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Abstract
Reputations for resolve are critical in international relations for deterring adversaries and reassuring partners. However, a state's resolve is unobservable and can change unbeknownst to its audience. How does the possibility of unobserved change impact reputation dynamics? I provide a theory of long-run reputations with changing resolve via a formal model covering conflict and cooperation domains. In the model, the possibility that current reputations are based on outdated information makes the audience extend the benefit of the doubt to states with poor reputations. This leads to states building or spending their reputations depending on their current reputations. Importantly, when damaged reputations can be rebuilt, states with better reputations face stronger temptations to spend them. Thus, reputations constrain states with poor reputations the most. Further, because demonstrations of resolve improve reputations, which, in turn, reduce incentives for future demonstrations of resolve, there is a cyclical rhythm to conflict and cooperation. A major implication is that a state's behavior changes with its reputation even if its resolve is unchanged and the stakes are identical. Reputational enforcement works, but the price is occasional breaches of trust. These results also settle a few long-standing controversies in the IR-reputation literature.

Is « Base of the Pyramid » (BoP) the new Eldorado for companies or only « smoke and mirrors »? It is extremely challenging for companies to make profits through offering products and services to the world's poorest populations, while supposedly tackling social or environmental issues. This article nevertheless aims to show that companies need to push on their initiatives at the BoP. We propose solutions to get over economic, social and political obstacles facing companies' BoP initiatives and discuss the crucial role of these initiatives in terms of innovation and growth.

This paper discusses the issue of intertemporal equity in terms of conservation of the resource base. Maximisation of present value is seen as a 'dictatorship of the present' leading to intertemporal inconsistency. The alternative perspective, that of a Rawlsian original position, suggests replication of the resource base over time as a social goal, and the need for mechanisms more active than resource reservation to work toward this objective.

Human rights have become the grounding of human solidarity. They are, today, the substance of the brotherhood of man. They take the place once occupied by "our common clay," our common ancestry, and our common relationship with the Deity. This being the case, it is important to understand what, in turn, grounds human rights. There is nothing approaching a consensus: indeed, the impressive edifice on which much of the political order of the world now rests has been constructed based on the conscious decision by its principal authors to prescind from asking this basic question. Unsurprisingly under these circumstances, more and more rights are being proposed, and many divergent theories are propounded as to their bases. This Essay considers four proposed bases and rejects them. It proposes an account according to which the ethical basis for human rights is the protection of fundamental human attributes.