Husserl says- «an die Sachen selbst» 'to things' themselves, whose settlement is made of and investigate on its phenomenological processes that have involved and/or distorted it generating the crisis of values, we must understand its structural features in its genesis and overlapping, we need to analyze the critical points and lines of force, which characterize and distinguish its transformations. We need a strategic program opened to interdisciplinary scientific debate, specifically to those sectors interested on routing every forecast concerning any changes of the existent both in terms of urban and environmental regeneration, and recovery of the building.

Policy ethnography approaches provide useful qualitative data that offer a nuanced and realistic ground-level view of policies, too often analyzed abstractly from the top. However, the ambition of these approaches must not be limited to producing more precise information. Drawing on fieldwork on the control of welfare recipients in France shows that ethnography, and more specifically direct observation, is particularly suited to uncovering the structural characteristics of the new wave of public policies sweeping through advanced societies in the wake of demise of the Fordist-Keynesian compact. Indeed, among other consequences, the "desobjectification" of the collective categories built during the process of welfare state development leads to more astringent and intense controls of recipients. These controls are based on loose criteria defined in situated practices and interactions. The ethnographic capture and analysis of the concrete practices of the agents of welfare bureaucracies enable us to track and critique the more abstract transformations of the social state in the age of "workfare." Such fieldwork provides an illustration of the empirical and theoretical potentials of critical policy ethnography. ; Gli approcci in termini di policy ethnography sono utili per la raccolta di materiale qualitativo che offre una visione sfumata e realistica di politiche spesso analizzate dall'alto e in modo astratto. Tuttavia, la loro ambizione non deve limitarsi a procurare informazioni più dettagliate. A partire da un'inchiesta sul controllo degli assistiti sociali in Francia, vedremo come il lavoro etnografico sul campo, e in particolare l'osservazione diretta, possano rivelarsi in grado di svelare alcune caratteristiche strutturali dell'intervento pubblico. Nella fattispecie, la de-oggettivazione delle categorie collettive costruite per lo sviluppo dello stato sociale, conduce in particolare a controlli sempre più stretti sugli assistiti. Tali controlli si fondano su criteri vaghi definiti in pratica e in situazione. ...

There are many skills required to an architect who intends to practice in cultural and landscape heritage protection, even within the public administration. The presence of the architect is an indispensable condition in the field of cultural heritage; however, the season of the self-sufficient architect seems to be over. There are so many disciplines that make up the restoration project which require the presence of more specialists. If the awareness to reduce land consumption seems to constitute a new paradigm in land use planning, the margins for action on existing heritage are considerably broadened. In the view of the need to reuse very heterogeneous spaces, their conservation requires first a careful and accurate project of the designated uses, based on a thorough historical knowledge of the building. The intended utilization of functions has therefore various implications in terms of plant installation and structural consolidation. Aspects that should constitute the architect's cultural background, together with the knowledge of the legislation. There is however another strategic challenge for the protection of heritage. It concerns the landscape and its transformations, often the prerogative of other specialists, in most cases implemented with the introduction of mitigation elements, far removed from the principle of correct landscape integration. A challenge the architect cannot escape from. ; Molte sono le competenze richieste a un architetto che intenda esercitare la professione nel campo della tutela dei beni culturali e paesaggistici, pure all'interno della pubblica amministrazione.Se la figura dell'architetto resta imprescindibile nel campo dei beni culturali, pare tramontata la stagione dell'architetto autosufficiente. Le discipline che alimentano il progetto di restauro, infatti, sono tali e tante da richiedere la presenza di più specialisti.Se la consapevolezza di dover ridurre il consumo di suolo pare costituire un nuovo paradigma nella pianificazione territoriale, i margini d'azione sul ...

Legitimation and restitution are structural conditions of the practice of ethnographic fieldwork. An anthropologist must seek legitimacy by the social context in which he/she carries out fieldwork. For almost a century, Social Anthropology did not care about such a reciprocal legitimation, nor did it care much about restitution. Presently, the transformations of the epistemological grounds and the object of Anthropology might dissolve the discipline or urge for a deep reconsideration about its disciplinary identity and the nature of ethnographic knowledge. The latter must become the ground of programs of restitution to the people who made it possible for the researcher to achieve it. The Ethnological Missions, supported by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, are a case in point, which shows how ethnographic activity can maintain its genuine characters and depth, and produce the political conditions for a restitution of its added value that can never be transferred to writing. ; Legittimazione sul campo e restituzione del valore sociale dei saperi acquisiti sono due condizioni strutturali della pratica etnografica. Per più di un secolo, l'Antropologia sociale non ha preso in considerazione il problema della legittimazione dei ricercatori sul terreno e non ha affrontato che rare volte la questione della restituzione. Attualmente, le trasformazioni dei fondamenti epistemologici e degli oggetti della disciplina possono dissolvere l'Antropologia o spingerla verso un profondo ripensamento della sua identità scientifica e della natura del sapere etnografico. Quest'ultimo deve diventare la ragion d'essere di un progetto di restituzione verso coloro che hanno reso possibile al ricercatore di ottenerlo. Le Missioni Etnologiche finanziate dal Ministero degli Affari Esteri sono un esempio che dimostra come l'attività etnografica, conservando i suoi caratteri più autentici e la sua profondità, possa creare le condizioni politiche per una restituzione del proprio valore aggiunto che non potrebbe mai essere trasferita nella scrittura.

In modern realities the study of the processual form of administrative proceedings under quarantine caused by COVID-19 is important due to the increased need to protect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals. The purpose of the study is to analyze the modern processual form of administrative proceedings and the compliance of law modifications with the quarantine conditions caused by COVID-19. The methodological basis of the study represents a set of updated methods of scientific research. The use of formal-logical and structural-functional methods allowed to highlight the elements of the processual form of administrative proceedings and to characterize the main aspects of their transformation, including processing in the quarantine period and restrictions caused by COVID-19. It is of interest to analyze the introduction of an electronic court, electronic exchange of processual documents, as well as participation in court sessions in the mode of the videoconference. With the help of the modeling method the disadvantages and risks of taking part in court sessions in the mode of the videoconference are highlighted. System analysis contributed to the consideration of the processual form as the most distinctive feature of administrative proceedings. The study revealed that the processual form of administrative proceedings had undergone particular fragmentary changes due to the test launch of individual subsystems of the Unified Judicial Information and Telecommunication System (UJITS) (as example: "E-Court") and the introduction of taking part in court sessions in the mode of the videoconference. It has been found that in the present realities, the processual form of administrative court proceedings needs further modifications aimed at ensuring the flexibility and a high degree of adaptability of legislative assistance to new conditions of implementation, allowing to guarantee the observance and protection of the rights, freedoms and interests of citizens whenever previously used methods and ...

La Carta dei prodotti alimentarii delle Provincie Continentali del Regno delle Due Sicilie di Benedetto Marzolla (1856) è un'importante risorsa per il governo del territorio nel Mezzogiorno d'Italia preunitario. Sulla base delle informazioni del Ministero dell'Annona disponibili a metà del XIX secolo, mostra le produzioni tipiche del Regno con un'efficace sintesi iconografica. In ottica geografico-storica offre spunti ulteriori per una ricostruzione del contesto territoriale di riferimento in prospettiva diacronica. Ne emerge infatti una geografia delle produzioni ancora attuale, sebbene i paesaggi di riferimento siano stati oggetto di trasformazioni non sempre apprezzabili. Allo stesso tempo la carta può diventare uno strumento di "marketing territoriale", valorizzando, per certi versi, alcuni prodotti locali d'eccellenza (come DOP e IGP). Un particolare importante soprattutto per la Campania, il cui territorio, tradizionalmente legato allo sviluppo di agricoltura, allevamento e pesca, necessita con urgenza di interventi strutturali per il recupero e la valorizzazione delle sue risorse. ; The "alimentary" map of Benedetto Marzolla (1856) is an important resource for the territory's government in the South Italy before the unification. Starting by the statistical information of the Ministry of the Annona at mid-nineteenth century, it presents the typical produc¬tions of the Kingdom through an effective iconographic synthesis. From a geographical-historical perspective, it offers further hints for a reconstruction of its territorial context, in diachronic perspective. In fact, it reveals a geography of the productions still existing, although the reference landscapes have been the object of transformations that are not always appreciable. At the same time, the map can be a "ter¬ritorial marketing" tool, promoting, in several respects, some excellent local products (such as DOP and IGP). An important detail, especially in Campania, whose territory, traditionally linked to the development of agriculture, breeding and fishing, needs structural interventions for the recovery and enhancement of its resources.

The characteristics of the Calabrian landscapes are of such consistency as to form a supporting, structural system for any future configuration of the territory. These are landscapes resulting from traditions and cultural values such as woods, lakes and mountain, offering significant spaces still uncontaminated or in a phase of growth, where lack of vigilance or an incorrect planning policy could create serious consequences.They constitute a living laboratory from which we can draw all the necessary applications for human health and where some prominent places represent the cornerstones of land planning. Moreover, the natural elements of attraction are an incentive and a stimulus for a quality tourism, with all the resulting benefits for the local community.To develop a different model of development based on sustainability of interventions and heritage preservation, a good management strategy (maintenance) is needed that combines land development and environmental protection correctly. The target to pursue is one of triggering strategic processes of transformation together with a proper maintenance policy which, relying on the integrity of the landscapes, will attract conscious tourists able to appreciate the cultural offer and to practice activities compatible with the territory. ; Le caratteristiche dei paesaggi calabresi sono di tale spessore da costituire sistema portante e strutturante di qualsiasi futura configurazione di assetto del territorio. Sono paesaggi frutto di tradizioni e di valenze culturali come i boschi, gli insiemi lacustri e montani, che offrono notevoli spazi ancora non trasformati o in fase di crescita, ma sui quali una mancanza di controllo o una politica urbanistica errata potrebbero creare gravi conseguenze. Costituiscono un laboratorio vivente da cui è possibile trarre tutte le applicazioni necessarie alla salute dell'uomo e dove i luoghi cospicui rappresentano i capisaldi della pianificazione del territorio. Inoltre, gli elementi naturali di richiamo sono un incentivo e uno stimolo ...