E-governance is becoming a buzzword. Across the world, we have been hearing about e-governance.as socio-economic issues' expanding day to day, every government has started to extend its administration from high level to low level for mitigating of the various kinds of problems of socio-economic, science and technology, etc. with immense use of electronic devices. Governments worldwide are seeking to harness the potential offered by these new technologies to create new dimensions of economic and social progress. The present paper discusses the need for transformation from traditional governance to e-governance. In addition, it tries to focus on the factors for good governance. This paper specifically addresses the e-government initiatives that have a direct impact on the citizens and in which the citizens derive benefit through direct transactions with the governmental services.
Algorithmic governance as a key concept in controversies around the emerging digital society highlights the idea that digital technologies produce social ordering in a specific way. Starting with the origins of the concept, this paper portrays different perspectives and objects of inquiry where algorithmic governance has gained prominence ranging from the public sector to labour management and ordering digital communication. Recurrent controversies across all sectors such as datafication and surveillance, bias, agency and transparency indicate that the concept of algorithmic governance allows to bring objects of inquiry and research fields that had not been related before into a joint conversation. Short case studies on predictive policy and automated content moderation show that algorithmic governance is multiple, contingent and contested. It takes different forms in different contexts and jurisdictions, and it is shaped by interests, power, and resistance.
Corporate governance is a recent concept that encompasses the costs caused by managerial misbehavior. Corporate governance is concerned with how organizations in general, and corporations in particular, produce value and how that value is distributed among the members of the corporation, its stakeholders. The interrelation of value production and value distribution links the ubiquitous technological aspect (the production of value) with the moral and ethical dimension (the distribution of value). Corporate governance is concerned with this link in general, but more specifically with the moral and ethical dimensions of distributing the generated value among the stakeholders. Value in firms is created by firm-specific investments, and the motivation and coordination of value enhancing activities and investment is protected by the power concentrated at the pyramidal top of the organization. In modern companies, it is the CEO and the top management deciding how to create value and how to distribute it among the relevant stakeholders. Due to asymmetric information and the imperfect nature of markets and contracts, adverse selection and moral hazard problems occur, where delegated (selected) managers could act in their own interest at the costs of other relevant stakeholders. Corporate governance is a two-tailed concept. The first aspect is about identifying the (most) relevant stakeholder(s), separating theory and practice into two different and conflicting streams: the stakeholder value approach and the shareholder value approach. The second aspect of the concept is about providing and analyzing different mechanisms, reducing the costs induced by moral hazard and adverse selection effects, and to balance out the motivation and coordination problems of the relevant stakeholders. Corporate governance is an interdisciplinary concept encompassing academic fields like finance, economics, accounting, law, taxation and psychology, among others. Like countries differ according to their institutions (i.e. legal and political systems, norms, and rules), firms differ according to their size, age, dominant shareholders or industries. Thus concepts in corporate governance differ along these dimensions as well. And while the underlying characteristics vary in time, continuously or as an exogenous shock, concepts in corporate governance are dynamic and static, offering a challenging field of interest for academics, policy makers and firm managers.
This book seeks to pose and explore a question that sheds light on the contested but largely cooperative nature of Arctic governance in the post-Cold War period: how does power matter – and how has it mattered – in shaping cross-border cooperation and diplomacy in the Arctic? Each chapter functions as a window through which power relations in the Arctic are explored. Issues include how representing the Arctic region matters for securing preferred outcomes, how circumpolar cooperation is marked by regional hierarchies and how Arctic governance has become a global social site in its own right, replete with disciplining norms for steering diplomatic behaviour. This book draws upon Russia's role in the Arctic Council as an extended case study and examines how Arctic cross-border governance can be understood as a site of competition over the exercise of authority.
The following chapter identifies the meaning and main features of corporate governance, underlines the importance of an entity, which regulates and balances the interests of shareholders, stakeholders, and managers in order to realize a corporation's long-run goals. Currently, all models of corporate governance can be divided by their characteristics into three types: Anglo-American, German, and Japanese; each of these models has some unique elements that are required by a particular country. The process of forming and development of corporate governance in transitional economies are described as well. As the accuracy of corporate government influences the wiliness of investors to sink their capital, it is crucial to understand the methods of corporate governance efficiency evaluation by international rating agencies. Moreover, the example of Enron Corporation's failure shows the exceptional role of corporate governance in protecting and ensuring the rights of shareholders and stakeholders, solving the conflict between managers seeking higher bonuses and investors' goals on stable future return and potential growth.
Governance is a highly contested concept that concerns the exercise of collective control towards common goals. In higher education institutes' (HEIs) context, the concept of governance refers to their internal structure, organisation and management. Simply explained, academic governance is the way in which universities are operated; it concerns both the internal (institutional) and external (system) governance of the institution. Internal governance refers to the institutional arrangements within universities (e.g., lines of authority, decision making processes, financing and staffing) whereas external governance refers to the institutional arrangements on the macro- or system-level (e.g., laws and decrees, funding arrangements, evaluations). The principal academic governance model for both public and private universities, until the 1980s, was based on a collegial shared form of governance. The tradition of shared governance rests on the assumption that faculty should hold a substantive role in decision making alongside the institution's key stakeholders; these stakeholders include the university Rector/President/CEO, and representatives from the management, administrative staff, and the students. The most visible vehicle for faculty involvement is typically a faculty senate or a similar body with a different name; such senates currently exist in more than 90 percent of colleges and universities in the U.S.A. and with small variations in Europe and the rest of the world. During the 1980s the idea of the so called corporate or entrepreneurial university emerged; it was based on the notion that, even non-profit public universities should be run as a business in order to address both the society and market needs and be able to control their own budgets. In practical terms this meant that universities should develop relationships with the industry, secure external (other than government) funding, and be able to at least break even in terms of managing their finance. Today, both models co-exist in a delicate balance: the traditional model advocates for free public higher education (HE) for anyone at any cost, whereas the new model argues for a market-driven performance-led university for those who can afford it. This entry is about the existing models of academic governance, their structure, key issues, and the current and future perspectives.
I. Einführung …1 II. Kommunikationspolitik und Governance in der Kommunikationswissenschaft …7 1\. Begriffsklärung: Medienpolitik – Kommunikationspolitik …8 2\. Perspektiven auf Kommunikationspolitik …14 3\. Pluralisierung: Von der Kommunikationspolitik zur Media Governance? …18 4\. Media Governance: Governance-Rezeption in der Kommunikationspolitik …22 5\. Zwischenfazit: Wege zu einem Governance-Konzept für die Kommunikationswissenschaft …34 III. Entwicklung eines kommunikationswissenschaftlichen Governance-Begriffs …40 1\. Einführung in die Governance-Forschung und ihre Genese …42 2\. Governance als analytische Perspektive …47 3\. Definitionen eines anerkannt uneindeutigen Begriffs …51 4\. Zwischenfazit: Ein kommunikationswissenschaftlicher Governance-Begriff …70 IV. Institutionentheoretische Fundierung von Governance …73 1\. Einführung: Institutionentheoretische Ansätze …74 2\. Institutionen als Regelungs- und Erwartungsstrukturen …81 3\. Dimensionen von Institutionen …85 4\. Governance und Institutionen: Eine Prozess-Perspektive …96 5\. Zusammenführung: Eine kommunikationswissenschaftliche Governance-Perspektive …108 V. Governance und Technik …124 1\. Technik aus einer Governance-Perspektive …125 2\. Technik und Gesellschaft: Von Technizismen und Konstruktivismen …128 3\. Technik in Kommunikationswissenschaft und Kommunikationspolitik …149 4\. Perspektiven der Wiederentdeckung von Technik …189 5\. Zusammenführung: Technik in gesellschaftlichen Ordnungs- und Regelungsprozessen …217 VI. Perspektiven einer kommunikationswissenschaftlichen Governance-Forschung …235 1\. Von Dimensionen zu Forschungsperspektiven …235 2\. Eine Governance-Perspektive auf das Regelungsfeld Urheberrecht …242 3\. Governance als Kommunikationspolitik und Regulierung …252 4\. Governance als Aushandlung normativer Erwartungen …260 5\. Governance als Diskurs und Deutungsmuster …272 6\. Governance als technische Regelung …283 VII. Fazit und Ausblick …298 VIII. Literaturverzeichnis …310 ; Diese Arbeit entwickelt Perspektiven einer ...
Both at the central and state levels administration of India has actualized various ICT (Information and Communication Technology) activities under the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP). The objective of NeGP to most extreme utilization of government services accessible to residents of India by means of electronic media in simplest and most ideal way. To build the quantity of e-exchanges in the nation, proficient administration conveyance to the natives, re-utilization of uses, making ideal utilization of existing foundation, reception of cloud based e-Governance is the main arrangement, accordingly accomplishing a definitive objective of NeGP. Distributed computing is the most recent propelled development in figuring, distributed computing assets are accessible at whatever point required and charges depends on the amount you utilize them. Broad distributed computing is just conceivable by the Internet, and this is the most widely recognized method for getting to cloud assets. The primary plan to think about on this is the means by which to keep up information in advanced arrangement with secure spot and usage in future for investigation and improvement at whatever time anyplace with least assets. It expects to convey more intuitive i.e. administrations to subjects and organizations through E-Governance. For this, distributed computing might prompt huge cost reserve funds and dependable method for information exchange. It involves use over the Internet of processing equipment and programming base and applications that are remotely facilitated.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the most indispensible fastest growing sector in the world. The government can use ICT to provide better services to the citizen as well as in the government departments. The government can interact with the citizen through a service called e-governance portal which is based on internet. E-Governance usage is increased in urban area, but has failed in the rural area due to the lack of proper infrastructure and illiteracy. The government can combine internet and mobile technologies to implement government services more effectively. Mobile devices and its subscription are comparatively higher than the Internet usage in India. The high penetration of mobile devices and the high speed broad band technologies like UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), wireless networks offer various opportunities in the government administration to provide better service to the citizen. E-Governance has already improved to speed-up of public utility services, but mobile services with their 24X7 –functionality can facilitate mobile governance to establish a direct contact with the citizens. This paper discusses the various initiatives of e-governance and m-governance in India
This thesis is composed of three chapters. In the first chapter, I analyze the effect of change in product market competition on board composition and evaluate its consequences on firm performance. Using industry-specific exogenous changes in product market competition, I test whether firms respond to changes in the demand for board independence. I find that firms decrease their level of board independence by 5.52 percentage points in response to an increase in product market competition. Moreover, by exploiting the 2003 NYSE and NASDAQ rulings in a triple-difference design, I show that constraint on firm's ability to adjust its board structure in response to changes in competition has negative consequences on its performance; firms which are constrained by the regulation to reduce their board independence experience a 10.5 percentage points lower return on assets (ROA) compared to unconstrained firms. This suggests that the decrease in board independence is in the interest of shareholders. By showing that regulation may actually harm some firms, the analysis sheds light on the costs of "one size fits all" governance regulations. In the second chapter, I shed light on the political ideology of the CEO as an important determinant of firm performance. Using individual campaign contribution data, I measure the political ideology of U.S. CEOs over the period 1994 to 2014 and analyze the relation between CEO ideology and firm performance. To identify the causal effect of CEO ideology, I use a combination of time-varying effects and novel instruments based on the ideology of the pool of potential CEO hires. Across all specifications, I find that firms with Republican CEOs, on average, 6 percentage point higher ROA compared to firms with Democrat CEOs. Several alternate explanations such as time varying differences at state-industry level, political connections and firm fixed effects do not explain away the results. In the third chapter, joint work with Antonio Vazquez Lopez (UC3M), we test whether focal firms whose CEOs sit on multiple boards can suffer decreases in performance due to transient attention-grabbing events in firms where CEOs sit as independent directors. We exploit extreme returns (positive and negative), extreme earnings and extreme volatility in firms where CEOs sit as independent directors and find that such distraction leads to an average decrease of approximately 1% of focal firm's ROA, Q, market returns and ROE. This effect is stronger for focal firms that are geographically more distant to firms where CEOs sit as independent directors, which suggests that distraction is costlier in such situations. Additionally, we show that distraction is greater for CEOs that sit on the audit committee or chair a major sub-committee. Finally, we show that these distraction events also lead to lower CEO compensation and higher probability of forced turnover. ; Programa de Doctorado en Empresa y Finanzas / Business and Finance por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid ; Presidente: Andrés Almazán; Secretario: Pedro Gete; Vocal: Miguel Antón
Spain is lagging behind in the transition to a sustainable energy system compared to other EU member states. Its unique position as an energy island, coupled with errors in energy planning inherited from previous government regimes, constitute a legacy that makes changes in the system difficult to achieve. Current political instability adds to the difficulties, under a governance framework characterised by lack of coordination and supremacy of the central government in the decision making process, in an environment where traditional energy companies still exert lobby power. The continuous changes in the regulatory framework of the energy sector have hindered investments in low carbon sources of energy due to perceived uncertainty. Small changes in the right direction are being observed though, with a more prominent role expected from the local levels of government. But many measures still originate on requirements linked to EU commitments and more initiatives at the national level need to be seen.
What is at stake for how the Internet continues to evolve is the preservation of its integrity as a single network. In practice, its governance is neither centralised nor unitary; it is piecemeal and fragmented, with authoritative decision-making coming from different sources simultaneously: governments, businesses, international organisations, technical and academic experts, and civil society. Historically, the conditions for their interaction were rarely defined beyond basic technical coordination, due at first to the academic freedom granted to the researchers developing the network and, later on, to the sheer impossibility of controlling mushrooming Internet initiatives. Today, the search for global norms and rules for the Internet continues, be it for cybersecurity or artificial intelligence, amid processes fostering the supremacy of national approaches or the vitality of a pluralist environment with various stakeholders represented. This book provides an incisive analysis of the emergence and evolution of global Internet governance, unpacking the complexity of more than 300 governance arrangements, influential debates and political negotiations over four decades. Highly accessible, this book breaks new ground through a wide empirical exploration and a new conceptual approach to governance enactment in global issue domains. A tripartite framework is employed for revealing power dynamics, relying on: a) an extensive database of mechanisms of governance for the Internet at the global and regional level; b) an in-depth analysis of the evolution of actors and priorities over time; and c) a key set of dominant practices observed in the Internet governance communities. It explains continuity and change in Internet-related negotiations, opening up new directions for thinking and acting in this field.
Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den Themenkomplex "wirtschaftspolitische Governance". Dieser Begriff dient in Volkswirtschaftslehre und benachbarten Sozialwissenschaften als Ober-/Sammelbegriff unter dem üblicherweise alle Aktivitäten subsumiert werden, die wirtschaftspolitische Akteure entfalten, um das Wirtschaftssystem, einzelne Märkte darin oder bestimmte Wirtschaftsakteure (z.B. Unternehmen, Konsumenten) zu steuern. Neben einer genaueren Klärung des Governance-Begriffs und der Vorstellung von wirtschaftspolitischen Governance-Instrumenten und -Akteuren wird diskutiert, warum bzw. in welchen Situationen wirtschaftspolitische Governance notwendig ist. Diese Fragestellung ist Gegenstand einer anhaltenden, in Politik, Öffentlichkeit und den Sozialwissenschaften geführten Debatte.
This variable indicates the quality of governancem, and is based on "Government Effectiveness" national level data set by World Bank. According to World Bank, this ind Governance data set contains annual data from 1990 to 2015. The index is country-spesific and thus not gridded. Global gridded data set with a spatial resolution of 5 arc-min, annual data from 1990 to 2015, and scaled from 0 to 1. Based on https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/
Der Beitrag verortet die Diskussion um Regionalentwicklung in Großschutzgebieten in der politikwissenschaftlichen Diskussion um Governance und Regional Governance. Ziel des Beitrages ist es aufzuzeigen, dass es drei Hauptgründe gibt, warum Governance eine Rolle für Großschutzgebiete spielt: 1. aufgrund eines veränderten Naturschutzverständnisses, 2. aufgrund einer Bedeutungszunahme von Konzepten naturschutzorientierter Regionalentwicklung und 3. aufgrund der zwangsläufigen Umsetzung von Großschutzgebieten im politischen Mehrebenensystem. Empirisch sollen diese Governance-Aspekte anhand des Bundeswettbewerbes 'idee.natur' illustriert werden. Deutlich werden soll, dass Governance und Regional Governance wichtige Anknüpfungspunkte für Naturschutz und Großschutzgebiete bieten und es solche Konzeptionen mittlerweile tatsächlich in der naturschutzpolitischen Praxis gibt. ; The paper locates the debate on regional development in large-scale protected areas in the political-science discussion on governance and regional governance. The aim is to demonstrate that there are three primary reasons why governance is of relevance for large-scale protected areas: 1. due to a changed understanding of nature protection, 2. due to the increased significance of regional development concepts oriented towards nature protection, and 3. due to the necessity of implementing large-scale protected areas in a multi-level political system. These aspects of governance are empirically illustrated using the example of the federal competition 'idee.natur'. It becomes clear that governance and regional governance are important approaches for nature conservation and large-scale protected areas and that such concepts are already in use in the policy practice of nature protection.
