Suchergebnisse

Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze e tecnologie per la gestione forestale e ambientale ; L'importanza dei paesaggi rurali tradizionali come parte del patrimonio culturale di una nazione ha negli ultimi anni portato allo sviluppo di politiche ed azioni volte alla loro tutela ed alla loro valorizzazione, anche grazie alla Convenzione Europea del Paesaggio, che invita ad "individuare i propri paesaggi nel proprio territorio, ad analizzarne le caratteristiche, nonché le dinamiche e le pressioni che li modificano e a seguirne le trasformazioni". La necessità di individuare gli elementi caratteristici e le pratiche tradizionali deriva principalmente da due Decreti Ministeriali: il Decreto Condizionalità, secondo il quale il "mantenimento degli elementi caratteristici del paesaggio" costituisce una norma obbligatoria per il rispetto delle Buone Condizioni Agronomiche e Ambientali (BCAA), e il Decreto sull'Osservatorio Nazionale del Paesaggio rurale, delle pratiche agricole e conoscenze tradizionali, approvato a fine 2012, che istituisce il "Registro nazionale dei paesaggi rurali di interesse storico, delle pratiche agricole e delle conoscenze tradizionali", con il quale si vuole "censire i paesaggi, le pratiche agricole e le conoscenze tradizionali ritenute di particolare valore". Da queste iniziative nasce il problema di individuare e classificare gli elementi caratteristici del paesaggio rurale, soprattutto relativamente ad una loro classificazione tipologica che permetta di individuare i "caratteri della tipicità" a livello paesaggistico. Questo lavoro intende quindi individuare quelli che possono essere considerati gli elementi caratteristici e le pratiche tradizionali del paesaggio storico, definendo la varietà presente e portando a termine una classificazione tipologica, utilizzando come base le aree del Catalogo Nazionale dei Paesaggi Rurali Storici, studio promosso dal Ministero per le Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, coordinato dal Prof. Mauro Agnoletti, in cui sono raccolti i paesaggi rurali tradizionali maggiormente significativi a livello nazionale. La ricerca ha portato all'individuazione di circa 105 elementi caratteristici e pratiche tradizionali divisi in 14 classi. Per ogni elemento è stata realizzata una scheda descrittiva con una struttura standard e corredata da materiale fotografico e da informazioni utili per arrivare ad una classificazione di questi elementi, in modo da individuare e caratterizzare delle tipologie basandosi sui caratteri di tipicità, anche a livello locale. Sono inoltre state eseguite analisi multitemporali in cinque aree di studio, per osservare i cambiamenti relativi al paesaggio negli ultimi 50 anni e per testare tale tipo di analisi ai fini dello studio e della individuazione degli elementi caratteristici del paesaggio, gettando inoltre le basi per la creazione di un sistema di monitoraggio del paesaggio rurale storico a scala nazionale. Queste analisi hanno permesso un approfondimento dello studio degli elementi caratteristici, tramite la realizzazione di cartografie tematiche, ed hanno confermato come questo tipo di analisi costituisca un ottimo strumento per indagare nel dettaglio la struttura di un paesaggio e per seguirne le trasformazioni. Il quadro che emerge mette in luce come il paesaggio storico sia ancora oggi particolarmente diversificato, con molte tipologie di elementi caratteristici e di pratiche tradizionali che sopravvivono e che spesso rappresentano l'identità stessa di un determinato territorio. Gli elementi caratteristici e le pratiche tradizionali identificati in questo studio, rappresentano un primo passo per approfondire la conoscenza sui paesaggi storici italiani e sulle pratiche agricole. Vista la grande varietà dei paesaggi culturali italiani, infatti, per applicare azioni concrete per la valorizzazione è necessario fornire un quadro completo, con una classificazione tipologica valida, in modo da seguire le iniziative a livello nazionale, ma con attenzione alle diversità locali. Non è infatti possibile attuare misure che si adeguino universalmente a tutti i paesaggi italiani, senza calibrare le singole misure sulle diverse situazioni, socio-economiche, ambientali, storiche e culturali, locali. ; The importance of cultural landscapes as part of the cultural heritage of a country has in recent years led to the development of policies and actions for their protection and valorisation, following the European Landscape Convention, which invites each country to "identify its own landscapes throughout its territory" and "to analyse their characteristics and the forces and pressures transforming them" and "to take note of changes". The need to identify the characteristic features and the traditional practices is mainly due to two Ministerial Decrees. The first one is the Cross Compliance Decree, where the "maintenance of the characteristic elements of the landscape" is mandatory for the preservation of the Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions (GAEC). The second one is the Decree on the National Observatory of Rural Landscape, approved at the end of 2012, which establish the "National Register of Rural Landscapes of Historical Interest, Agricultural Practices and Traditional Knowledge", which has the purpose of "identify and catalogue in the Register traditional rural landscapes or landscapes of historical interest present within the national territory and connected traditional practices and knowledge". From these initiatives come the problem of identifying and classifying the characteristic features of the rural landscape, especially with regard to their typological classification that allows to identify the "characters of the typical" in a particular landscape. This study intends to identify those that can be considered as the characteristic features and the traditional practices of the historical landscape, defining the variety present at national level and completing a typological classification, using as a basis the study areas of the National Catalogue of Historical Rural Landscapes, a study promoted by the Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Forestry, coordinated by Prof. Mauro Agnoletti, in which are collected the most significant cultural landscapes in Italy. This research led to the identification of about 105 characteristic elements and traditional practices, divided into 14 classes. For each element was made a fact sheet with a standard structure, accompanied by photos and various information so as to carry out a classification of these elements, in order to identify and characterize some typologies, based on typicalness, even at the local level. In addition, in five study areas were carried multi-temporal analyses, to observe the changes in the landscape over the last 50 years and to test this type of analysis for the study and identification of characteristic landscape elements. This kind of analysis can also provide the base for the creation of a monitoring system of the rural landscape on a national scale. These analyses have allowed a more detailed study of the characteristic elements, through the creation of thematic maps, and have confirmed that this type of analysis is an ideal instrument to investigate in detail the structure of a landscape and to follow the changes in time. The study has shown that the Italian rural landscape is still very diverse, with many different types of characteristic elements and of traditional practices, that still survive and which often represent the identity of a territory. The characteristic elements and the traditional practices identified in this study, represent a first step to deepen our knowledge of the historical landscapes and of traditional agricultural practices. Due to the wide diversity of cultural landscapes in Italy, in fact, to apply concrete actions for the valorisation and safeguarding of historical landscapes, a complete description must be provided, with a good typological classification in order to follow the initiatives at the national level, but with attention to the local diversity. As a matter of fact, it is not possible to apply measures universally suitable for all the Italian landscapes, without calibrating the individual actions to the different, socioeconomic, environmental, historical and cultural situations that can be found at the local level.

The 43rd UID conference, held in Genova, takes up the theme of 'Dialogues' as practice and debate on many fundamental topics in our social life, especially in these complex and not yet resolved times. The city of Genova offers the opportunity to ponder on the value of comparison and on the possibilities for the community, naturally focused on the aspects that concern us, as professors, researchers, disseminators of knowledge, or on all the possibile meanings of the discipline of representation and its dialogue with 'others', which we have broadly catalogued in three macro areas: History, Semiotics, Science / Technology. Therefore, "dialogue" as a profitable exchange based on a common language, without which it is impossible to comprehend and understand one another; and the graphic sign that connotes the conference is the precise transcription of this concept: the title 'translated' into signs, derived from the visual alphabet designed for the visual identity of the UID since 2017. There are many topics which refer to three macro sessions: - Witnessing (signs and history) - Communicating (signs and semiotics) - Experimenting (signs and sciences) Thanks to the different points of view, an exceptional resource of our disciplinary area, we want to try to outline the prevailing theoretical-operational synergies, the collaborative lines of an instrumental nature, the recent updates of the repertoires of images that attest and nourish the relations among representation, history, semiotics, sciences.

Il presupposto della ricerca consiste nel riconosciuto valore storico-testimoniale e identitario e in un significativo potenziale d'indicazione pianificatoria e progettuale che detengono in sé i segni del paesaggio rurale tradizionale. Allo stato attuale, sebbene tali valori vengano ampiamente affermati sia nell'ambiente normativo-amministrativo che in quello scientifico, è tuttora riscontrabile una carenza di appropriati metodi e tecniche idonei a creare opportuni quadri conoscitivi per il riconoscimento, la catalogazione e il monitoraggio dei paesaggi rurali tradizionali a supporto di politiche, di piani e di progetti che interessano il territorio extraurbano. La ricerca si prefigge l'obiettivo generale della messa a punto di un set articolato ed originale di strumenti analitici e interpretativi di carattere quantitativo idonei per lo studio delle trasformazioni fisiche dei segni del paesaggio rurale tradizionale e per la valutazione del loro grado di integrità e rilevanza alla scala dell'azienda agricola. Tale obiettivo primario si è tradotto in obiettivi specifici, il cui conseguimento implica il ricorso ad un caso studio territoriale. A tal proposito è stato individuato un campione di 11 aziende agricole assunte quali aree studio, per una superficie complessiva pari all'incirca 200 ha, localizzate nel territorio dell'alta pianura imolese (Emilia-Romagna). L'analisi e l'interpretazione quantitativa delle trasformazioni fisiche avvenute a carico dei sopraccitati segni sono state condotte a decorrere da prima dell'industrializzazione all'attualità e per numerosi istanti temporali. Lo studio si presenta sia come contributo di metodo concernente la lettura diacronica dei caratteri tradizionali spaziali e compositivi del territorio rurale, sia come contributo conoscitivo relativo alle dinamiche evolutive dei paesaggi tradizionali rurali dell'area indagata. ; The study is based on the assumption that traditional signs of rural landscape have remarkable cultural, historical and identity values, as well as a significant potential to support planning and design guidelines. These values are currently widely recognized in the legislative and scientific fields. However, we still can point out a lack of appropriate methods and techniques for the creation of sound knowledge frameworks for the identification, classification and monitoring of traditional rural landscapes, suitable to support the definition of policies, plans and projects focusing on the countryside. The aim of the research is to develop an original set of quantitative analytical and interpretative tools for the study of the physical signs of traditional rural landscapes, and for the assessment of their degree of integrity and relevance at the farm scale. This general aim was articulated into specific objectives, achieved through suitable case studies: 11 farms located in the Imola plain, covering a total surface area of about 200 hectares (Emilia-Romagna Region). The quantitative analysis and interpretation of physical changes in the traditional signs of rural landscape have been carried out referring to a span of time ranging from the pre-industrial period to the present day. The study represents a methodological contribution to the diachronic identification and interpretation of the traditional spatial and compositional features of the countryside. Moreover, it contributes to a further knowledge of changes in the traditional rural landscapes of the investigated area.

The Tourist economy is now the most obvious tip of the complex structure of the post –colonial societies. The tourist economy substituted in many countries defined as emerging, gradually and not without destabilizing effect on social and political relations, the traditional economy with western models of development. In these societies the tourism has become essential for the presence of an attractive cultural heritage – often valued only for the archaeological endowment – and the lack of other industrial activities. Here, just a long time, sites of historical and natural interest make up the scene of contacts between locals and visitors.The anthropologist who critically recalls his role is seen as internal into business and symbolic practices belonging representative and cultural objects. The dynamics of knowledge are confused with those of the exchange and solicit reflections on the meaning of the gift and its utilitarian implications. The ethnographic and iconographic documents, collected by the author of the speech, during more ten years of research in South Jordan illustrate how the repertoire of cultural productions, narrative and objects is taking place into the global economic circuits. How the meaning of the hospitality changes? What do the visitors leave into the local society? It seems that the global management of the culture and its products, reproducing, displaying and placing on the market the traditional assets, translates the diversity into a pure and simple representation.

La cinta muraria di Cagliari costituisce un importante esempio di architettura militare, tutelata per il suo valore storico-ambientale e paesaggistico, della quale conserva la forma impostata dagli Spagnoli nella metà del Cinquecento e le opere volute dai Piemontesi nel corso del Settecento. In particolare la sequenza di opere "alla moderna", che dal bastione Santa Croce si susseguono lungo l'asse nord-sud in direzione del bastione Balice, e gli ampliamenti situati nel settore nord e nel settore orientale costituiscono il risultato di una serie di trasformazioni che hanno ridisegnato e ampliato la linea difensiva sostenendo logiche insediative, religiose e militari. L'attuale conformazione di sito pluristratificato custodisce le testimonianze dei diversi passaggi che hanno " ridisegnato e scolpito" le forme dei luoghi e creato un paesaggio che connota fortemente il quartiere Castello e la città stessa. Una tutela consapevole di un patrimonio storico caratterizzato da valori e criticità richiede una conoscenza approfondita delle trasformazioni avvenute e un'analisi delle dinamiche in atto, affidata ad indagini multidisciplinari. Lo studio dei diversi aspetti utili a garantire una consapevole gestione del patrimonio storico è tuttavia nelle mani degli specialisti, padroni di un linguaggio -a volte di difficile comprensione per i profani- che necessita di mezzi di rappresentazione appropriati al fine di favorire una più ampia diffusione e una maggiore consapevolezza dei valori. Una rappresentazione che fino all'Ottocento è stata principalmente finalizzata alla descrizione del progetto architettonico oltre che alla documentazione dei luoghi, come nei taccuini dei viaggiatori. Tuttavia, la complessità della stratificazione storica della città contemporanea richiede l'utilizzo di un linguaggio strettamente tecnico e di un'illustrazione scientifica che a volte sacrifica gli aspetti legati alla divulgazione. Il passaggio dal modello puramente tecnico a un modello di facile lettura diviene uno degli obiettivi di una più ampia ricerca -presentare e illustrare le trasformazioni urbane- che trova nella piazzaforte di Cagliari un'opportunità per esplorare le diverse modalità di analisi grafica e di linguaggi affidati a strumenti tradizionali e digitali, anche integrati. ; The city walls of Cagliari are an important example of military architecture protected for its historical-environmental and landscape value. The actual conformation of a multi-layered site preserves the signs of the different changes that have "redefined and sculpted" the shapes of the places creating a landscape that strongly characterize the Castello district and the city itself. The sequence of bastions located in the north and in the western sector of Castello, in particular, is the result of a series of urban transformations that have redesigned and expanded the defensive line by supporting settlement, religious and military reasons. A conscious protection of a landscape characterized by values and criticalities requires an in-depth knowledge of the transformations happened and an analysis of the dynamics in progress, entrusted to multidisciplinary investigations. However, the knowledge of the many aspects useful to guarantee a mindful management of the historical heritage is in the hands of specialists, masters of a language -sometimes difficult to understand for the layman- that needs appropriate means of representation to support a wider dissemination aimed to a bigger awareness of values. A representation that until the nineteenth century was mainly aimed to describe the architectural project as well as the documentation of the places in travelers' notebooks. However, the complexity of the historical stratification of the contemporary city requires the use of a strictly technical language and a scientific illustration that sometimes sacrifices the aspects related to disclosure. The transition from the pure technical model to a model easy to read is one of the objectives of a broader research -representing and illustrating urban transformations- which finds in the stronghold of Cagliari an opportunity to explore the different ways of graphic analysis and languages entrusted to traditional and IT tools, including integrated ones.

Il contributo assume come punto nevralgico il tema del falso nella società della verità post fattuale. Dopo avere ribadito che il concetto di verità costituisce un elemento decisivo per la sopravvivenza stessa della democrazia e averne precisato il senso, spesso travisato, discute l'impatto e l'ambivalenza della rete come luogo di produzione e diffusione di informazioni controfattuali, evidenziando come la caduta di credibilità delle tradizionali autorità di validazione delle conoscenze abbia radici più profonde e più lontane. Sostiene l'esigenza e la possibilità di contrastare una deriva indifferente al vero, inteso come continua ricerca e come dibattito pubblico basato su fatti e argomentazioni e non come dogma. Evidenzia, infine, un ruolo non solo possibile, ma già più che intravisto, da parte delle biblioteche pubbliche nei confronti di una problematica che non può essere ignorata, toccando la loro stessa ragion d'essere. ; The paper takes as its focal point falsehood as an issue in the post-factual truth society. After reaffirming that the concept of truth represents a fundamental element for the very survival of democracy, and having specified its meaning (too often misrepresented), the paper discusses the impact and ambivalence of the Web as a place of production and dissemination of counterfactual information, highlighting how the loss of credibility of traditional knowledge validation authorities has deeper and remote roots. It supports the need and the possibility of opposing a drift indifferent to truth, understood as continuous research and as a public debate based on evidence and questions and not as dogma. Finally, it highlights a role that is not only possible, but already more than glimpsed by public libraries in relation to a problem that cannot be ignored, touching their very raison d'être.

The contemporaneity is influenced by the progressive urbanization that damages the environment in which it integrates, impacting decisively on ecosystems and placing cities in front of new challenges and complexities. Land consumption grows together with environmental pollution, while social inequalities compromise the ability of communities to respond resiliently to today's critical issues. At the same time, the issue of climate change is becoming more and more relevant in urban planning research as traditional gray infrastructures are ineffective in countering the negative effects on built and human assets.However, there are some methodologies, with related approaches and tools, which aim to reconstruct the balance between society and the environment, through interventions that respect natural processes. In particular, reference is made to Nature Based Solutions, Ecosystem Services and Green and Blue Infrastructures which have the ability to integrate themselves in order to reconstruct a technical knowledge in support of urban planning and the project of the contemporary city.The application of innovative NBS appears to be a fruitful and growing field of research, both in the academic and professional fields, integrating the planning practices to face urban challenges, providing multiple benefits to the urban realities to which they are applied, according to many researchers and experts.However, it should be noted that today's urban planning is still at the dawn of the study of NBS; therefore, operational difficulties emerge in NBS approaches to plans, projects, programmes and policies, due to reasons of a physical, natural, technological, human, economic, social and financial nature. The contributions in this issue of TRIA aim to bring out some theoretical reflections and descriptions of design experiences alongside urbanization models in undeveloped countries, focusing on solutions based on the nature that can relate also to green infrastructure and ecosystem services. ; La contemporaneità è influenzata dalla progressiva urbanizzazione che lede al benessere dell'ambiente in cui si inserisce, impattando con decisione sugli ecosistemi e ponendo le città dinnanzi a nuove sfide e complessità. Il consumo di suolo cresce di pari passo all'inquinamento ambientale, mentre le disuguaglianze sociali compromettono la capacità delle società di adattarsi e di rispondere in maniera resiliente alle criticità odierne. Allo stesso tempo, la tematica del climate change diviene sempre più rilevante nella ricerca urbanistica in quanto le tradizionali infrastrutture grigie risultano inefficaci a contrastarne gli effetti negativi ai danni di beni materiali e di vite umane.Esistono comunque alcune metodologie, con relativi approcci e strumenti, che mirano alla ricostruzione dell'equilibrio tra la società e l'ambiente, attraverso interventi rispettosi dei processi naturali. In particolare, si fa riferimento alle Nature Based Solutions, ai Servizi Ecosistemici e alle Infrastrutture verdi e blu che hanno la capacità di integrarsi coerentemente al fine di ricostruire un sapere tecnico a sostegno della pianificazione urbanistica e del progetto della città contemporanea.L'applicazione di NBS innovative risulta essere un campo di ricerca proficuo e in crescita, sia in campo accademico sia in ambito professionale, integrando le pratiche pianificatorie per affrontare le emergenti sfide urbane, fornendo benefici multipli alle realtà urbane a cui vengono applicate, come sostengono ormai molti esperti del settore. Bisogna comunque notare che la pianificazione odierna è ancora agli albori dello studio delle NBS; emergono quindi difficoltà operative negli approcci NBS ai piani, progetti, programmi e politiche attuali, in ragione di complicazioni e limiti di natura fisica, naturale, tecnologica, umana, economica, sociale e finanziaria.I contributi presentati in questo numero di TRIA hanno l'obiettivo di far affiorare alcune riflessioni teoriche e descrizioni di esperienze progettuali accanto a modelli di urbanizzazione in paesi non sviluppati, soffermandosi su soluzioni basate sulla natura degli ultimi lustri in grado di riferirsi contemporaneamente anche alle infrastrutture verdi e ai servizi ecosistemici.

Abstract – The huge increase in migration flows through the Afro-Mediterranean routes during recent decades has shaped previously homogeneous populations into linguistically and culturally diverse ethnoscapes. Migration has therefore made a notable contribution to the acquisition and the use of English as a first, second and foreign language and to the burgeoning of new Englishes all over the world (Crystal 1997; Trudgill et al. 2002; Jenkins, 2003) thus questioning our traditional knowledge of language as a social projection of territorial unity held together by shared behavioral norms, beliefs and values. Specifically, by examining the communicative and translation processes which twelve interviewed interpreters, translators and language mediators were involved in during their interaction with newly-arrived migrants in Southern Italy, this paper addresses three main research issues concerning: a) the use of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) in the practice of language and cultural mediation and the extent to which this language may be perceived either as a barrier or as a bridge, thus affecting the relationship between the mediator and the migrant and the shaping of the politics of hospitality in the Mediterranean; b) the different linguistic and extra-linguistic strategies which mediators can adopt in the field of migration emergencies not only to serve communicative purposes, but also to humanize the migrants' transfer to, and stay at the different camps across Italy; c) the interviewed language mediators' narratives as a testimony of negotiation, activism and resistance to the strict institutionalized protocols of Italian immigration policies. Finally, in this chapter, we also intend to investigate the extent to which the interviewed mediators form not a mere aggregation of individuals achieving the task of translation as a mere linguistic transfer, but a community of practice held together by a conscious and critical sense of the performative power of their words and their mediation conceived as a way to create meanings which form and transform human reality.

The book traces the main stages of third mission and social impact assessment, in the context of the (recent) history of higher education and research assessment in Italy, starting with a review of the transformation of the relationship between the University and the society. Several social drives are leading the university to a series of transformations, at the national, European and international level. The requirement to use transparency criteria and the associated returns of research spending (in accountability) has become a fundamental issue in informing government, business, citizens and society on the achieved results. The introduction of social impact assessment frameworks is also advancing research agendas towards socially relevant domains, to provide solutions in international competitiveness, social welfare, sustainability and other grand challenges. A terminological and conceptual shift is occurring from a traditional concept of technology transfer and third mission towards a broader meaning of knowledge exchange and co-creation between universities and extra-academic actors and the impact generated. However, this shift towards a transdisciplinary, trans-epistemic and inclusive evaluation framework poses new challenges to capture this complexity, requiring the adoption of new methods and tools presented in this book. The international literature and debate on practices are vital combined with trial-and-error approaches, community involvement, and targeted pilot studies. Beyond controversies, resistances, and easily contrived enthusiasms, this is what this volume tries to investigate.

Big data we mean a huge set of data in heterogeneous sources and forms, continuously fed in real time, which requires processing technologies and different management, better than traditional technologies, able to change the decision-making processes, methods production of knowledge and the cultural approach to the data value. The processing of big data gives the opportunity to those who are in possession of these particular types of data to collect an unprecedented amount of data, to gain a predictive capability on social, economic or political phenomena already in place or under development to others foreclosed and the tendency to use and continually reuse the data in such a way as to derive new information and new knowledge about reality. One can not ignore, therefore, the potential impact of these new technological and cultural possibilities inherent in the data and their management on the action and administrative organization. Govern with the Big Data means knowing produce, process and reprocess data from public sources and private owned by public administrations so as to enhance knowledge of the factual situations to which the administration must intervene, the speed and effectiveness of ' public intervention, efficiency and good management of public services. The processing of big data sets all'amministrativista the issues of no small moment: their use during the administrative action changes the traditional canons procedural investigation? Approaching the administrative decision to the optimal decision? It makes it increasingly relevant to the principle of material truth that must tend the administrative action? Govern with the Big date includes, however, the ability to govern the Big Date, ie the ability to equip public authorities the right technological infrastructure in order and to organize the internal information systems and the coordination of information between the administrations just as appropriate: ultimately to be able to organize the management of data held by public authorities. The management of big data sets, the same way, relevant legal issues: how we collect and how we retain this data? Which data quality can be achieved and what quality you have to ensure that these data? Which of these files you make reusable? The Big Date, ultimately, emphasize that it is necessary to rethink the cognitive function of government, understood in its dynamic sense (administrative action), both in its static sense (organizational): a cognitive function more and more autonomous because highly technical and difficult to place as assets only instrumental administrative action.

The lack of suitable didactic material for the study of the Italian Culture and Civilization, as well as the interest that this knowledge has for the complete acquisition of the Italian language, which does not only imply the knowledge of linguistic and grammar resources, as the traditional language teaching system would have thought, has made us decide to develop a multimedia game. This computer game asks a series of questions which have different possible answers, and once the student answers, he gets visual and oral feeback on his answer, even if this answer is wrong. The items presented are of general knowledge (history, geography, politics, well known institutions, literature, arts, science, show business and traditions). Therefore, the player acquires a knowledge similar to the one average Italians have.

Resumen tomado de la publicación ; The aim of this article is to study the relationship between knowledge and democracy through the ideas of Edgar Morin. A reflection on training and educational theorising, which focuses on the stage of contemporary society, to meet the educational and democratic needs that it imposes on us: the ethical issue, which is closely linked to what is epistemological and aesthetic. From the criticism that the author makes of the traditional education system and the reflection on the epistemological rupture that weighs down knowledge, I reflect on aesthetic sensitivity, as the art of human understanding, for a regeneration of knowledge, of education and of society, towards a cognitive democracy. ; ESP

Resumen tomado de la publicación ; The aim of this article is to study the relationship between knowledge and democracy through the ideas of Edgar Morin. A reflection on training and educational theorising, which focuses on the stage of contemporary society, to meet the educational and democratic needs that it imposes on us: the ethical issue, which is closely linked to what is epistemological and aesthetic. From the criticism that the author makes of the traditional education system and the reflection on the epistemological rupture that weighs down knowledge, I reflect on aesthetic sensitivity, as the art of human understanding, for a regeneration of knowledge, of education and of society, towards a cognitive democracy. ; ESP

Questo breve articolo descrive la città attraverso due tecniche di ricerca qualitativa (lo shadowing e il Gis qualitativo). Partendo da alcuni esempi, tratti dall'esperienza sul campo, vengono valutati limiti e possibilità delle tecniche in oggetto. L'obiettivo è quello di argomentare la necessità di utilizzare e sviluppare nuovi strumenti metodologici per conoscere le configurazioni urbane. Gli autori sostengono il bisogno di muoversi all'interno di un orizzonte interdisciplinare e di utilizzare tecniche capaci di far emergere narrazioni polifoniche della città. Analizzando le potenzialità dialogiche dello shadowing e le potenzialità sovversive dei Gis qualitativi, una cartografia capace di rappresentare lo spazio mentale degli abitanti, viene affermata la necessità di continuare nella pratica di metodi ibridi, capaci di stimolare la creazione di nuove ri-descrizioni. La città, quindi, per essere compresa, pensata e trasformata ha bisogno di creatività e sperimentazione: nuovi strumenti che tentino modalità ibride di conoscenza, scardinando l'egemonia di rappresentazioni autoritarie incapaci di dare corpo e voce ai gruppi sociali meno potenti. L'obiettivo finale, dunque, diviene il bisogno di proiettare la ricerca urbana qualitativa in un orizzonte politico, inteso come spazio pubblico della discussione e dell'interazione. ; This brief paper describes the city through the use of two different techniques of qualitative research: shadowing and qualitative Gis. By discussing a few examples of field research, the paper assesses the limits and possibilities of these techniques. The aim is to prove the necessity of using and developing new methodologies to investigate the most recent urban phenomena. In order to achieve this goal, only an interdisciplinary approach can help the emergence of polyphonic narrations of the city. Through the analysis of the dialogic assets that shadowing possesses, and of the subversive potential of qualitative Gis (conceived as a sort of mapping that can represent the mind-space of citizens), the authors succor the use of mixed methodologies that enhance the creation of narrative re-descriptions of the urban forms. Understanding, conceiving and transforming the city implies creativity and experimentation: therefore, we need to conceive new instruments that use hybrid knowledge systems, and shatter the hegemony of those traditional, authoritative representations that cannot give voice to the most deprived social groups. The final goal of the paper is thus defined as the need to project qualitative urban research into a political horizon that becomes the public space of discussion and interaction.

The review «Geopolitica» has been founded during the 1930s into the sparkling environment of Trieste, thanks to the supportive activity of Ernesto Massi and Giorgio Roletto. It was the most advanced effort to institutionalize the geopolitics as autonomous scientific discipline. Its short-term life - caused by the political involvement in Fascism that allowed its creation - brought new features in the field of Italian geographical research, enriched by different style, methodology and conceptual stage far from the traditional view. «Geopolitica» has been an real attempt to overcome the "academic positivismˮ, which «. divides knowledge from life» as said Carlo Michelstaedter. Final purpose of this analysis is a reconstruction of the IWW interpretation on «Geopolitica», in order to enlighten how this sensitive issue generated new production of knowledge and practice of power