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Herbert Simon's (1956) concept of satisficing provides an intuitive explanation for the reasons why respondents to surveys sometimes adopt response strategies that can lead to a reduction in data quality. As such, the concept rapidly gained popularity among researchers after it was first introduced to the field of survey methodology by Krosnick and Alwin (1987), and it has become a widely cited buzzword linked to different forms of response error. In this article, we present the findings of a systematic review involving a content analysis of journal articles published in English-language journals between 1987 and 2015 that have drawn on the satisficing concept to evaluate survey data quality. Based on extensive searches of online databases, and an initial screening exercise to apply the study's inclusion criteria, 141 relevant articles were identified. Guided by the theory of survey satisficing described by Krosnick (1991), the methodological features of the shortlisted articles were coded, including the indicators of satisficing analyzed, the main predictors of satisficing, and the presence of main or interaction effects on the prevalence of satisficing involving indicators of task difficulty, respondent ability, and respondent motivation. Our analysis sheds light on potential differences in the extent to which satisficing theory holds for different types of response error, and highlights a number of avenues for future research.

This article addresses the comparability of sampling and fieldwork with an analysis of methodological data describing 1,537 national surveys from five major comparative cross-national survey projects in Europe carried out in the period from 1981 to 2017. We describe the variation in the quality of the survey documentation, and in the survey methodologies themselves, focusing on survey procedures with respect to: 1) sampling frames, 2) types of survey samples and sampling designs, 3) within-household selection of target persons in address-based samples, 4) fieldwork execution and 5) fieldwork outcome rates. Our results show substantial differences in sample designs and fieldwork procedures across survey projects, as well as changes within projects over time. This variation invites caution when selecting data for analysis. We conclude with recommendations regarding the use of information about the survey process to select existing survey data for comparative analyses.

EUR 31029 EN This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission's science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ; International audience ; The assessment of lake status in Europe has evolved during the last few decades from physico-chemical focused assessment to a more comprehensive ecological approach. The EC Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the assessment of hydromorphological and physico-chemical conditions of lakes considered as supporting elements of the biological communities. The WFD describes the hydromorphology of lakes using quality elements belonging to the hydrological regime on the one hand and to morphological conditions on the other hand. A lake can achieve good ecological status only if the aforementioned quality elements correspond to natural conditions or deviate from them very slightly. Therefore, hydromorphological assessment is crucial for ecological status assessment. During summer 2020, an inventory of the HYMO assessment and monitoring methods currently implemented or under development in the different European countries for WFD implementation was conducted. This study summarises key information reported through the aforementioned inventory in order to get a comprehensive overview of the hydromorphological methods at the present time and to contribute to more common understanding of how hydromorphological conditions are defined and hydromorphological changes are characterised in different national contexts in Europe. The high response rate of the European survey makes it possible to provide a comprehensive overview of lake hydromorphological assessment and monitoring methods implemented or under development in the different European countries.Currently, 33 methods are applied or in development in 20 countries, 20 are currently assessment methods, 10 are monitoring methods and 3 methods will be replace by new protocols. This report gives also a basis to carry out future relevant good practices suitable with standards such as the water quality guidance standard on assessing the hydromorphological features of lakes – EN 16039:2011 and the water quality guidance standard on determining the degree of modification of lake hydromorphology – EN 16870:2017. Hydrological characteristics are relatively well taken into account by the different countries except the residence time although its evaluation is recommended in the EN 16039:2011 standard. Surface-groundwater interactions and stratification/mixing are also poorly taken into account in the different countries even though the interactions between surface water and groundwater are characterised in a majority of countries but not used to assess lake conditions. Morphological characteristics are also relatively well taken into account by the different countries, in particular lake depth variation, shape of the littoral zone and shore zone aquatic vegetation. Nevertheless, the planform pattern, substrate and aquatic vegetation in the open water are still poorly used to evaluate lake conditions although their evaluation is recommended in the EN 16039:2011 standard. All of the 20 current assessment methods use a scoring system which are mostly quantitative although the degree of confidence is still poorly included in the methods. However, the scoring system and the way in which class thresholds are defined remain to be specified by the different countries.Finally, two main hurdles remain; a methodological hurdle with the determination of reference conditions which is not clearly defined for many countries although this is essential when assessing lake conditions and a scientific hurdle with regard to the link with biology of the different hydromorphological assessment methods. In order to improve best practices and write recommendations further information is needed on how reference conditions and classification are undertaken at Member State level for assessing lake hydromorphology.

PurposeThis study attempts to provide insight into the dynamics of the third party logistics (3PL) industry in the Asia‐Pacific (APAC) region.Design/methodology/approachThe data reported in this paper were generated through a survey of the chief executive officer (CEOs) of ten of the largest 3PLs operating in the region.FindingsThose companies anticipate substantial regional revenue growth, with nearly one‐quarter of that growth coming from acquisitions. Private equity (PE) investors have been active in the region, and the CEOs are divided as to whether that is a positive or negative development. Price compression, market entrance of foreign 3PLs, and increased pressure to internationalize services were identified as the most important regional market dynamics. Continued growth of intra‐Asian business and possible expansion of transportation services were cited as the most important regional opportunities. A continuing shortage of management talent, the region's regulatory structure, and inferior transportation services were cited as the most significant regional problems.Practical implicationsThe region's growth prospects will promote further investments by 3PLs and PE companies. Regional transportation problems will continue to trouble 3PLs, and they must develop strategies to address shifting manufacturing patterns. The regional "talent shortage" will continue, and while 3PLs have taken steps to improve recruiting, training, and retention, there is little short‐term relief in sight. Regional buyers of 3PL services are becoming more sophisticated, and will likely place even more pressure on prices. Continued cost‐cutting measures and growing customer selectivity are the most likely reactions of 3PLs to that pressure.Originality/valueThe paper provides insight into the current status and future prospects of the third‐party logistics industry in the APAC region.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the behavior diversities that exist among young millennials' subgroups in ways they seek health-related information.Design/methodology/approachThe authors ran several sets of analyses on the 2012–2014 US Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) Data using Stata. The population was stratified into four specific subgroups based on their gender, ethnicity—blacks, Hispanics and whites—immigration status, college status—whether they were enrolled in a program of study at the time of the survey. The outcome variables were sources of health information including print (books/magazines/brochures), traditional media (Radio/TV), internet, family/friends/co-workers and health professionals. The independent variables were gender, ethnicity, educational status and immigration status. The authors utilized the appropriate sample weight derived by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development so the findings can be generalized to the populations. The analysis included several descriptive statistics andχ2test of independence.FindingsDespite similarities, young adults' health seeking behavior is complex influenced by gender, ethnicity, immigration status and education. The results indicated that while the internet is the primary source of health-related information for all young adults, there are subtle differences in utilizing other available resources. For example while more educated young adults seek help from their family members, the less educated peers use the media to obtain health-related information. Ethnicity has also an effect on young adults' information seeking behavior. The number of Hispanics and blacks that obtain their information from traditional media is significantly higher than their white counterparts.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has several limitations. First, the authors did not consider the effect of young adults' digital literacy skills, problem solving skills and numeracy skills on their health seeking approach. Including these cognitive skills could reveal key information about young adults approach to information seeking that is not apparent by race, ethnicity and gender only. Another limitation of this study is the lack of the ability to claim causation, PIAAC data are designed strictly for cross-sectional analysis.Practical implicationsAlthough, behaviors often do not change simply by presenting information, trying to change behavior without improving individuals' understanding of the issue by providing accurate information is likely to fail. Providing standardized health-related information sources that are accessible to all is vitally important. The results indicate that while the majority of young adults use the internet as their primary source of information only a few percentage of young adults seek information from health professional. Consequently, there is a need for an easily accessible and standardized online health-related source of information.Social implicationsHealthcare facilities and health related industries have the resources and the ability to develop a reliable infrastructure that could potentially provide reliable information that is easy to understand and navigate for adults with a variety of literacy and skills to use. Perhaps adopting the Universal Design for Learning approach and providing information that is accessible to a variety of individuals regardless of their education, learning skills and language skills. Flexible learning resources provided within a standard infrastructure accessible to all can help individuals find trustworthy and consistent information that they can trust.Originality/valueDespite the unique characteristics of the millennials and the profound change in the way young adults seek information, there is a paucity of research on the ways young adults seek health-related information. Most existing literature is based on locally developed surveys and convenient sampling with limited reliability and validity information. Consequently making a sweeping statement based on their findings is considered as hasty generalization. The PIAAC, on the other hand, is a nationally representative data, extensively examined for its validity and reliability.

This article provides a basic report about subject recruitment processes for Web-based surveys. Using data from our ongoing Internet Survey of American Opinion project, two different recruitment techniques (banner advertisement and subscription campaigns) are compared. This comparison, together with a typology of Web-based surveys, provides insight into the validity and generalizability of Internet survey data. The results from this analysis show that, although Internet survey respondents differ demographically from the American population, the relationships among variables are similar across recruitment methods and match those implied by substantive theory. Thus, our research documents the basic methodology of subject acquisition for Web-based surveys, which, as we argue in our conclusion, may soon become the survey interview mode of choice for social scientists.

Mainly, the scholarly debate on Alexa has focused on sexist/anti-woman gender representations in the everyday life of many families, on a cluster of themes such as privacy, insecurity, and trust, and on the world of education and health. This paper takes another stance and explores via online survey methodology how university student respondents in two countries (the United States, n = 333; and Italy, n = 322) perceive Alexa's image and gender, what they expect from this voice-based assistant, and how they would like Alexa to be. Results of a free association exercise showed that Alexa's image was scarcely embodied or explicitly gendered. Rather, Alexa was associated with a distinct category of being—the VBA, virtual assistant, or digital helper—with which one talks, and which possesses praiseworthy technical and social traits. Expectations of Alexa and desires regarding Alexa's ideal performance are presented and compared across the two country samples.

The Government of Special Capital Region of Jakarta until the end of 2019 seeks to revitalize tourism program by launching double-decker bus. But this implementation, there are still problems with a low level of passenger services, shelters without seats, small bus AC rooms, and responsiveness of PLB officers is still low. Purpose of this study is to explore values bus transportation services that are predicted for quality and service satisfaction. The approach used is survey methodology with results show that bus transportation service predicted values for service quality is transparency aspect; accountability; and conditional; all service products used by passengers. While, participatory aspect; equal rights; and the balance of rights and obligations, predicted to impact in service satisfaction received—recommendations for improvements in service quality, especially provision facilities and ease accessibility. While improvement service satisfaction is improved, safety on buses and empathy PLB officers in responding services.

The European Union, its member states and local authorities have been working for long time on the design of solutions for future sustainable mobility. The promotion of a sustainable and affordable urban transport contemplates the bicycle as a mean of transport. The reasons for analysing the cycling mobility in urban areas, has its origin in the confrontation with motorized vehicles, as a sustainable response to the environment. In this context of sustainable mobility, the research team has studied the use of bicycles in Mediterranean cities, specifically in coastal tourist areas. The present work shows the development of a mobility index oriented to the bicycle, transport that competes with the private vehicle. By means of a survey methodology, the research group proceeded to collect field data and the subsequent analysis of them, for the development of a mobility index adapted to bicycle mobility, and with possibilities to adapt to urban environments.

This study explores the differences between Snapchat, Instagram, and Twitter in terms of intensity of use and use motivations. Grounded in the theory of Uses and Gratifications, the current research compares the three platforms with exploratory factor analysis. A cross-sectional survey methodology of college students in Kuwait (N=692) asked respondents to identify the time they spend using social media, satisfaction with social media content, the intensity of using Instagram, Snapchat and Twitter as well as seven use motivations. The analysis of the data indicated that Instagram is the most popular platform among social media users, while Snapchat intensity of use is the highest. Based on the factor analysis results, motivations to use Snapchat are passing the time, self-expression, self-presentation, and entertainment. While the motivations to use Twitter are self-presentation, entertainment, and social interaction. Finally, passing time, social interaction, self-presentation, and entertainment are the motivations to use Instagram.

This study investigates the impact of microfinance programmes on women's empowerment in the northern territory of Ghana, which is known as the poorest part of the country. A survey methodology is used to collect data from a sample of 247 female entrepreneurs and their husbands (189 women and 58 men) in rural areas. The majority of the sample are aged 40 or below, and many are illiterate. The research findings indicate that although microfinance appears to have some positive effects on women's income, it is insufficient to ease the hardships in the lives of women in northern Ghana. Most female respondents indicated that women are largely forbidden by men to own productive assets such as land and livestock. The traditional domineering behaviour of men remains a significant obstacle. Despite the increase in access to credit, microfinance itself may not be sufficient to eliminate barriers to women's empowerment and to the reduction of poverty.

AbstractDrawing on past research on judgment and decision making, as well as preference reversal, we investigated the impact of question framing on support for military versus diplomatic conflict resolution strategies. In three studies with two heterogeneous samples from the United States and one representative sample from Israel, preferences for military action were substantially stronger when asked in isolation (i.e., "yes/no" [support/reject]) rather than in conjunction with the alternative of diplomacy (i.e., "either‐or" [military or diplomacy]), sometimes even causing a complete reversal from majority support for military action to majority support for diplomacy. These findings point to problems in public opinion polls and scientific research on military support (usually presenting no alternatives), and address issues important for psychology, political science, sociology, and survey methodology. In a real world context, our findings have important implications for governmental decisions on conflict resolution strategies and the implementation of policies based on public opinion.

Unlike many developed countries, internet banking is a new phenomenon for Pakistani consumers as majority of banking customers seems to be fairly unfamiliar with different aspects of this service. This can be due to the diverse educational backgrounds, level of internet access, personal experiences and different socio-cultural backgrounds of customers. The present study looked at various factors influencing adoption of internet banking in Pakistan. The study used survey methodology with a sample of 250 individuals. Results of the research revealed reluctance to change has no significant impact on adoption of internet banking. On other hand access to internet, ease of use and security and privacy are found to be critical factors influencing adoption of internet banking. The results of the present study may facilitate policy makers and bank management to advance electronic banking services in Pakistan in a befitting manner. Lastly, managerial implications, study limitations and future research directions are provided.

The article gives an overview about scientific research on individual behavior in organizations. A number of reasons are discussed why it is difficult to obtain a coherent body of knowledge about this topic, some of them meta-theoretical and methodological, others political, organizational and ideological, e.g. the existence of different schools of psychology, one-sided and interest-laden views, the dominance of survey methodology, measurement problems, the submission of researchers to dominant styles of publishing. The article further reports on main insights about the effects of stable and variable personal traits, and of situational conditions on employee behavior and about practical consequences. The conclusion is that there is a lot of well-founded knowledge, especially about the aptitudes of employees, but on the other hand one finds remarkable ignorance on behaviour which has no direct relation to performance and on the impacts of specific work and organizational conditions.