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Theoptimum performance of public services is essential in order to improve the competitiveness of the region and to realize good governance. The success of the development is determined by the implementation of the appropriate andthe right policies. Realizing the competitive climate as the embodiment of a conception of innovation is an integral part to the progress of a region. Therefore, the development ofinnovation'sculture as one aspect of a bureaucratic culture that is essential for the success of bureaucratic reform. The success of Surakarta in fostering innovation is the main attraction, despite the change of leadership. Innovative programs keep continuinglike surakarta public health care, child incentive cards, residence digital archive, One hour ID card service, and others. Cooperation with stakeholdersand the public create an innovative program that became the flagship and pride of the city government of Surakarta. Program planning and budgettingare supporting factor in the sustainability of public service improvement programs.Keyword:public service, innovation, Surakarta, innovative programs, good governanceKinerja optimal pelayanan publik sangat penting dalam rangka meningkatkan daya saing daerah serta mewujudkan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan yang baik. Keberhasilan dari pembangunan ditentukan oleh implementasi kebijakan yang benar dan sesuai. Mewujudkan iklim kompetitif sebagai pengejawantahan sebuah konsepsi inovasi merupakan bagian tidak terpisahkan bagi kemajuan suatu daerah. Oleh karena itu pengembangan budaya inovasi menjadi salah satu aspek budaya birokrasi yang sangat penting bagi keberhasilan reformasi birokrasi.Keberhasilan Kota Surakarta dalam mengembangkan inovasi menjadi daya tarik, meskipun sudah berganti kepemimpinan. Program inovatif terus bergulir seperti pemeliharaan kesehatan masyarakat surakarta, kartu insentif anak, digital arsip kependudukan,pelayanan KTP satu jam, dan yang lainnya. Adanya kerjasama dengan stakeholders dan masyarakat membuat program inovatif tersebut menjadi menjadi unggulan dan kebanggaan pemerintah kota Surakarta. Perencanaan program serta anggaran merupakan faktor pendukung dalam keberlangsungan program perbaikan pelayanan publik.Kata Kunci:pelayanan publik, inovasi, Kota Surakarta, good governance

e-Governance is considered as one of the most significant procedure to get the full benefits of IT and to spread the advantages of IT around the country. Technologically the concept of e-Governance is simple but it has great power to involve the Information Technology for changing the society. Bangladesh government has been gradually implementing e-governance around the country since 2001 but most of this implementation is city centered, so rural people are not getting the benefits of e-governance for many problems. In my paper I have tried to focus the reasons for not getting the benefits of e-governance of rural people and provided a model of e-governance for the rural people of Bangladesh so that they can get the benefit of e-governance. Keywords: Government-to-Citizen (G2C), Government-to-Business (G2B), Government-to-Government (G2G), Information Technology (IT), Information and communication technologies (ICT), Local Area Networks(LANs), Union Information Service Center (UISC), BTCL (Bangladesh Telecommunication Company Limited)

Abstract Based on the major normative political theory contributions on global climate justice, the present paper analyzes the new international agreement on climate change, adopted at COP 21 in Paris (2015). Therefore, a literary review of the extensive normative theoretical discussion about global climate justice is made, with special attention to the two approaches that have permeated multilateral political negotiations - historical responsibility and equal per capita emissions. From this normative discussion, this paper recalls the global climate change negotiation process, focusing on the Kyoto Protocol. Next, the analysis emphasizes on the Paris Agreement in an effort to evaluate the normative questions on justice and equity within the environmental governance regime. Finally, the set of conclusions indicates that, although the flexibility of the Agreement has encompassed some dimensions of responsibility, necessity and ability to bear the costs, the most complex dimensions of justice and equity has not been completely solved, which may hinder the operation of environmental governance in a near future.

The purposes of this research were 1) to study the opinion about the use of good governance principles in the educational institutions management in 5 regions including the Northern, the Eastern, the Northeastern, the Central and the Southern Regions. 2) To compare the use of good governance principles in the educational institutions management in 5 regions including the Northern, the Eastern, the Northeastern, the Central and the Southern Regions. 3) To utilize the concept in using good governance principles in the educational institutions management in 5 regions including the Northern, the Eastern, the Northeastern, the Central and the Southern Regions. This research is the study of the combination among total population used in this research. The research sample group consisted of 320 educational institutions administrators and teachers. The research was conducted by using the Stratified Random Sampling. The tool for this research was survey questionnaire. The research statistics were Average and Standard Deviation (SD). From the qualitative research, we have found that there was the use of good governance principles in the educational institutions management in 5 regions. The use of good governance principles in the educational institutions management in 5 regions was overall at a high level at 4-5 rates. In addition, the results of the Qualitative Research showed that from the comparison of the educational institutions administrators and teachers in the use of good governance principles in these 5 regions, their overall opinion was not different. The reasons were high capability of these educational institutions administrators and their understanding about the administration concept according to the good governance principles. They also transferred the knowledge and experiences to teachers and collaborated with each other in the implementation. But they did not implement such ideas on the continuous basis. Therefore, we will see that some schools were successful and some schools were not, depending on these educational institutions administrators.

Although donors generally aim to improve governance in recipient countries by various means, critics claim that the aggregate effect of large aid flows is the deterioration of governance. Aid is said to weaken domestic accountability, sustain authoritarian regimes, increase political instability, weaken government capacities, and increase corruption. Conducting a systematic search in Web of Science, this paper reviews the empirical evidence for these unintended aggregate effects of aid on the political, administrative, and judicial dimensions of good governance. It finds that the negative effects of aid on governance are much exaggerated. The aggregate effect of aid on democracy has become more positive after the Cold War, and the effect of aid on government capacity and on reducing corruption has also improved over time. Furthermore, most studies show a positive effect of aid on political stability. These findings imply that donor intentions matter: donors that are serious about their intended effects on governance are able to mitigate the possible negative unintended effects of their aid. Keywords: aid; good governance; unintended effects

The crisis which started in 2008 looks like it is never going to end. Nearly nine years after the meltdown of the financial system and the violent recession followed by the euro crisis in 2012, recovery has been weak in the Euro Area. This elusive recovery has had dramatic consequences. In 2016, 16.2 million people in the Euro Area were unemployed. This is more than 2.5 million fewer than the high of 19 million in 2013, but it is still far from the 11.7 million unemployed in 2007 before the Great Recession kicked in. Moreover, 8.8 million people were long-term unemployed in 2015 and among them 5.7 million belong to the category "very long-term unemployed" (defined as 24 months or more of unemployment)

This article examines the functioning of Regional Development Agencies (DAs) in Turkey from a policy instruments approach with a view to uncovering their intended and unintended consequences for regional governance. The policy instruments approach challenges the functionalist view that instruments are merely technical and neutral devices for realizing policy aims in the most effective way. Instead, the article shows that as policy instruments, the DAs are highly political with important political consequences. The article is based on original data collected and generated from an extensive review of official documents and reports and semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders in six different regions conducted between 2011 and 2014. On the basis of the findings, the article argues that the DAs in Turkey lack the capacity to act as focal points for empowerment of sub-national actors and to foster intra-regional networks between public and private sectors and civil society. Findings show that there is lack of collaboration both between and among different groups of local and those of central actors within the decision-making and implementation stages of the policy cycle and that local actors perceive the DAs as devices for accomplishing their own objectives rather than as partnerships for producing new possibilities of development. These findings indicate that the DAs are far from mobilizing endogenous growth capacities, greatly hindering them from becoming engines of development in their regions. Overall, the DAs are largely failing to manage multiscalar relations of governance for the purpose of promoting regional development. ; Publisher's Version

Central to policies relating to risk governance at the regional and local levels is the interactions between the public and private sectors also referred to as networked governance. At the same time, the role of political actors in general and policy entrepreneurs in particular in terms of policy change has gained considerable traction in recent policy scholarship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in governance arrangements resulting in the formation of a coordination network in regional flood risk management—the first of its kind in Sweden. Our research is guided by the following questions: first, would the policy change (the establishment of the networks) have taken place if a policy entrepreneur were not part of the policy transfer process? Second, what is the role of policy entrepreneurship in the implementation of the policy after its nationwide adoption? Third, what other factors played a role in the variation of the results in the implemented policy that is, the enforced networks? We find the role of a policy entrepreneur key in the policy transfer from the regional to the national level. In order to investigate the resultant networks, we draw from B. Guy Peters (1998) and his conceptualization of factors which affect the politics of coordination. In addition to the presence of a policy entrepreneur, we compare: (i) pluriformity of network members; (ii) member interdependence; (iii) redundancy of structures, and (iv) degree of formality (in terms of meetings). Our findings suggest that entrepreneurs contribute to the variation in the functionality of the enforced river groups, though other factors play a significant role as well. Most importantly, perhaps, we did not identify entrepreneurs in any of the river groups which were not functional.

Approaches by governments to reforming the way in which ports are governed is critical to how ports operate and fulfil their roles, and much research is devoted to investigating the impact of such reform,. Yet, although the challenges of such research are noted, little attention is devoted to questioning whether measuring such impact is actually possible. We argue consideration of this question is fundamentally important for policy makers and researchers. Specifically, if uncertainty exists regarding whether we have measured the impact of the reform, how can we research its effect or justify its introduction? Conversely, a more conscious consideration of whether we can really measure the impact of port governance reform arguably means a more effective contextualisation and rationalisation of both policy and research. In this polemical paper, we critically consider three salient areas in relation to whether we can really measure the impact of port governance reform: 'key terms and their ambiguity'; 'aspects of time and geography' and 'issues of methods and context'. We summarize the key issues and offer suggestions for policy makers and researchers to approach them in an aim to both help measure the impact of port governance reform, and also aid future policy development.

Working in environments characterised by a high degree of uncertainty, uncontrollability and unpredictability, development agents try to organise complex realities into manageable units. What principles influence the decision on adequate approaches and necessary steps?Through theoretical considerations and nine case studies, the GIZ traces implementation processes and identifies underlying guiding principles which provide the flexibility and adaptability that is necessary for acting in complex contexts.Main findings show that an adaptive and reflexive management structure is crucial for successful implementation. Quick iteration and tight feedback loops facilitate adaptation and reorientation. Contextsensitive knowledge and constant monitoring create a space for learning and innovation. A joint vision for the future which is used for orientation purposes and can be modified according to new findings and developments fosters fruitful cooperation.