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In Japanese culture the concept of katachi has special significance, connoting relationships and connectedness. Although katachi cannot be translated precisely, it corresponds most closely to "form," "shape," "pattern," or "Gestalt". The contemporary study of katachi is interdisciplinary and encompasses virtually all scientific and aesthetic endeavors. Katachi research seeks to bridge the gap between cultures - whether the "two cultures" of C.P. Snow or the contrasting cultures of East and West. To help achieve this aim and to foster international cooperation, the interdisciplinary symposium titled "Katachi "U" Symmetry" was convened in Tsukuba, Japan, November 21 - 25, 1994. With many participants from differing backgrounds and cultural perspectives, the symposium was the culmination of 15 years of work in the field. Like-minded researchers and philosophers came together from two movements in interdisciplinary studies of katachi and symmetry that arose in the 1980s, one in Japan, the other in Hungary. The proceedings of the symposium will stimulate and provoke the interest of scientists and mathematicians, engineers and architects, philosophers and semioticians - indeed, all those with a lively sense of curiosity and a wide-ranging intellect

India's unbridled military spending has gone unchallenged and ruined the economy

Title VII provides symmetrical protection against discrimination in that both blacks and whites, and men and women may avail themselves of the law's protections. In contrast, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act operates asymmetrically, shielding workers over the age of forty from discrimination yet offering no reciprocal protection for younger workers. Why do some antidiscrimination laws protect symmetrically while others do not? More importantly, why does this design choice matter? These are questions that scholars, courts, and legislators have generally ignored. This Article proceeds in two parts. First, it identifies symmetry as an important, yet frequently overlooked, way in which American antidiscrimination laws differ. Second, it proposes the "symmetry principle" as a major normative theory for analyzing and evaluating the design of antidiscrimination laws. Symmetrical laws have unique expressive, tactical, and substantive strengths. For example, symmetrical laws promote solidarity, are more politically palatable, can more effectively challenge stereotypes, and are capacious enough to respond to unanticipated forms of bias. This Article defends symmetry as a default rule to be applied when addressing traits such as sex, age, and genetic information. To comprehensively combat discrimination, however, the law cannot rely exclusively on symmetry; rather, asymmetrical laws can under certain circumstances be uniquely beneficial. Sometimes a trait is not universally held and is most intelligible as an asymmetric measure, such as in the case of disability. At other times, protecting symmetrically would mean giving advantaged groups a "reverse" cause of action that might further subordinate an already disadvantaged group, such as in the case of disability. Accordingly, this Article defends asymmetrical approaches to disability as well as several race-based policies and doctrines. Taken together, the symmetry principle is capable of imposing some degree of order on the wide-ranging policies and practices in antidiscrimination doctrine. In addition to addressing this previously neglected design choice, and considering how current laws might be modified to better prevent and rectify subordination, the symmetry principle and its analytical framework may also assist future legislative bodies in crafting new antidiscrimination measures that are directed toward formerly unprotected groups.

Abstract.  This paper defends three interconnected claims: (a) selection is the only licensing procedure available to UG, specifically, checking is an instance of selection; (b) selection obtains in the mutual c‐command configuration; and (c) though a head does not mutually c‐command its own specifier, it mutually c‐commands the specifier of its complement. A head may therefore license the specifier of its complement (as well as its complement) but not its own specifier (it is not local enough). This effectively eliminates the spec‐head configuration from the repertoire of syntactic configurations, in favor of a unified notion of locality strictly identifiable with mutual c‐command, a symmetric configuration. The discussion shows that a theory that collapses these distinctions remains empirically discriminating. The resulting theory is therefore genuinely reductionist.

We present a dynamical (composite) axion model where the Peccei–Quinn (PQ) symmetry arises automatically as a consequence of chirality and gauge symmetry. The Standard Model is simply extended by a confining and chiral SU(5) gauge symmetry. The PQ symmetry coincides with a B- L symmetry of the exotic sector. The theory is protected by construction from quantum gravitational corrections stemming from operators with mass dimension lower than nine ; This project has received support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant agreements no. 690575 (RISE InvisiblesPlus) and no. 674896 (ITN ELUSIVES). M.B.G and P. Q. also acknowledge support from the the Spanish Research Agency (Agencia Estatal de Investigación) through the grant IFT Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa SEV-2016-0597, as well as from the "Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación" (AEI) and the EU "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional" (FEDER) through the project FPA2016-78645-P. The work of P.Q. was supported through a "La Caixa-Severo Ochoa" predoctoral grant of Fundación La Caixa. This research was also supported in part by WPI Research Center Initiative, MEXT, Japan (MI, MY and TTY), and in part by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research no. 15h05889, no. 16h03991, no. 18H05542 (MI), no. 26104001, no. 26104009, no. 16H02176 (TTY), and no. 17H02878 (MI and TTY). TTY is a Hamamatsu Professor at Kavli IPMU