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Current research on diachronic syntax has yet to provide an account of syntactic change consistent with our theoretical understanding of "knowledge of language" and its acquisition. However, explanatory adequacy requires us to account for all acquisition – this includes the acquisition of grammars that diverge from their sources (i.e., change) as well as that of fully convergent grammars. This paper argues that an adequate explanation of change phenomena is unattainable given the current widespread confusion regarding such critical concepts as "language,""language change,'" and "syntax." It seeks to develop a coherent theory of syntactic change, which necessitates clarification of these fundamental matters. I believe that syntactic change should fall out from an adequate theory of syntax (along with a learning algorithm). This paper frames these issues within a Minimalist perspective. Finally, I present evidence that the study of change may provide valuable insights into the proper characterization of certain syntactic phenomena within current syntactic theory.

The definition of functions and categories -- Syntactic-morphological discrepancies in Maltese sentence structure -- Heuristic problems concerning the identification of grammatical relations: the case of the Westgermania (Dutch — English — German) -- Verb complements and sentence complements: two different types of relation -- Observations on the syntax of English nominals -- Constructional properties of the sentence -- The structure of infinitival perception verb complements in a transformational grammar -- Passive in a semantic dependency network -- Verb-first clauses in Icelandic, successive cyclic wh-movement and syntactic binding -- The construction of the infinitive with causative movement verbs in French -- Generalized union -- On the status of verbal reflexives -- Reflexivization in English -- Tense and aspect -- The temporal reference of the English futurate -- Prolegomena to a semantic analysis of phase-indicating verbal periphrases in Portuguese -- Time, tense and restriction (On the French periphrasis 'venir de + infinitive') -- The organization of grammar -- The configurational matrix -- Towards plausibility in theories of language acquisition -- References.

Dans cet article, on suggère que la conscience humaine est basée sur un modèle de connaissance socialement acquis, mais inconscient. Ce modèle, appelé ici 'syntaxe,' peut être different et la connaissance consciente de l'environnement est, elle aussi, différente. Les systèmes sociaux, les modèles de comportement et d'institutions existent distincte‐ment en fonction de leur syntaxe propre. Une perception consciente, particulière, des fonctions de l'environnement, agit uniquement à l'intérieur d'une syntaxe précise; elle ne peut fonctionner à l'intérieur d'une autre syntaxe. Cette etude trace les grandes lignes de deux syntaxes opposées, et suggère qu'on gagnerait à analyser les differences historiques dans la pensée sociale, politique, scientifique et philosophique sur la base de l'existence de syntaxes différentes.In this paper I suggest that human consciousness is based on a socially learned, yet unconscious, pattern of cognition. This pattern, which I term 'syntax,' can differ, and the conscious cognition of the environment then also differs. Social systems, institutions, and behavioral patterns are specific to their particular syntax. A particular conscious perception of the environment functions only within a specific syntax; it cannot function within a different syntax. This paper outlines two contrasting syntaxes and suggests that historical differences in social, political, scientific, and philosophical thought can be fruitfully analyzed as based on different existing syntaxes.

Abstract.  This essay argues that antecedent‐anaphor and bound‐variable relations (coconstrual relations) are formed outside of narrow syntax by an interpretive component that exploits the structures built by minimalist architecture. It is demonstrated that attempts to reduce coconstrual to the tree‐building operations of narrow syntax (Agree, feature theory, Merge and its subcase, Remerge) do not succeed in dispensing with conditions that evaluate constructed trees and thus such accounts offer no conceptual advantage. Instead it is established that syntactically sensitive coconstrual relations must be interpreted from the output of narrow syntax, but are not expressed within narrow syntax at all. This result unburdens narrow syntax of a class of relations that bring theoretical and empirical complications, while providing a more elegant account of coconstrual in a broader conception of the interpretive interface.

It is pointed out that in order to use an electronic machine designed for data-processing we must be able to communicate with it. The term language is applied to any org'ed system of signs calculated to bring about such COMM, & the words syntax & semantics are used in reference to languages of this kind. It is suggested that although linguistics, mathematical logic & data-processing cover entirely diff fields, the problems arising in each of them in connection with the relations between syntax & semantics must be formulated on lines which, if not exactly the same, are at least fairly similar in each field. A given machine is equipped, by its very design & the fitting together of its components, for the direct `comprehension' of one particular language: its own machine language, the one to which it is obliged, in the last analysis, to reduce all others. An instruction may therefore be represented as a sequence with the alphabet (0, 1). In the case of MLX (machine language of machine X), attention should be drawn to the following: (a) a kind of positioned morphology or syntax, (b) a dualism of form & meaning which, unlike the situation in natural languages, rules out almost entirely the arbitrary quality of the sign, & (c) a group of problems referring to the referent & the sense. Direct programming in a machine language is shown to have serious drawbacks. The main conditions to be satisfied by a programming language are outlined. It is stressed that it Is impossible, in the various fields considered, to draw a strict dividing line between syntax & semantics, & that it is probably in mathematical logic that this permeability of the syntaxsemantics frontier is most difficult to recognize. E. Weiman.

This study brings together many of the resources needed for the exploration of English historical syntax and deals with many of the important changes in English sentence structure from Old English to present. It also features a survey of published research from both classical and modern linguistic traditions, as well as new research by the author. Provides guidance on methodology, important reference materials, and the general history of the English language

AbstractThis paper addresses three central questions in the phonology–syntax interface: What does phonology know about syntax? Does phrasal phonology "know" about syntax directly or indirectly (i.e., mediated by prosodic constituents such as Intonation Phrase)? When does the phonology–syntax interaction take place? Most current phase‐based theories of the interface assume a strict cyclic model of derivation, in which the output of each spell‐out domain directly feeds the phonology. We argue instead for an indirect model in which phonology is mainly conditioned by phase edges and accesses syntax only when the syntactic derivation is complete. We motivate the model mainly with data from Bantu languages that have played a leading role in the development of current theories of the phonology–syntax interface.

1 Zur Analyse syntaktischer Strukturen in der gesprochenen Sprache -- 2 Satzinitiale Voranstellungen im gesprochenen Deutsch als Mitte der Themensteuerung und Referenzkonstitution -- 3 Formen und Funktionen der Vor-Vorfeldbesetzung im gesprochenen Deutsch -- 4 "Was er (schon) (…) konstruieren kann — das sieht er (oft auch) als Ellipse an." Über 'Ellipsen', syntaktische Formate und Wissensstrukturen -- 5 Sogenannte 'Ellipsen' als interaktiv relevante Konstruktionen? Ein neuer Versuch über die Reichweite und Grenzen des Ellipsenbegriffs für die Analyse gesprochener Sprache in der konversationeilen Interaktion -- 6 Selbstreparaturen in Alltagsdialogen: Ein Fall für eine integrative Konversationstheorie -- 7 Parataktische Konstruktionen im gesprochenen Deutsch -- 8 Syntaktische Variation in der Sportberichterstattung. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Hörfunk- und der Fernsehreportage -- 9 Direkte und indirekte Rede in Alltagsgesprächen. Zur Interaktion von Syntax und Prosodie in der Redewiedergabe -- 10 'Syntaxfehler' von Chinesen in der gesprochenen Fremdsprache Deutsch -- Über die AutorInnen.

Intro -- Vorwort -- 1. Hintergründe -- 1.1 Syntaktische Aspekte -- 1.1.1 Lineare Aspekte der Wortstellung -- 1.1.2 Hierarchische Aspekte der Wortstellung -- 1.1.3 Grundannahmen des Grammatikmodells -- 1.2 Informationsstruktur -- 1.2.1 Fokus-Hintergrund-Gliederung -- 1.2.2. Topik-Kommentar-Gliederung -- 1.2.3 Diskursrelationen -- 2. Vorfeldbesetzung -- 2.1 Drei Möglichkeiten der Vorfeldbesetzung -- 2.1.1 Formale Bewegung -- 2.1.2 Basisgenerierung -- 2.1.3 Echte A'-Bewegung -- 2.1.4 Beispielanalyse -- 2.1.5 Die Syntax des Vorfelds -- 2.2 Präferenzen der Vorfeldbesetzung -- 2.2.1 Geschriebene (monologische) Sprache -- 2.2.1.1 Ausdruckstypen im Vorfeld -- 2.2.1.2 Häufigkeiten und Rangfolgen -- 2.2.2 Gesprochene (dialogische) Sprache -- 2.2.2.1 Weitere Elemente im Vorfeld und ihre Rangfolge -- 2.2.2.2 Die Rolle des Turn-Taking -- 3. Das linke Mittelfeld -- 3.1 Die Position von Topiks im Mittelfeld -- 3.2 Evidenz für die Topikposition -- 3.3 Konsequenzen der Analyse -- 3.4 Beispielanalyse -- 4. Herausstellungen nach links -- 4.1 Typen der Herausstellung nach links -- 4.2 Linksversetzung und Hängendes Topik -- 4.2.1 Grammatische Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten -- 4.2.2 Diskursfunktionale Unterschiede -- 4.2.3 Syntaktische Analysen -- 5. Herausstellungen nach rechts -- 5.1 Typen der Herausstellung nach rechts -- 5.2 Rechtsversetzung und Reparatur-Nachtrag -- 5.3 Die Rechtsversetzung im Diskurs -- 5.3.1 Markierung des Diskurstopiks -- 5.3.2 Spontanitätsgrade / Äußerungsregister -- 5.3.3 Spontansprache -- 5.3.4 Nicht-spontane Sprache -- 5.4 Die Syntax der Rechtsversetzung -- 5.4.1 Eine Doppelsatzstruktur-Analyse -- 5.4.2 Die Rechtsversetzung als PF-Phänomen -- 6. Verbdritt-Strukturen -- 6.1 Gibt es Verbdritt-Sätze im Deutschen? -- 6.1.1 Verbdritt-Sätze in der Zeitungssprache und im Kiezdeutsch -- 6.1.2 Mehrfache Vorfeldbesetzung?

This volume contains thirteen comparative studies on various aspects of Germanic syntax, as well as a general introduction to the field by the editors. In recent years, numerous important innovations in generative grammar have originated within the field of Germanic syntax. The various contributions to this volume demonstrate clearly how much the field has grown both in quantity and quality within the last decade. The topics investigated include the phrase structure of clauses and nominal phrases, morphological and abstract case, binding, and different types of movement (verb movement, scrambling, object shift, extraposition, and topicalization). The studies often cut across the division between Germanic SVO languages and Germanic SOV languages, thus opening new perspectives on the field. Furthermore, non-Germanic languages like Bengali and Italian are also included in the discussion. Contributors: Josef Bayer; Giuliana Giusti; Hubert Haider; Jarich Hoekstra; Teun Hoekstra; Helen de Hoop; Richard Kayne; Wim Kosmeijer; Joan Maling; Gereon Müller; Ad Neeleman, Susan Olsen, Zvi Penner; Tanya Reinhart; Eric Reuland; Ian Roberts; Manuela Schönenberger; Rex Sprouse; Tarald Taraldsen; Sten Vikner