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THIS ARTICLE FOCUSES ON INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN TERRORISTS AS NON-STATE ACTORS. AFTER REVIEWING, FROM A U.S. GOVERNMENT PERSPECTIVE, TERRORISM AS AN INSTRUMENT OF FOREIGN POLICY, IT GOES ON TO IDENTIFY A CONTINUUM OF "FIVE DEGREES" OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR SPONSORS: MURDER OF DISSIDENTS, RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING OF OPERATIONS FOR OVERSEAS MISSIONS, CONTROL OF TERRORIST GROUPS AND THEIR DIRECTION, PROVISION AND TRAINING AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT, AND IDENTIFICATION OF A GOVERNMENT'S INTERESTS WITH THOSE OF A TERRORIST GROUP. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EFFORTS TO EXPORT REVOLUTION AS A FACTOR IN INSTIGATING TERRORIST VIOLENCE IS ALSO NOTED. THE PAPER NOTES THAT THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STATES AND TERRORIST GROUPS MAY NOT ALWAYS CLEARLY FALL WITHIN TRANSNATIONAL OR TRANSGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DRAWING CRITICAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN THE RELATIONSHIPS OF MOVEMENTS AND THOSE WHO ASSIST THEM IS DISCUSSED FOR BOTH ACADEMICS AND POLICY-MAKERS.

Transnational actors and transnational governance now form core elements of global environmental politics alongside intergovernmental diplomacy and institutions. This article explores how and under what conditions this transnationalism has arisen, as well as its implications for world politics. It considers what effects transnational actors and governance have had on political outcomes, their relation to states and intergovernmental institutions, and normative questions around their legitimacy and accountability. The critical role of transnational actors and institutions in environmental politics has made the field a laboratory for broader questions concerning the evolution of global governance in world politics more generally. As global environmental challenges continue to magnify and affect other spheres of political activity, understanding these dynamics will become increasingly important.