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This article constitutes a contribution to the processes of peace consolidation developed during post-conflict scenarios. In this vein it proposes a path that allows to truly materialize the transformative effect of integral reparations, in particular in traditionally unequal societies, where victims of serious violations of human rights usually are members of the most marginalized and vulnerable groups. It starts from the idea that transitional justice is a process of political, social and cultural transformation, so that the reparation of that sort of violations must be designed and developed in such a way that it contributes to the transformation, avoiding being itself a generatorof new social gaps. Therefore, the classic approach of reparation measures, based on pure corrective justice, must give way to the need to change the structural causes of the conflict and open the way for a transformative reparation founded on a concept of social and distributive justice. ; El presente trabajo constituye un aporte a los procesos de consolidación de la paz que se desarrollan durante el posconflicto, al proponer una senda que permite materializar verdaderamente el efecto transformador propio de la reparación integral en sociedades históricamente desiguales, donde las víctimas del conflicto por lo general pertenecen a los grupos marginados y más vulnerables de la población. Parte de la idea de que la justicia transicional constituye un proceso de transformación política, social y cultural, por lo que la reparación de graves violaciones a los derechos humanos debe diseñarse y desarrollarse de manera tal que contribuya a dicho cambio, evitando al mismo tiempo ser generadora de nuevas de brechas sociales. Así las cosas, el alcance clásico de la reparación, basado en un concepto puro de justicia correctiva, sucumbe ante la necesidad de cambiar las causas estructurales del conflicto y le abre paso a la reparación transformadora basada en un concepto de justicia social y distributiva.

The interdependence between population and the rise of nations has long vitalized scholarly and statecraft studies. Within the fields of economic growth and economic history, there have been proliferations of modeling/technical skills and historical demographic-economic estimates in recent years. This provides opportunities to examine the relationship between demography and development/divergence in the context of world economic history through unified growth theories and model-based simulations. In pursuing this ambition in a systematic manner, this treatise is divided into four stand-alone yet complementary chapters. The first chapter "Industrious Selection" develops a unified growth theory to reconcile development (Agricultural Revolution, Structural Transformation, Industrial Revolution, Industrious Revolution, Demographic Revolution) and divergences (Little Divergence, Great Divergence) in Eurasia in the past two millennia. We introduce the Industrious Selection mechanism, where more industrious individuals gradually dominate population composition through humans' conscious maximization activities. It raises working hours, improves production efficiency, and accelerates development. The Black Death expedited Industrious Selection in late-Medieval Europe. Together with the population scale effect, our theory reconciles British development and Eurasian economic divergence during AD0-AD2000. The second chapter "Rise of Women in Unified Growth Theory" posits that the advent of feminism, industrialization and demographic transition are integral components in a nation's development. We develop a two-sector bisexual unified growth model to replicate French development during AD1400-AD2100. This chapter complements the first one by restoring women's role in economic history: female empowerment would hamper fertility, lower agricultural employment share, and decelerate development; development that checks fertility would raise female labor-force participation and women's (economic) power. We reconcile the U-shaped evolution of women's socio-economic status, the absence of a Post-Malthusian regime, the importance of fertility control and innovation in the French development process. We also explore policy implications for Madagascar today. The third chapter "Population Growth and Structural Transformation" provides a theoretical foundation on which population growth induces structural transformation, which is a key adjustment mechanism in the first two chapters. When sectoral outputs are consumption complements, population growth pushes production factors towards the sector with stronger diminishing returns to labor through the relative price effect. Our theory points to a two-stage development process: in early development, population growth shifts production factors to the farmland; when agricultural productivity growth picks up, production factors move out from it. We simulate agricultural-manufacturing transformations in pre-industrial England and the modern United States. The fourth chapter "GeoPopulation-Institution Hypothesis" develops another unified growth theory to account for development and divergence in the Western Hemisphere to complete our understanding of world economic history on a grand level. We posit a unified growth model with transatlantic migration and slavery trade to reconcile demographic-economic development in the Thirteen Colonies/United States during AD1700-AD1860. Then we apply the model across American regions/countries, and propose the GeoPopulation-Institution hypothesis to explain divergence: whenever its geographic or political environments relatively favored the buildup of Black slaves (or non-White forced labor), through slavery institution that disincentivized the Blacks to make improvements, a region/country was likely to suffer a reversal of fortune during the colonization era (AD1492-AD1860). ; published_or_final_version ; Economics and Finance ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

"For the first time comprehensive comparative information on five Central European countries has been collected by teams of researchers from within the region and the West." "Following an introduction to the economic environment in each country, this volume provides an overview of the privatization process in Central Europe, including an account of the legal framework of economic activity, the present forms of ownership, institutions for state regulation, an overview of privatization programs, and the initial transformation of enterprises." "The strength of this volume lies in the authors' unique access to hitherto unavailable information and their ability to present a vast amount of material in an easily accessible format." "Policy makers and business people will find it easy to extract the facts and figures they require, while the wealth of information on this subject will provide a strong foundation for future research."--Jacket.

Fundamental theory of rent is a methodological framework of a research of innovative social and environmental transformation of forest sector of Belarus. The purpose of the work was to highlight an importance of patterns of rent-based economies and the need for them to be accommodated in the economic relations of the forest sector, as well as to identify the operational applications of complex and differentiated knowledge of rents in an aspect of active and passive (monitoring, associative) behavioral patterns. Analysis of the institutional organization of production is presented; the features and directions of development of rental relations are considered. Components of the structural and logical model of single institutional socio-ecosystem space that are embedded in the rental relations of society; are justified by the forestry practice. The role of impact investment and a "feedback" loop of the forestry sector as an institutional platform for sustainable development is outlined. The content of the innovative-socio-ecological transformation of the forestry sector in Belarus characterized by posing questions on property creation covered by stable and manageable value of rent, requiring the linking of various interests and management decisions with the rental format of economic relations as a mechanism for the transition to sustainable development through resources and property, is revealed.

AbstractDuring most of the nineteenth century, Bavaria was notorious for infant mortality rates that were among the highest in Europe. After 1870, infant mortality in Bavaria began a sustained decline. This decline, which was impressive in urban areas, was even more dramatic in Bavaria's capital, Munich. From a peak of 40 deaths per 100 births in the 1860s, infant mortality had fallen two‐thirds by 1914. This article examines the causes of infant mortality in rural and urban districts of Bavaria from 1880 to 1910 and in Munich from 1825 up to shortly before the First World War. In rural Bavaria, structural change in agriculture lowered infant mortality, even as stark differences in infant survival driven by income gaps and deficient infant care remained. In urban areas, high fertility was strongly associated with high infant mortality. Individual‐level data from Munich reveal that infant care, fertility, and incomes mattered. Even prior to industrialization, occupational status influenced infant survival. Munich's growth into a leading industrial centre after 1875 apparently widened the gap between rich and poor. Families at the top of the occupational distribution and couples able to acquire real property saw the steepest declines in infant mortality. The poorest one‐third without property saw little improvement.

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar un corpus de cortometrajes documentales argentinos entre 1966 y 1976, con el propósito de constatar cómo las diferentes tendencias político-ideológicas de los realizadores influyeron en el modo de utilizar el medio cinematográfico en tanto vehículo de acción. Gracias a las potencialidades estructurales del film de corta duración (bajo presupuesto, efectividad en la relación con el receptor, entre otras) y en un contexto de renovación del cine nacional y convulsión social (la paralización de la industria cinematográfica, la proscripción del partido mayoritario y la sucesión de gobiernos autoritarios), el cortometraje permitirá reflejar los debates políticos del momento y se convertirá en un dispositivo de reflexión y transformación social. ; This article aims to analyze a corpus of argentine short documentaries between 1966 and 1976, in order to observe how the different filmmakers' political and ideological trends influenced the way they used the film as a vehicle of action. Thanks to the structural potential of the short film (like the lower budget, the effectiveness of the relationship with the audience, among others) and in a context of renewed national cinema and social upheaval (the stoppage of the film industry, the ban of the majority party and the succession of authoritarian governments), the short film will reflect the political debates of the moment and will become a device of reflection and social transformation. ; Fil: Cossalter, Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Departamento de Artes; Argentina

Issues regarding public policies and territorial differentiation have risen as a result of three contemporary phenomena: sectorial structural adjustments and their corresponding territorial impacts; the rescaling of political authority; and the emergence of a variety of local governance models. This dissertation analyses the evolution of six cities, historically modelled by national defence policy, in light of recent defence policy reforms and the rise in local government competencies. The scope of the analysis covers six cities, three in France and three in Italy. The dissertation demonstrates the need to analyse locally-specific forms of national and local public intervention; and their reciprocal interactions; in order to understand urban and social evolutions. It develops a framework inspired by historical sociology of the State that conceptualizes the links between public policy and territorial structuring and integration. On one hand, territorial retrenchment of national defence policy varies accross cities, as a result of negotiations between central defence and financial administrations, and increasing local government lobbying of the central State. On the other hand, it illustrates the varying degrees to which local governments are capable of organising and managing public intervention; and can transform spaces which are historically structured by the State. This capacity hinges upon the nature of urban political agendas; the existing means of institutionalised collective action; as well as upon the ways in which the State operates in cities. The dissertation helps redefine central/local relations in the context of decentralization and budgetary constraints. ; Les restructurations sectorielles et leurs différents effets localisés, le réétalonnage des échelles de l'autorité politique, les modes de gouvernement propres à chaque ville soulèvent une question sur les recompositions de l'action publique et la différenciation territoriale. Cette recherche prend pour objet le changement des villes ...

Issues regarding local policies and territorial differentiation have risen as a result of three contemporary phenomena: sectorial structural adjustments and their corresponding territorial impacts; the rescaling of political authority; and the emergence of a variety of local governance models. This dissertation analyses the evolution of six cities, historically modelled by national defence policy, in light of recent defence policy reforms and the rise in local government competencies. The scope of the analysis covers six cities, three in France and three in Italy. The dissertation demonstrates the need to analyse locally-specific forms of national and local public intervention; and their reciprocal interactions; in order to understand urban and social evolutions. It develops a framework inspired by historical sociology of the State that conceptualizes the links between public policy and territorial structuring and integration. On one hand, territorial retrenchment of national defence policy varies across cities, as a result of negotiations between central defence and financial administrations, and increasing local government lobbying of the central State. On the other hand, it illustrates the varying degrees to which local governments are capable of organising and managing public intervention; and can transform spaces that are historically structured by the State. This capacity hinges upon the nature of urban political agendas; the existing means of institutionalised collective action; as well as upon the ways in which the State operates in cities. The dissertation helps redefine central/local relations in the context of decentralization and budgetary constraints. ; Les restructurations sectorielles et leurs différents effets localisés, le réétalonnage des échelles de l'autorité politique, les modes de gouvernement propres à chaque ville soulèvent une question sur les recompositions de l'action publique et la différenciation territoriale. Cette recherche prend pour objet le changement des villes historiquement ...

Issues regarding public policies and territorial differentiation have risen as a result of three contemporary phenomena: sectorial structural adjustments and their corresponding territorial impacts; the rescaling of political authority; and the emergence of a variety of local governance models. This dissertation analyses the evolution of six cities, historically modelled by national defence policy, in light of recent defence policy reforms and the rise in local government competencies. The scope of the analysis covers six cities, three in France and three in Italy. The dissertation demonstrates the need to analyse locally-specific forms of national and local public intervention; and their reciprocal interactions; in order to understand urban and social evolutions. It develops a framework inspired by historical sociology of the State that conceptualizes the links between public policy and territorial structuring and integration. On one hand, territorial retrenchment of national defence policy varies accross cities, as a result of negotiations between central defence and financial administrations, and increasing local government lobbying of the central State. On the other hand, it illustrates the varying degrees to which local governments are capable of organising and managing public intervention; and can transform spaces which are historically structured by the State. This capacity hinges upon the nature of urban political agendas; the existing means of institutionalised collective action; as well as upon the ways in which the State operates in cities. The dissertation helps redefine central/local relations in the context of decentralization and budgetary constraints. ; Les restructurations sectorielles et leurs différents effets localisés, le réétalonnage des échelles de l'autorité politique, les modes de gouvernement propres à chaque ville soulèvent une question sur les recompositions de l'action publique et la différenciation territoriale. Cette recherche prend pour objet le changement des villes ...

Issues regarding public policies and territorial differentiation have risen as a result of three contemporary phenomena: sectorial structural adjustments and their corresponding territorial impacts; the rescaling of political authority; and the emergence of a variety of local governance models. This dissertation analyses the evolution of six cities, historically modelled by national defence policy, in light of recent defence policy reforms and the rise in local government competencies. The scope of the analysis covers six cities, three in France and three in Italy. The dissertation demonstrates the need to analyse locally-specific forms of national and local public intervention; and their reciprocal interactions; in order to understand urban and social evolutions. It develops a framework inspired by historical sociology of the State that conceptualizes the links between public policy and territorial structuring and integration. On one hand, territorial retrenchment of national defence policy varies accross cities, as a result of negotiations between central defence and financial administrations, and increasing local government lobbying of the central State. On the other hand, it illustrates the varying degrees to which local governments are capable of organising and managing public intervention; and can transform spaces which are historically structured by the State. This capacity hinges upon the nature of urban political agendas; the existing means of institutionalised collective action; as well as upon the ways in which the State operates in cities. The dissertation helps redefine central/local relations in the context of decentralization and budgetary constraints. ; Les restructurations sectorielles et leurs différents effets localisés, le réétalonnage des échelles de l'autorité politique, les modes de gouvernement propres à chaque ville soulèvent une question sur les recompositions de l'action publique et la différenciation territoriale. Cette recherche prend pour objet le changement des villes ...

The war of Poland with the Teutonic Knights Order in the years 1454–1466, ended with the peace of Toruń 1466, had a significant impact on the increase in the importance of Poland's position in Europe, which was reflected in the subordination of the defeated Teutonic Order state in Prussia and Poland's obtaining a dominant position in Central and Northern Europe. Above all, however, events that took place during the war, especially the political crisis caused by claims of the nobility gathered for war as part of the levy in mass and the issuing of privileges for the nobility in 1454 initiated the start of changes in the political system of the Kingdom of Poland, which led to transformations in the structures of state assemblies and the creation of the new power system. The result of the transformation processes initiated at that time was the establishment in 1468 of a nationwide bicameral parliament, based on the representation of territorial assemblies, whose convocation was, moreover, due to the need to solve the financial problems arising as a result of the war, which ended in 1466. The war of 1454–1466 had a real impact on the formation of a new political structure of the Kingdom of Poland, whose development was continued in the 16th century. ; Wojna Polski z zakonem krzyżackim w latach 1454–1466, zakończona pokojem toruńskim w 1466 r., miała istotny wpływ na wzrost znaczenia pozycji Polski w Europie, czego wyrazem było podporządkowanie pokonanego państwa zakonnego w Prusach i uzyskanie przez Polskę dominującej pozycji w Środkowej i Północnej Europie. Przede wszystkim jednak wydarzenia mające miejsce podczas wojny, zwłaszcza kryzys polityczny wywołany roszczeniami szlachty zebranej na wojnę w ramach pospolitego ruszenia i wydanie przywilejów dla szlachty w 1454 r., zainicjowały rozpoczęcie zmian w systemie politycznym Królestwa Polskiego, które doprowadziły do przekształceń w strukturach zgromadzeń stanowych i do powstania nowego układu władzy. Rezultatem zapoczątkowanych wówczas procesów przekształceń było powstanie w 1468 r. ogólnopaństwowego sejmu dwuizbowego, opartego na reprezentacji zgromadzeń terytorialnych, którego zwołanie nastąpiło zresztą wskutek konieczności rozwiązania problemów finansowych powstałych w następstwie wojny zakończonej w 1466 r. Wojna z lat 1454–1466 miała więc rzeczywisty wpływ na ukształtowanie się nowej konstrukcji ustrojowej Królestwa Polskiego, której rozwój kontynuowany był w XVI w.

We analyze in this piece the tensions and conflicts that took place in the mid-1990s in the province of San Juan, which culminated in the massive social mobilizations later on known as the first sanjuanazo. Focusing on the way the transformations in the province's socioeconomic structure, added to the emergence of new political actors -including military interventions and delegates as well structural adjustment technicians both coming from the central government- building for the conditions for increasing social protests together with deepening political instability thus leading to the sanjuanazo, in a way which in more than one point resemble social upheavals experienced in other Argentine provinces by the same time. While an effect and a reaction to Neoliberal structural adjustment policies, the specific traits differentiating it from the latter are interpreted as the effect of the particular structural, social, political and institutional conditions which evolved in San Juan over the previous decades. Relying on indepth interviews to many of the actors directly involved in both sanjuanazo and its aftermath, as well on regional newspapers archives, the article provides, in addition to an interpretation of the events under scrutiny, a close approach to the unfolding of a regional society. ; Analizamos en este trabajo las tensiones y conflictos que tuvieron lugar a mediados de la década de 1990 en la Provincia de San Juan, que culminaron con las masivas movilizaciones sociales conocidas posteriormente como "primer sanjuanazo" en 1995. El texto enfoca el modo en que transformaciones en la estructura socioeconómica de la provincia, sumadas al surgimiento de nuevos actores políticos -desde las intervenciones militares hasta los técnicos del ajuste estructural posterior- crearon las condiciones para la profundización del malestarsocial y la inestabilidad política que condujeron al "sanjuanazo" -un encadenamiento de hechos y circunstancias que también se registró, hacia la misma época, en otras provincias argentinas. Si bien el sanjuanazo tuvo una clara vinculación con las políticas de ajuste estructural impuestas en la época, sus modalidades concretas, que lo diferencian de ellas son el producto de las características específicas, estructurales, sociales y político-institucionales, quese configuraron en San Juan en las décadas previas. El análisis de fuentes periodísticas y entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a muchos de los protagonistas de aquellas jornadas permite develar una trama que, además de explicar los sucesos, echan luz sobre las características centrales de la sociedad regional.

International audience ; Purpose: The objective of any change in public administrations is to improve their management system to provide a better service to the citizen user. This is how policy makers defend their political agendas. However, the effectiveness of the digital transformation of public services is not limited to the promulgation of laws but to their impact on the satisfaction of users of public administration and its perception by the public agent and the citizen. The objective of this article is to analyze the impact of digital transformation on the satisfaction of users of public administration, and more particularly of tax administration.Design / Method / Approach: This is an empirical study with a quantitative approach using a questionnaire administered to 107 taxpayers. We analyzed data through the structural equation method with SmartPls software to study the relationship between five sub-variables of digital transformation and user satisfaction. Originality / Value: The results show a significantly positive relationship between three sub-variables of digital transformation and user satisfaction: perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and website design.Research Limitations / Future Research: In addition, public administrations need to stay abreast of current trends in service digitalization. The success of the digitization of the administration is conditioned by the commitment and involvement of all stakeholders. This is with the view to providing quality services in real-time, thus meeting users' expectations.