Suchergebnisse

In the 1870's, party attitudes to Canada's nascent labour movement were clearly reflected in the federal legislation of successive Conservative and Liberal administrations. Especially was this true of the Trade Unions Act of 1872 and the Breaches of Contract Act of 1877. The bill concerning trade unions was guided through the House a few weeks before a federal general election by Sir John A. Macdonald, conscious of the special contribution it would make to the success of his National Policy. It was passed in response to organized labour's outspoken demands and in the face of George Brown's determined efforts to destroy trade unionism. The Breaches of Contract bill was driven through the Commons for no clear electoral purpose by Edward Blake and Alexander Mackenzie, conscious of the special contribution they could make to the success of the Grand Trunk Railway Company. It was passed in spite of labour fears and in the face of stiff opposition from Macdonald, Irving and other leading Conservative and Independent politicians. Whereas the famous Trade Unions Act asserted the right of all workers to organize and to strike, the less well-known Breaches of Contract Act denied the right to strike to all employees of public utilities. Thus the seventies, while witnessing some major federal legislation directly affecting Canada's young trade-union movement, also saw labour inevitably moving within the orbit of Macdonald's Conservative party.

Historical land use records are valuable information for biodiversity protection, disaster management, rural area planning and many other uses. The Rapid Survey Maps (RSM) that were surveyed in the 1880' s (early Meiji Era), are the first modern cartographical map series of Japan and important sources of information on traditional land use in early modern Japan. We had been analyzing these maps based on polygon data and raster based Web-GIS System to disseminate the Rapid Survey Maps using FOSS4G, but, these are difficult to apply for quantitative analyses of land use change. Thus, we developed a grid based land use database using QGIS and PostGIS, and published the database using GitHub. First, we developed a land use data input system consisting of a client and server. The client was developed using QGIS API and the server was a PostGIS database. Point data as a 100 m grid was stored in the PostGIS server and land use category underneath each point was input using the QGIS application. About 1,400 thousand records (70%) have already been inputted. Error of grid based land use data is less than 1% compared with vector based land use data. We analyzed land use change from the 1880' s to 1975' s. The most significant difference between the 1880' s and 1970' s is the area of urban land use and " rough land" such as grassland and bush. Urban area increased remarkably and grassland area almost disappeared. That does not mean grassland changed to urban area. Most grassland changed to agricultural land uses and forest, and urban area was formerly mainly agricultural land use and forest. Some inputted data have been copied to GeoJSON and uploaded to GitHub as open data (Creative Commons BY 2.1 Japan). A tentative data browsing site was constructed with Leaflet. In this site, it is possible to compare point type land use data in the 1880' s and present topographic map/RSM raster data. We hope that this database contributes to not only academic research, but also business, government, and public interest.

the 1880's - the Francophones - Ontario - Durant les années 1880, les francophones de l'est de l'Ontario ont formulé une définition de leur communauté à la fois enracinée dans le passé et issue de circonstance contemporaines. En effet, c'est par suite de la controverse sur la langue d'enseignement en Ontario qu'émergeait l'identité franco-ontarienne. À partir de 1830, l'est de l'Ontario, surtout le comté de Prescott, est le point de jonction géographique des Canadas anglais et français, la boucle de la ceinture bilingue. Ainsi, l'immigration en provenance du Québec transforme cette région, d'une zone frontière où vit une population anglophone clairsemée, en un secteur à majorité francophone. Dès lors, toute l'attention de la province se tourne vers ce comté ; la controverse sur la langue d'enseignement s'intensifie particulièrement après 1885, alors que le gouvernement ontarien adopte une série de mesures destinées à restreindre l'utilisation du français dans les écoles de la province. Chad Gaffield examine ici la question linguistique par rapport à l'histoire sociale et à l'identité culturelle de l'est de l'Ontario. Il compare directement les écrits des autorités et des divers dirigeants sociaux au XIXe siècle en Ontario avec les opinions et l'expérience réelles des résidents de cette région.