Suchergebnisse

The traditional protection systems of intellectual property demonstrate certain inaptitude when it comes to protecting patrimony and the traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples. Even if it is not meant to resolve the whole issue, the reflection about the sui generis protection systems becomes fundamental. This theme frequently collides with even greater difficulties represented by the ancestry of this patrimony and traditional knowledge, by the fact that it can eventually possess collective ownership and also by the diversity of its locations. Other difficulties relate to the sacred, confidential and even secretive aspects of a significant portion of such knowledge. This patrimony and knowledge are currently protected not only by international Declarations and Conventions, but also by internal legal devices, as it is the case of Brazil, which is the country that this research points its main focus to. Nonetheless, this research allows to ascertain that, although the debate, the legislation and the negotiation process is only beginning, in fact, it indicates the real perspectives of the use of classical instruments of protection of intellectual rights, on the one hand, as well as the use of sui generis systems, as it is currently taking place in certain countries, on the other. Clearly, it is essential to take into consideration the particularities of each situation, and that contracted agreements on the usage or access to such knowledge respond to specific ethical demands, always taking into account the vigilant participation of interested parties and the public bodies which must support complementary policies. ; Les systèmes traditionnels de protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle révèlent leurs insuffisances lorsqu'il s'agit de protéger le patrimoine et les savoirs traditionnels des peuples autochtones. Un système de protection sui generis s'avère nécessaire, sans pouvoir cependant tout résoudre. Il se heurte notamment à des difficultés majeures représentées par l'ancestralité de ce patrimoine et ...

The traditional protection systems of intellectual property demonstrate certain inaptitude when it comes to protecting patrimony and the traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples. Even if it is not meant to resolve the whole issue, the reflection about the sui generis protection systems becomes fundamental. This theme frequently collides with even greater difficulties represented by the ancestry of this patrimony and traditional knowledge, by the fact that it can eventually possess collective ownership and also by the diversity of its locations. Other difficulties relate to the sacred, confidential and even secretive aspects of a significant portion of such knowledge. This patrimony and knowledge are currently protected not only by international Declarations and Conventions, but also by internal legal devices, as it is the case of Brazil, which is the country that this research points its main focus to. Nonetheless, this research allows to ascertain that, although the debate, the legislation and the negotiation process is only beginning, in fact, it indicates the real perspectives of the use of classical instruments of protection of intellectual rights, on the one hand, as well as the use of sui generis systems, as it is currently taking place in certain countries, on the other. Clearly, it is essential to take into consideration the particularities of each situation, and that contracted agreements on the usage or access to such knowledge respond to specific ethical demands, always taking into account the vigilant participation of interested parties and the public bodies which must support complementary policies. ; Les systèmes traditionnels de protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle révèlent leurs insuffisances lorsqu'il s'agit de protéger le patrimoine et les savoirs traditionnels des peuples autochtones. Un système de protection sui generis s'avère nécessaire, sans pouvoir cependant tout résoudre. Il se heurte notamment à des difficultés majeures représentées par l'ancestralité de ce patrimoine et ...

The circulation of traditional knowledge is a legal issue that has been the subject of many reflections and developments in various forums since the 1990s.Beyond the evolutions in international law and national legislation, very little attention has been paid to the normative contributions of researchers and Indigenous people. Yet, they are among the social actors who are most directly concerned by the issue of the circulation of traditional knowledge and potentially the most aware of the challenges in this area. Their contributions, however, remain in many cases largely underestimated and unknown. This is why, as part of our thesis, we have embarked on the collection, description and analysis of two major types of contributions : 1- Comprehensive approaches undertaken at the level of research institutions and Indigenous institutions to monitor relationships between indigenous peoples and researchers (eg ethical codes or research protocols) ; 2- more specific instruments at the scale of specific research projects through contractual practices between the Aboriginal communities and researchers. We managed to identify 121 instruments among which 65 general frameworks and 57 contracts. ; La circulation des savoirs traditionnels constitue une problématique juridique qui a fait l'objet de nombreuses réflexions et développements au sein de différents forums depuis les années 1990. Au-delà des évolutions du droit international et des législations nationales, très peu d'attention a été portée sur les contributions normatives des acteurs des milieux universitaires et autochtones. Les autochtones et les chercheurs figurent pourtant parmi les acteurs sociaux qui sont les plus directement concernés par la problématique de la circulation des savoirs traditionnels et potentiellement les plus conscients des enjeux dans ce domaine. Leurs contributions demeurent toutefois dans beaucoup de cas largement sous-estimées et méconnues. C'est pourquoi dans le cadre notre thèse, nous nous sommes lancés dans la collecte, la description ...

The circulation of traditional knowledge is a legal issue that has been the subject of many reflections and developments in various forums since the 1990s.Beyond the evolutions in international law and national legislation, very little attention has been paid to the normative contributions of researchers and Indigenous people. Yet, they are among the social actors who are most directly concerned by the issue of the circulation of traditional knowledge and potentially the most aware of the challenges in this area. Their contributions, however, remain in many cases largely underestimated and unknown. This is why, as part of our thesis, we have embarked on the collection, description and analysis of two major types of contributions : 1- Comprehensive approaches undertaken at the level of research institutions and Indigenous institutions to monitor relationships between indigenous peoples and researchers (eg ethical codes or research protocols) ; 2- more specific instruments at the scale of specific research projects through contractual practices between the Aboriginal communities and researchers. We managed to identify 121 instruments among which 65 general frameworks and 57 contracts. ; La circulation des savoirs traditionnels constitue une problématique juridique qui a fait l'objet de nombreuses réflexions et développements au sein de différents forums depuis les années 1990. Au-delà des évolutions du droit international et des législations nationales, très peu d'attention a été portée sur les contributions normatives des acteurs des milieux universitaires et autochtones. Les autochtones et les chercheurs figurent pourtant parmi les acteurs sociaux qui sont les plus directement concernés par la problématique de la circulation des savoirs traditionnels et potentiellement les plus conscients des enjeux dans ce domaine. Leurs contributions demeurent toutefois dans beaucoup de cas largement sous-estimées et méconnues. C'est pourquoi dans le cadre notre thèse, nous nous sommes lancés dans la collecte, la description ...

"This work, an initiative of the University of French Polynesia, Tahiti, showcases research collaboration between small island universities in the Pacific. It addresses a number of 'big issues' for Oceania which are also big issues for the world, concerning the biosphere and human society, sustainable development and well-being. The authors seek to create an ecosystem of knowledge through a dialogue, in English and French, between the natural sciences, the social sciences and the humanities. The work also brings into perspective academic and traditional knowledge, with a view to enhancing cultural and agricultural practices and the development of public policy. Climate change, environmental degradation and food security are key questions for survival. How can the preservation of cultural heritage, the transmission of native languages and the integration of traditional knowledge into formal education contribute to a harmonious future? How is the phenomenon of violence relevant to an understanding of history, interpersonal relations and social inclusiveness, including for women in the political sphere? The Tongan-Fijian writer Epeli Hau'ofa described Oceania imaginatively as a 'Sea of Islands'. This volume sees Pacific islands as being interconnected in ways beyond imagining, in which nowhere is remote, where the peripheral has become a decentred centre"--

International audience ; Space Agencies cooperate at an international level in order to use satellite capacities in disaster for emergency management during the response. In 2010, after the earthquake of January 12th, CNES was involved as part of the International charter space and major disasters and KAL-Haïti Database. From emergency to local risk management, the gap requires to overlap many organisational, institutional, political and cultural issues. Three years later, cooperation, and especially with the university, looks like giving empowerment to local workers and students in risk management. ; Des accords de coopération entre agences spatiales rendent possible la mobilisation des satellites pour la production d'informations utiles pour l'intervention d'urgence en situation de catastrophes. Les travaux réalisés par le Centre national d'études spatiales dans le cadre de la Charte internationale Espace et catastrophes majeures, d'une part, et de la base de données pour la reconstruction KAL-Haïti d'autre part, à la suite du tremblement de terre du 12 janvier 2010 à Haïti, révèlent la complexité des conditions à réunir pour que des données de télédétection deviennent des ressources dans un système local de gestion des risques et des désastres. Les bénéfices potentiels sont en effet limités par des difficultés organisationnelles, institutionnelles, géopolitiques et culturelles. Le retour d'expériences oriente vers le développement de coopérations avec l'université.

International audience ; Space Agencies cooperate at an international level in order to use satellite capacities in disaster for emergency management during the response. In 2010, after the earthquake of January 12th, CNES was involved as part of the International charter space and major disasters and KAL-Haïti Database. From emergency to local risk management, the gap requires to overlap many organisational, institutional, political and cultural issues. Three years later, cooperation, and especially with the university, looks like giving empowerment to local workers and students in risk management. ; Des accords de coopération entre agences spatiales rendent possible la mobilisation des satellites pour la production d'informations utiles pour l'intervention d'urgence en situation de catastrophes. Les travaux réalisés par le Centre national d'études spatiales dans le cadre de la Charte internationale Espace et catastrophes majeures, d'une part, et de la base de données pour la reconstruction KAL-Haïti d'autre part, à la suite du tremblement de terre du 12 janvier 2010 à Haïti, révèlent la complexité des conditions à réunir pour que des données de télédétection deviennent des ressources dans un système local de gestion des risques et des désastres. Les bénéfices potentiels sont en effet limités par des difficultés organisationnelles, institutionnelles, géopolitiques et culturelles. Le retour d'expériences oriente vers le développement de coopérations avec l'université.

Prostitution seems to play a key role nowadays in academic and public debates about women's status in complex societies and the ways political discourses take into account sexualities. The aim of this article is to offer a survey of different manners of theorising prostitution. More precisely, it tends to free the subject of prostitution from a field imposed by a totalizing discourse driven by a medical gaze and oversaturated by ethical and dogmatic prejudices and to redeem its theoretical substance. We believe that this dialogue between traditional scholarly discrete disciplines on prostitution might open new perspectives on the democracy's assets and enrich the critical inquiry on gender and politics. Our view on this topic tries to debunk essentialist views inherited from the great narratives built up by political philosophy and bring the subject of prostitution to a critical condition, by exposing the discourses that shaped it.

Ninth Mediterranean Research Meeting: Workshop 03 ; Can Arab Women Teachers in Israel arguably "traditional intellectuals" succumb to the transforming of state ideology (Zionism) and Patriarchal values, which each and jointly, negatively influence their status as Palestinian women? How does the intricate socio-political condition [being Palestinian women in the Israeli state] affect their role as intellectuals? How do they enact social and political roles within a profession - identified with the production and reproduction of social values and political ideology, paradoxically premised on their subordination? Palestinian women in general are perceived to face triple challenge: living within a patriarchal society, being part of the subordinated Palestinian national minority, and, being women in Israel. Those employed in education, have also to cope with contradicting hegemonic forces: state's ideology, which they are required to inculcate through schooling, as opposed to Palestinian cultural legacy which their communities expect them to transfer to the future generations, and some of them might aspire to alter. The study draws on critical educational theory: its understanding of the relationship between schooling - through the curriculum, teaching practices - and the hegemonic public order -social, political, economic, cultural; its view of schools as an apparatus of ideological control and its reproduction, as well as a site for the production of knowledge, whereas competing socioeconomic and cultural interests contest; social, cultural and economic conditions influence peoples' interactions and individuals' and collectives' construction of meaning; its recognition of the individual's capacity to self critique and transformation, and thus reproduction, appropriation and construction of personal and social meanings and realities, all along its recognition of the power of structural determinant (ideological and material). This study relies on the life stories of thirty Arab women teachers from various social settings and religious backgrounds I interviewed for an in progress research on "Arab Women teachers' life stories". ; (Product of workshop No. 3 at the 9th MRM 2008).

International audience ; While the term "crisis" has constantly been used since the mid-2000s to describe a financialized pharmaceutical industry speculating on a limited number of innovations of high clinical added value, this article broadens the perspective by considering the pharmaceutical capitalism of the Global North and South in all its diversity. We present a socio-historical analysis of several modes of implementation of these health industries and the felicity conditions of their scientific and financial model. While stressing the importance of the political infrastructures underpinning the construction of markets, and the institutional orders within which the industries exist (and which they help to shape), we show that it is possible to analyse the development of pharmaceutical capitalism in terms of three criteria: the degree of financialization, the forms of intellectual property, and the role of biotechnologies. This analysis calls into question the division between the industrial and innovative North, on the one hand, and the South that has to manage shortages, on the other. ; Alors que le terme de « crise » est sans cesse mobilisé depuis le milieu des années 2000 pour décrire une industrie pharmaceutique financiarisée et spéculant sur un nombre limité d'innovations à valeur ajoutée clinique importante, cet article propose d'élargir la perspective en considérant les capitalismes pharmaceutiques des Nords et des Suds dans leur diversité. Nous présentons une analyse socio-historique de plusieurs modes de déploiements de ces industries de santé et des conditions de « félicité » de leur modèle scientifique et financier. Insistant sur l'importance des infrastructures politiques de construction des marchés et sur les ordres institutionnels dans lesquels les industries s'insèrent (et qu'elles contribuent à façonner), nous montrons qu'il est possible de lire le développement des capitalismes pharmaceutiques à l'aune de trois critères : le degré de financiarisation, les formes de propriété intellectuelle et la place prise par les biotechnologies. Cette analyse remet en cause la division entre des Nords industriels et innovateurs d'une part et des Suds gérant la pénurie d'autre part.

International audience ; While the term "crisis" has constantly been used since the mid-2000s to describe a financialized pharmaceutical industry speculating on a limited number of innovations of high clinical added value, this article broadens the perspective by considering the pharmaceutical capitalism of the Global North and South in all its diversity. We present a socio-historical analysis of several modes of implementation of these health industries and the felicity conditions of their scientific and financial model. While stressing the importance of the political infrastructures underpinning the construction of markets, and the institutional orders within which the industries exist (and which they help to shape), we show that it is possible to analyse the development of pharmaceutical capitalism in terms of three criteria: the degree of financialization, the forms of intellectual property, and the role of biotechnologies. This analysis calls into question the division between the industrial and innovative North, on the one hand, and the South that has to manage shortages, on the other. ; Alors que le terme de « crise » est sans cesse mobilisé depuis le milieu des années 2000 pour décrire une industrie pharmaceutique financiarisée et spéculant sur un nombre limité d'innovations à valeur ajoutée clinique importante, cet article propose d'élargir la perspective en considérant les capitalismes pharmaceutiques des Nords et des Suds dans leur diversité. Nous présentons une analyse socio-historique de plusieurs modes de déploiements de ces industries de santé et des conditions de « félicité » de leur modèle scientifique et financier. Insistant sur l'importance des infrastructures politiques de construction des marchés et sur les ordres institutionnels dans lesquels les industries s'insèrent (et qu'elles contribuent à façonner), nous montrons qu'il est possible de lire le développement des capitalismes pharmaceutiques à l'aune de trois critères : le degré de financiarisation, les formes de propriété intellectuelle ...

Kenadsa, a peaceable oasis in southwestern Algeria, with the discovery and exploitation of coal (1917-1956), underwent graft of Western models for its development. That has cleared the oasis of the spatial dimension and transformed into a mining village by excellence. These networks of foggaras draining groundwater, enclosed in a multilayer aquifer, which becomes free on the northern border of the Ksar. There were 25 foggaras of sources (Ain), each of which had its own drainage channels to downstream gardens of Ksar. The distribution of water from these sources was ensured by a complex network, fed by drainage galleries that meander the alleys of Ksar and gives place to access points for domestic uses. The right to water is generally private property; one could dispose of according to modes of transmission of a property. It's sharing for irrigation is governed by the volume and time. Currently, only some ten foggaras of sources that are still alive (Ain Sidi Mbarek, Ain Dir, Belkaid Ain, Ain Sheikh ....). These waters are characterized by mediocre quality (pH 7.31, CE: 4.88 ms / cm, RS 2420 mg / l Ca ++: 288.2 mg / l, SO4--: 468 83 mg / l.).

Until now, social science research has focused mainly on Western medical doctors with few attention to physicians in other parts of the world. This research intends to contribute to the anthropological knowledge of the medical profession, by describing the specific case of Cambodia, which is a traditional society undergoing drastic social changes. This work includes three parts. The first one gives an historical perspective of the various Cambodian regimes, their ideologies and policies/implementations related to public health since the French protectorate (1863) until the United Nations Transitional Authority (1993). Under each regime, the Cambodian doctors have adapted themselves to specific social and political situations generated by the historical turmoils, including the Khmer Rouge regime. In the second part, the Cambodian medical profession is analyzed in the present days with special interest in their social position and general characteristics in the years following the Pol Pot regime. The whole medical and therapeutic field is also described, including modern as well as traditional and "neo-traditional" practitioners who offer various medical services to Cambodian people beside the modern physicians. It appears that "neo-traditional" healers have benefitted the most from the recent social changes (liberalization, state-sponsored "legitimate tradition" in the 1980s). The last part provides a view of the field work material gathered in various hospitals of Cambodia. Medical activity carried out in those hospitals are analyzed as negociations between the Cambodian staff and their Western counterparts from NGOs (nurses and doctors) who provide hospital with a medical support. The daily interactions between all individuals involved in medical work (including patients) show confrontations and potential conflicts between Western and Cambodian values (professional as well as cultural ones). The main features of the present Cambodian medical profession is finaly analyzed (e.g. medical authority and ethics, ...