Suchergebnisse

to market economy has stipulated fundamental changes in organization and management of agricultural production. Organizational structure of AIC has undergone a significant transformation, as well as management system, property relations, principles of macroeconomic and microeconomic regulation of organizations activities. As a result of structural changes in the country for the last 15 years the number of agricultural organizations has decreased almost 2 times, and as of 01.01.2016 amounts to 1469 business entities. In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduction of the number of state unitary enterprises, agricultural production cooperatives with the increase of the number of open joints stock companies. There are 593 organizations with the state share in their capitals in the Republic of Belarus, 65 joint ventures and 40 foreign companies. Since 2006 the number of joint ventures and foreign companies has increased 3 times. 46 co-operative integration structures are created and functioning in the agro-industrial complex, with the production of agricultural raw materials, processing and marketing of the final products, implemented within these structures. 14 holdings are functioning in the agro-industrial complex system, and 12 of these holdings are state based. The key problem of structural reforms in the agro-industrial complex is the financial recovery of insolvent organizations operating in the field of agriculture, with the persistent insolvency. The number of such organizations in the agricultural sector as of January 1, 2016 is about 400. In this regard organizational and economic measures of pre-trial financial recovery and crisis management are taken for organizations with difficult economic situation, established by governmental bodies in the context of implementation of the State program for development of agricultural business in 2016–2020. ; Переход к рыночной экономике обусловил необходимость коренных изменений в организации и ведении агропромышленного производства. Существенную трансформацию претерпевают организационная структура АПК, система управления, отношения собственности, принципы построения макроэкономического и микроэкономического регулирования деятельности организаций. Как результат структурных преобразований, за последние 15 лет в республике численность сельскохозяйственных организаций сократилась почти в 2 раза и по состоянию на 01.01.2016 г. составляет 1469 субъектов хозяйствования. В последние годы наметилась тенденция к уменьшению численности государственных унитарных предприятий, сельскохозяйственных производственных кооперативов с увеличением численности открытых акционерных обществ. В Республике Беларусь насчитывается 593 организации с долей государства в их уставных фондах, 65 совместных предприятий, 40 иностранных предприятий. С 2006 г. количество совместных и иностранных предприятий увеличилось в три раза. В агропромышленном комплексе созданы и функционируют 46 кооперативно-интеграционных структур, в рамках которых осуществляются производство сельскохозяйственного сырья, его переработка и сбыт конечной продукции. В системе агропромышленного комплекса функционируют 14 холдингов, из них 12 холдингов, созданных с участием государства. Ключевой проблемой структурных преобразований в агропромышленном комплексе является финансовое оздоровление неплатежеспособных организаций, осуществляющих деятельность в области сельского хозяйства, у которых неплатежеспособность приобретает или имеет устойчивый характер. Численность таких организаций в аграрном секторе составляет по состоянию на 1 января 2016 г. около 400 объектов. В связи с этим рассматриваются организационно-экономические меры досудебного финансового оздоровления и антикризисного управления организаций со сложным экономическим положением, установленные органами государственного управления в контексте реализации Государственной программы развития аграрного бизнеса на 2016–2020 годы.

The material for investigation was a ribbon with an amorphous structure obtained by the melt spinning technique from a melt of molybdenum-modified Finemet-type high-permeability Fe72.5Cu1Nb2Mo1.5Si14B9 alloy. Using the methods of non-ambient X-ray diffraction, calorimetry, and dilatometry, temperature intervals of transformations during the transition of material from the amorphous state to the nanocrystalline one with subsequent recrystallization were determined. Each method was characterized by its own heating rate: 1 K / min for the non-ambient X-ray diffraction, 30 K / min for calorimetry, and 20 K / min for dilatometry. Regardless of the heating rate, phase and structure transformations (crystallization and recrystallization, respectively) were observed sequentially. With decreasing heating rate, the crystallization temperature significantly decreased and the recrystallization temperature slightly decreased. Specific heats of crystallization (386 kJ / mol) and recrystallization (88 kJ / mol) were calculated from calorimetry data. Basing on the results of X-ray diffraction and calorimetric studies, the possibility of using the structural unit model was analyzed to describe the amorphous state. It was supposed that any condensed state of the material (amorphous, nanocrystalline and recrystallized) were distinguished by different sizes of coherent scattering regions (CSRs). The lower estimate of coherent scattering regions size was made from the X-ray diffraction halo width for the amorphous state and (110) diffraction line broadening for polycrystals. The Wigner-Seitz cell (truncated octahedron) containing one atom has been adopted as a structural unit. Specific heats of transformations were compared to the values of energies related to the transitions of atoms from CSR borders to lattice sites. Satisfactory applicability of the structural unit model for the description of the amorphous state was demonstrated. © 2019, Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ; Благодарности/Acknowledgements. Авторы выра‑ жают признательность за содействие программе под‑ держки ведущих университетов РФ в целях повышения их конкурентоспособности № 211 Правительства РФ № 02. А03.21.0006. Исследование выполнено при финан‑ совой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта №19‑08‑00071./The work was financially supported by the RF Government, No. 211 (contract No. 02. A03.21.0006). The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project №19‑08‑00071.

The problem of the evolution of power as an indicator of structural transformations has been considered. An analysis of Russian practice allows us to draw a number of conclusions of interest to political science. A retrospective analysis of the evolution of power types provides additional knowledge about the political process and reveals an important political and managerial aspect for this study. Attention has been focused on the structural transformation of the current government.The interdependence of the subject of power and the object of power determines their interaction. It can be different (conflict, consensus, close) and characteristic of a certain type of political system (absolute and constitutional monarchy, presidential and parliamentary, presidential-parliamentary, confederative, federal republic). Monarchist rule with elements of coercion is doomed to conflict interaction, which predetermined the half-heartedness of all reforms in the Russian Empire. The traditional legitimization of power did not contribute to the improvement of interaction. Soviet rule, effective in mobilizing society, with real achievements, did not escape a critical number of negative indexes. Almost one hundred percent legitimization of the Soviet government did not remove doubts about its strength. The democratic legitimization of power requires it to implement a program of transformations in the system of power and society. The evolution of power is an accurate indicator of transformations in society. Political structuring remains the prerogative of the current government. Difficulties in the implementation of the program force the government to shift attention to maintaining stability in society.A well-structured power is a condition for its effective functioning. The efficiency of power (fighting corruption, ensuring of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, solving social problems, etc.) is due to its ability to respond adequately to challenges and find consensus in decision-making in political turbulence. ; В статье рассмотрена проблема эволюции власти как индикатора структурных преобразований. Анализ российской практики позволяет сделать ряд выводов, представляющих интерес для политической науки. Ретроспективный анализ эволюции типов власти позволяет получить дополнительное знание о политическом процессе и выявить важный для данного исследования политико-управленческий аспект. Акцентировано внимание на структурных преобразованиях действующей власти.Взаимозависимость субъекта власти и объекта власти обусловливает их взаимодействие. Оно может быть разным (конфликтное, консенсусное, тесное) и характерным для определенного типа политической системы (абсолютная и конституционная монархия, президентская и парламентская, президентско-парламентская, конфедеративная, федеративная республики). Монархическое правление с элементами принуждения обречено на конфликтное взаимодействие, что предопределило половинчатость всех реформ в Российской империи. Традиционная легитимация власти не способствовала улучшению взаимодействия. Советское правление, результативное при мобилизации общества, при реальных достижениях не избежало критического числа отрицательных индексов. Почти стопроцентная легитимация советской власти не снимала сомнений в ее прочности. Демократическая легитимация власти требует от нее реализации программы преобразований в системе власти и обществе. Эволюция власти является точным индикатором преобразований в обществе. Политическая структуризация остается прерогативой действующей власти. Затруднения в осуществлении программы заставляет власть переключить внимание на поддержание стабильности в обществе.Хорошо структурированная власть – условие для ее эффективного функционирования. Эффективность власти (борьба с коррупцией, обеспечение прироста валового внутреннего продукта, решение социальных проблем и т. д.) обусловлена ее способностью адекватно реагировать на вызовы и находить консенсус в принятии решений в политической турбулентности.

The article considers regularities of structural transformations in conditions of transformation with a view to ensuring economic growth stability as a base of solving of social and economic issues in the national economy. The paper classifies and reveals the notion of structural policy; tasks of macroeconomic strategy and institutional transformations at the current stage of economic reforms in the Republic of Tajikistan. The main effects of structural changes were: attainment of economic independence by virtue of reduction of import of energy carriers, foodstuff and other products on the basis of development of import-substituting production; overcome of one-sided raw-material orientation of economy; strengthening of social and economic potential of the country; attraction of investment for carrying out of structural transformations; construction of new enterprises. ; В статье рассматриваются закономерности структурных преобразований в условиях трансформации для обеспечения устойчивости экономического роста как базы решения социально-экономических проблем в национальной экономике. В работе классифицировано и раскрыто понятие структурной политики; представлены и анализируются задачи макроэкономической стратегии и институциональных преобразований на текущем этапе рыночных реформ в Республике Таджикистан; в качестве основных проявлений структурных изменений отмечено: достижение экономической независимости за счет снижения импорта энергоносителей, продуктов питания и других товаров на основе развития импортозамещающих производств; преодоление однобокой сырьевой направленности экономики; укрепление социального и экономического потенциала страны; привлечение инвестиций для проведения структурных преобразований; строительство новых предприятий.

Over the past six years since the change of political power (in February 2014) and the new leadership of the country proclaimed the course towards Euro-Atlantic integration,Ukrainehas gone through the next and the largest crisis in its post-Soviet history. This crisis was the result of not only negative global (slowdown in global economic growth, falling demand and prices for traditional Ukrainian exports), but also regional (rupture of trade and economic ties withRussia) factors amid loss of part of the territory and military operations in the east countries. Such serious external and internal shocks greatly affected to the Ukrainian economy, which at the same time withstood and largely adapted to sharply changing conditions. However, it is not necessary to talk about any significant development of the country, about its structural and technological modernization, increasing competitiveness in this period. To achieve this goal, the new authorities ofUkrainewill need to make a lot of efforts, achieve consolidation of the entire Ukrainian society on the country's strategic development, complete large-scale structural and institutional reforms, solve the Donbass problem and at least partially restore the destroyed humanitarian and economic ties withRussia. ; За прошедшие шесть лет с момента смены политической власти (в феврале 2014 года) и провозглашения новым руководством страны курса на евроатлантическую интеграцию Украина прошла через очередной и наиболее масштабный в своей постсоветской истории кризис. Этот кризис стал результатом не только действия негативных глобальных (замедление темпов роста мировой экономики, падение спроса и цен на товары традиционного украинского экспорта), но и региональных (разрыв торгово-экономических связей с Россией) факторов на фоне потери части территории и военных действий на востоке страны. Такие серьезные внешние и внутренние потрясения сильно повлияли на украинскую экономику, которая при этом выстояла и во многом адаптировалась к резко изменившимся условиям. Однако говорить о каком-либо значимом развитии страны, о ее структурной и технологической модернизации, повышении конкурентоспособности в этот период не приходится. Для достижения этой цели новым властям Украины потребуется приложить массу усилий, добиться консолидации всего украинского общества по вопросам стратегического развития страны, завершить масштабные структурные и институциональные реформы, решить проблему Донбасса и хотя бы частично восстановить разрушенные гуманитарные и экономические связи с Россией.

The article explores the issue of the structural transformation of the contemporary American academic system, namely one of the main formats existing in it – universities and their functioning during the first months of the spread of coronavirus infection. The COVID-19 pandemic has had the vast and most comprehensive impact on the higher education systems of the first world countries, which was demonstrated in the article. It is worth noting that the actively current trends of digitalisation, computerisation and the general implementation of the advancements of the scientific and technological progress of the higher education system were overlapped by the new emergency conditions of the pandemic and the need to choose a different format of functioning in the current situation. The ongoing transformations and structural alterations are most visible in the United States of America, due to a number of factors – from the historical dynamism of the development of the American higher education system to its active role in the development and rollout of technological advancements. The American academic system is introduced and analysed in two main formats: public universities and private ones. Each group of the indicated universities has chosen its own strategy of functioning and implemented it in practice, resting on individual factors and conditions. Nevertheless, there is already a separation between these two large groups of American universities in the implementation of functioning strategies during the coronavirus pandemic. The analysis of factors, conditions, contexts and actions of universities from these groups allows us to understand not only the dynamics of the development of the American academic system at the moment but also will allow us to comprehend its future transformations and alterations. ; В представленной статье исследуется вопрос структурной трансформации современной американской академической системы, а точнее, одного из основных существующих в ней форматов – университетов, и их функционирования ...

Обращение автора к теме профессионального развития преподавателя высшей школы обусловлено объективной потребностью в управленческом прогнозировании направлений развития образовательной организации высшего образования в период трансформации с особым фокусом на кадровый потенциал университета. Целью исследования является проектирование структурной модели профессионального развития преподавателя высшей школы, что предполагает выявление компонентов этой модели, а также связей и отношений между ними. В основе методологии профессионального роста преподавателя высшей школы лежат системно-деятельностный подход и совокупность принципов, определенных автором с опорой на метапринципы современной когнитивной педагогики. В статье представлены проектно-стратегический, методологический, организационный компоненты структурной модели профессионального развития преподавателя высшей школы, выявлены связи между этими компонентами. Автор акцентирует внимание на организационный компонент модели, выделяя в нем группы условий: организационно-педагогические, организационно-управленческие и дидактические условия. Представленная структурная модель профессионального развития преподавателя высшей школы может быть использована при проектировании и реализации профессионального развития профессорско-преподавательского состава вуза при условии адаптации модели к ресурсному пласту образовательной организации, ее региональным особенностям и задачам профессионального развития преподавателей.
The author's appeal to the topic of professional development of a higher education teacher is due to the objective need for managerial forecasting of the directions of development of an educational organization of higher education in the period of transformation with a special focus on the personnel potential of the university. The purpose of the study is to design a structural model of professional development of a higher education teacher, which involves identifying the components of a structural model of professional development of a higher education teacher, connections and relationships between the components of the object under study. The methodology of professional growth of a higher education teacher is based on a system-activity approach and a set of principles defined by the author based on the meta-principles of modern cognitive pedagogy. The article presents the project-strategic, methodological, organizational components of the structural model of higher education teacher's professional development and reveals the links between these components. The author focuses on the organizational component of the structural model of higher education teacher's professional development, distinguishing groups of conditions: organizational-pedagogical, organizational-managerial and didactic conditions. The structural model of higher education teacher's professional development presented by the author can be used in the design and implementation of professional development of university teaching staff, provided that the model is adapted to the resource layer of the educational organization, its regional characteristics and the objectives of teachers' professional development.

This article discusses the modern system of international regulation of global economic processes. It examines theoretical approaches to the international governance of the global economy and assesses the international regulation mechanisms of such global institutions as the IMF, WTO, G-8 and G-20 in conjunction with structural reforms of national economies in the post-crisis period. The article also analyses development prospects of the mixed (national and non-national) mechanisms of regulation.

The reasons for reduction of industrial sphere in European countries and in the USA during last decades considerably differ from those in Russia during post-soviet period. The main reasons of Russian deindustrialization lie in the export-raw orientation of economic development. Further existence in such an economic development model leads to the conservation of economic depression and poses threat to national security. The paper depicts one of the two alternative approaches to the change of Russian economic development strategy, based on reindustrialization within structural transformation and diversification of economy. Such complicated structural transformation may be possible in case of competent industrial policy implementation. Basing on western and Russian expert estimates, we study the reasons and possibilities of western and Russian reindustrialization and prove the new high-technological innovative industrialization — as a necessary condition for sustainable economic growth.

The article examines the history of modernization processes in the world's social and political practice.The author analyzes the theories of modernization, the researchers' views on the peculiarities of modernization processes and the main problems faced by the states that have embarked on the path of transformation.Attention is paid to the conceptual basis of modernization processes: concepts of evolutionism, diff usionism, modern theories of socio-cultural dynamics. Political modernization can be regarded as a process of changing the political system. The main directions of the political modernization processes are: the changes of the political system, stabilization of political relations, institutional adaptation to the current realities and modern challenges, sustainable economic growth and democracy. States are going through a process of modernization in accordance with their goals, objectives and level of development.The concept of political modernisation is one of the key notions in the policy arrangements approach. It tries to capture those structural transformations in political domains in contemporary societies, which have or may have consequences for day-to-day policy practices. In turn, developments within certain policy practices may contribute to or contradict these structural transformations.

The organizational structure of the national economy, its internal levels (macro, meso and micro) has been analyzed in the article. The problems of the content of the concept of "economy", segmented it into material and social components, have been identified. Attention has been focused on the negative aspects of the globalization of the world economy, based on the main provisions of the neoclassical paradigm. It has been noted, that to ensure the socio-economic integrity of the national economy, it is necessary to transform the generic state of society into a centrally-organized.According to the authors, to implement the transformation of the socio-economic space into an integrated socioeconomic system, it is necessary to coordinate three hierarchically subordinate levels: macro, meso, and microeconomic agents. The macroeconomic agent forms subject relations between all hierarchical levels, which require a high level of government: it cannot be a command economy, since this strategy of economic development paralyzes competition and free enterprise, but there can be no purely market economy, because the "invisible hand of the market" unable to ensure sustainable harmonious development of the economy without government intervention.It has been concluded about the need for an integrated nature of management of the Russian economy and the tasks for improving the system of management of the Russian economy have been determined. It is emphasized, that at the present stage, the greatest attention should be paid to the issues of improving the management of the mesostructure of the Russian economy – the development of industries and regions, since at the moment this level of the economy is paid fragmentary attention. The analysis has been carried out using general scientific methods: the method of abstraction, historical research methods; formalization method, reconstruction method; based on a systematic approach using the method of forecasting. ; В статье проанализирована организационная структура национальной экономики, ее внутренние уровни (макро-, мезо- и микро-). Выявлены проблемы содержания понятия «экономика», сегментировали его на материальную и социальную составляющие. Внимание акцентировано на негативных аспектах глобализации мировой экономики, основанных на главных положениях неоклассической парадигмы. Отмечено, что для обеспечения социально-экономической целостности народного хозяйства необходима трансформация родового состояния общества в централизованно-организованное.По мнению авторов, для реализации преобразования социально-экономического пространства в целостную социально-экономическую систему необходима координация трех иерархически соподчиненных уровней: макро-, мезо- и микроэкономических агентов. Макроэкономический агент формирует субъектные отношения между всеми иерархическими уровнями, что требует высокого уровня государственного управления: это не может быть экономика командного характера, поскольку такая стратегия экономического развития парализует конкуренцию и свободу предпринимательства, однако не может быть и чисто рыночная экономика, поскольку «невидимая рука рынка» не способна обеспечить устойчивое гармоничное развитие экономики без вмешательства государства.Сделан вывод о необходимости комплексного характера управления российской экономикой и определены задачи по совершенствованию системы управления. Подчеркивается, что на современном этапе наибольшее внимание следует уделить вопросам совершенствования управления мезоструктурой экономики России – развитию отраслей и регионов, поскольку на сегодняшний момент этому уровню экономики уделяется фрагментарное внимание. Анализ проведен с использованием общенаучных методов: метода абстракции, исторических методов исследования; метода формализации, метода реконструкции; на основании системного подхода с использованием метода прогнозирования.

The article analyzes semantic and axiological transformations of the classical fairy-tale plot of «Cinderella» being observed in such verbal and creolized texts of the Runet distractive discourse as anecdotes, jokes, statuses, demotivators, memes. These anonymous variative speech products are regarded as samples of the so called «naive» gender knowledge. Being an inalienable part of Russian gender Internet discourse, they constitute valuable resourse of information about the Russian speaking Internet users spontaneous beliefs of the actual gender order. The author defines Russian gender Internet discourse as dynamically broadening formation Internet texts of gender theme and agenda having different nature, structural organization, linguostylistic specifics and genre parameters, containing implicit gender senses and producing its own discoursive semantic dominants, values and antivalues. The author specifies that the name of the fairy-tale heroine is a usual connotative literary anthroponym which plays an essential role in organization of the semantic space created in distractive Internet texts. The quantitative analysis results show that 75 % of the revealed text about Cinderella contain explicit gender senses, represent typical femininity and masculinity images and perform marriage and romance as antivalues. The author reveals that 93 % of all gendered Internet texts about Cinderella clearly express negative evaluation of the generalized feminine image (126 items, 57 % of the total number), masculine image (58 items, 26,2 %), marriage and romance (29 texts, 13,1 %), but some samples contain negative evaluation both marriage as a social institution and one of the gender categories. The vagrant fairy-tale plot with its key images, motives and axiologemes become an object of mocking and carnivalesque reinterpretaton of anonymous Internet users. The author shows that the classical source main components occurring in the semantic space of the modern Russian cyberlore artifacts suffer grotesque transformations. That leads to the concepts of «Love» and «Marriage» deaxiologization and creating generalized negatives images of femininity and masculinity.

The article provides an overview and generalization of Russian studies of the transformation of the agricultural labor market in the post-Soviet period. Researchers of the Russian countryside reflect the obtained results in publications mainly describing the problems associated with the Russian countryside and the agricultural labor market. This is, first of all, the destruction of the rural infrastructure, poverty, unemployment, the interaction of old and new production entities (agricultural enterprises, peasant farms, private household plots and agricultural holdings), the loss of communication between villagers and agricultural enterprises, the villagers models of social adaptation and labor behavior. These processes served as a methodological support for the analysis and empirical evidence of how consciously villagers have been changing social and labor practices under the pressure of institutional transformations and agricultural modernization. Based on the choice of rational behavioral models in the labor market, they transformed the social structure of the village under the pressure of the market economy values, new rules, norms and institutional requirements. Modern processes in the agro-industrial field in the context of the property transformation contributed to the formation of a new agrarian structure, constructed by new subjects. The new and old production subjects interact in a multi-structured economy. They are important "players" in the institutional field of the agricultural sector, thus influencing the social and structural processes in the labor market. This determined a new configuration of the social rural groups employed in the formal and informal sectors.

Показана роль креативной личности в развитии сетевого общества. Дана характеристика ее ключевым качествам. Рассмотрено функционирование и развитие сетевого общества и его основных элементов. Представлена модель сетецентрической системы применительно к военным действиям. Обосновывается мысль о том, что креативная личность в своих взаимодействиях с окружающей реальностью выступает главным субъектом всех социально-структурных трансформаций = The role of the creative personality is highlighted; its key qualities are characterized. The functioning and development of the network society and its basic elements are considered. The model of the network-centered system applied to military actions is suggested. The idea that the creative personality in his interactions with the environment serves the main subject of all socio-structural transformations is given grounds for.

The article is devoted to the research problem of highly uneven spatial localization of economic activity in Russia. The purpose of the study has been to assess the economic inequality of regions on the scale of federal districts and to assess intergroup differences (between federal districts). Such a goal seems relevant in the context of the state regional policy and the need to reduce the level of interregional differences within the respective macro-regions. The research has been carried out on the basis of the method of measuring inequality in the form of the Theil index and the structural decomposition of this indicator. The article contains the results of a numerical assessment of the Theil index and its structural analysis in a longterm retrospective dynamics – from 1990 to 2020. The choice of the duration of the studied retrospective is explained by the fact that during this period there were significant socio-economic and political transformations that affected, among other things, the economy of Russian regions. Structural analysis of interregional differences has been carried out in the context of macro-regions. The results of the research have shown a high level of intragroup and intergroup inequality at the level of macro-regions and led to the conclusion that it is necessary to develop certain provisions of the state regional policy. ; Статья посвящена исследовательской проблеме высокой неравномерности пространственной локализации экономической активности в стране. Цель исследования состояла в оценке экономического неравенства регионов в масштабе федеральных округов и оценке межгрупповых различий (между федеральными округами). Такая цель представляется актуальной в контексте государственной региональной политики, определяющей необходимость снижения межрегиональной дифференциации в составе макрорегионов. Исследование проведено на основе метода измерения неравенства в форме индекса Тейла и структурной декомпозиции этого показателя. Статья содержит результаты численной оценки индекса Тейла и его ...