Suchergebnisse

In an international context marked by an increasingly generalized economic and cultural globalization, by competition playing out on a global scale and by a form of growth obligation for the markets, the internationalization of business has become a priority and a challenge for firms that have the potential, the obligation and the will to have access outside their continental territories. In this context, we can observe the increase in bilateral trade between France and China in recent years. French firms are seeking to develop the Chinese market - a market of 1.375 billion consumers and considered to be promising. At the same time, Chinese firms are investing in France and establishing themselves on the European market.My thesis targeted a category of these companies - French transnational companies - to study their strategies for expansion towards China. Indeed, we can see in China the dynamism of a large number of French transnational companies which are present in various fields of activity.These expansion strategies developed by these transnational firms contribute significantly to the growth of an economy that has become globalized. In addition, they can serve as development models for large companies and SMEs that are willing to go international and who are looking for experienced means and methods to accelerate their internationalization.This thesis consists of documenting these strategies adopted by these French transnational companies from both a practical and a theoretical point of view, and identifying the way in which they are structured by adapting to the local environment which represents a large number of economic, societal, cultural and legislative specificities. ; Dans un contexte international marqué par une mondialisation économique et culturelle de plus en plus généralisée, par une concurrence se jouant à l'échelle de la planète et par d'une forme d'obligation de croissance pour les marchés, l'internationalisation de l'entreprise est devenue une priorité et un défi pour des firmes qui en ont le potentiel, l'obligation et la volonté d'avoir un accès en dehors de leurs territoires continentaux. Dans ce cadre, on peut observer l'augmentation des échanges commerciaux bilatéraux entre la France et la Chine ces dernières années. Les firmes françaises cherchent à développer le marché chinois – un marché de 1,375 milliard de consommateurs et considéré comme prometteur. Dans le même temps, les firmes chinoises investissent en France et s'implantent sur le marché européen.Ma thèse a ciblé une catégorie de ces entreprises – les entreprises transnationales françaises – pour étudier leurs stratégies d'expansion vers la Chine. En effet, nous pouvons constater en Chine le dynamisme d'un grand nombre des entreprises transnationales françaises qui sont présentes dans des divers domaines d'activités. Ces stratégies d'expansion développées par ces firmes transnationales contribuent de manière très importante à la croissance d'une économie devenue mondialisée. De plus, elles peuvent servir de modèles de développement pour des grandes entreprises et des PMEs qui ont la volonté de se lancer à l'international et qui cherchent des moyens et des méthodes expérimentés pour s'accélérer dans leurs internationalisations.Cette thèse consiste à documenter ces stratégies adoptées par ces entreprises transnationales françaises aussi bien du point de vue pratique que du point de vue théorique, et repérer la manière dont elles se structurent en s'adaptant à l'environnement local qui représente un grand nombre de spécificités économiques, sociétales, culturelles et de réglementations législatives.

In an international context marked by an increasingly generalized economic and cultural globalization, by competition playing out on a global scale and by a form of growth obligation for the markets, the internationalization of business has become a priority and a challenge for firms that have the potential, the obligation and the will to have access outside their continental territories. In this context, we can observe the increase in bilateral trade between France and China in recent years. French firms are seeking to develop the Chinese market - a market of 1.375 billion consumers and considered to be promising. At the same time, Chinese firms are investing in France and establishing themselves on the European market.My thesis targeted a category of these companies - French transnational companies - to study their strategies for expansion towards China. Indeed, we can see in China the dynamism of a large number of French transnational companies which are present in various fields of activity.These expansion strategies developed by these transnational firms contribute significantly to the growth of an economy that has become globalized. In addition, they can serve as development models for large companies and SMEs that are willing to go international and who are looking for experienced means and methods to accelerate their internationalization.This thesis consists of documenting these strategies adopted by these French transnational companies from both a practical and a theoretical point of view, and identifying the way in which they are structured by adapting to the local environment which represents a large number of economic, societal, cultural and legislative specificities. ; Dans un contexte international marqué par une mondialisation économique et culturelle de plus en plus généralisée, par une concurrence se jouant à l'échelle de la planète et par d'une forme d'obligation de croissance pour les marchés, l'internationalisation de l'entreprise est devenue une priorité et un défi pour des firmes qui en ont ...

Changing nothing to change everything: innovation and continuity in the reforms of Chinese administrative training — At the end of the Maoist era, the Communist Party of China (CPC) attempted to create a more highly‑skilled bureaucracy to achieve economic development in a stable political context. Reforms concerned not just recruitment, management and civil service organization, but also the training of officials in order to improve their skills. The introduction of the Master of Public Administration (MPA) in 1999 enhanced the scientific character of administrative knowledge while pre‑existing selective mechanisms were retained. The MPA supports the country's modernization by enabling the State‑Party to undertake continuous reform of public administration. It allows as well the emergence of a new ethos and a community of vision among the new generation of civil servants, whose competences are adjustable to several possible political scenarios. ; Au sortir de l'époque maoïste, le Parti communiste chinois a cherché à s'appuyer sur une bureaucratie plus compétente pour réussir le développement économique dans un contexte de stabilité politique. Les réformes ont concerné le recrutement, la gestion et l'organisation d'encadrement des fonctionnaires, mais aussi leur formation, dans l'objectif de renforcer leurs compétences. L'introduction en 1999 du Master in Public Administration (MPA) en milieu universitaire valorise la scientificité du savoir administratif, sans abandonner les dispositifs et les critères de sélection préexistants. À la lumière d'une mise en perspective historique, de l'analyse de la circulation transnationale de modèle éducatif et de l'étude de la modernisation de la bureaucratie, le MPA se révèle être l'instrument d'une double transformation, celle de l'enseignement supérieur et celle de l'administration chinoise contemporaine. Le MPA accompagne et rend possible la modernisation du pays, en permettant à l'enseignement supérieur d'introduire de nouvelles pratiques, à l'État-Parti de réformer ...

Changing nothing to change everything: innovation and continuity in the reforms of Chinese administrative training — At the end of the Maoist era, the Communist Party of China (CPC) attempted to create a more highly‑skilled bureaucracy to achieve economic development in a stable political context. Reforms concerned not just recruitment, management and civil service organization, but also the training of officials in order to improve their skills. The introduction of the Master of Public Administration (MPA) in 1999 enhanced the scientific character of administrative knowledge while pre‑existing selective mechanisms were retained. The MPA supports the country's modernization by enabling the State‑Party to undertake continuous reform of public administration. It allows as well the emergence of a new ethos and a community of vision among the new generation of civil servants, whose competences are adjustable to several possible political scenarios. ; Au sortir de l'époque maoïste, le Parti communiste chinois a cherché à s'appuyer sur une bureaucratie plus compétente pour réussir le développement économique dans un contexte de stabilité politique. Les réformes ont concerné le recrutement, la gestion et l'organisation d'encadrement des fonctionnaires, mais aussi leur formation, dans l'objectif de renforcer leurs compétences. L'introduction en 1999 du Master in Public Administration (MPA) en milieu universitaire valorise la scientificité du savoir administratif, sans abandonner les dispositifs et les critères de sélection préexistants. À la lumière d'une mise en perspective historique, de l'analyse de la circulation transnationale de modèle éducatif et de l'étude de la modernisation de la bureaucratie, le MPA se révèle être l'instrument d'une double transformation, celle de l'enseignement supérieur et celle de l'administration chinoise contemporaine. Le MPA accompagne et rend possible la modernisation du pays, en permettant à l'enseignement supérieur d'introduire de nouvelles pratiques, à l'État-Parti de réformer ...

Changing nothing to change everything: innovation and continuity in the reforms of Chinese administrative training — At the end of the Maoist era, the Communist Party of China (CPC) attempted to create a more highly‑skilled bureaucracy to achieve economic development in a stable political context. Reforms concerned not just recruitment, management and civil service organization, but also the training of officials in order to improve their skills. The introduction of the Master of Public Administration (MPA) in 1999 enhanced the scientific character of administrative knowledge while pre‑existing selective mechanisms were retained. The MPA supports the country's modernization by enabling the State‑Party to undertake continuous reform of public administration. It allows as well the emergence of a new ethos and a community of vision among the new generation of civil servants, whose competences are adjustable to several possible political scenarios. ; Au sortir de l'époque maoïste, le Parti communiste chinois a cherché à s'appuyer sur une bureaucratie plus compétente pour réussir le développement économique dans un contexte de stabilité politique. Les réformes ont concerné le recrutement, la gestion et l'organisation d'encadrement des fonctionnaires, mais aussi leur formation, dans l'objectif de renforcer leurs compétences. L'introduction en 1999 du Master in Public Administration (MPA) en milieu universitaire valorise la scientificité du savoir administratif, sans abandonner les dispositifs et les critères de sélection préexistants. À la lumière d'une mise en perspective historique, de l'analyse de la circulation transnationale de modèle éducatif et de l'étude de la modernisation de la bureaucratie, le MPA se révèle être l'instrument d'une double transformation, celle de l'enseignement supérieur et celle de l'administration chinoise contemporaine. Le MPA accompagne et rend possible la modernisation du pays, en permettant à l'enseignement supérieur d'introduire de nouvelles pratiques, à l'État-Parti de réformer l'administration sans rupture et aux agents du secteur public d'acquérir des ressources valorisables, quel que soit le scénario de transformation.

Public Administration as a discipline and a field emerged in the USA in the inter war period with a strong support from the Rockefeller organizations, the Spelman Fund of New York being the main granting agency in the field. This emergence was closely connected to the European experience. This essay attempts to reconstruct the domestic and international settings in which this interchange took place, to pay attention to all those who played a large role in foundation work without being foundation officers, to trace the shifting roles of the European reference in the field of US public administration and to assess the impact of the European work in the field of government. Accordingly, Europe appears to be first a source rather than a target, and then a channel to the wider world rather than a scene of operation.

Public Administration as a discipline and a field emerged in the USA in the inter war period with a strong support from the Rockefeller organizations, the Spelman Fund of New York being the main granting agency in the field. This emergence was closely connected to the European experience. This essay attempts to reconstruct the domestic and international settings in which this interchange took place, to pay attention to all those who played a large role in foundation work without being foundation officers, to trace the shifting roles of the European reference in the field of US public administration and to assess the impact of the European work in the field of government. Accordingly, Europe appears to be first a source rather than a target, and then a channel to the wider world rather than a scene of operation.

Public Administration as a discipline and a field emerged in the USA in the inter war period with a strong support from the Rockefeller organizations, the Spelman Fund of New York being the main granting agency in the field. This emergence was closely connected to the European experience. This essay attempts to reconstruct the domestic and international settings in which this interchange took place, to pay attention to all those who played a large role in foundation work without being foundation officers, to trace the shifting roles of the European reference in the field of US public administration and to assess the impact of the European work in the field of government. Accordingly, Europe appears to be first a source rather than a target, and then a channel to the wider world rather than a scene of operation.

Public Administration as a discipline and a field emerged in the USA in the inter war period with a strong support from the Rockefeller organizations, the Spelman Fund of New York being the main granting agency in the field. This emergence was closely connected to the European experience. This essay attempts to reconstruct the domestic and international settings in which this interchange took place, to pay attention to all those who played a large role in foundation work without being foundation officers, to trace the shifting roles of the European reference in the field of US public administration and to assess the impact of the European work in the field of government. Accordingly, Europe appears to be first a source rather than a target, and then a channel to the wider world rather than a scene of operation.

Public Administration as a discipline and a field emerged in the USA in the inter war period with a strong support from the Rockefeller organizations, the Spelman Fund of New York being the main granting agency in the field. This emergence was closely connected to the European experience. This essay attempts to reconstruct the domestic and international settings in which this interchange took place, to pay attention to all those who played a large role in foundation work without being foundation officers, to trace the shifting roles of the European reference in the field of US public administration and to assess the impact of the European work in the field of government. Accordingly, Europe appears to be first a source rather than a target, and then a channel to the wider world rather than a scene of operation.

Legal literature has shown that the administrative decisions adopted by national administrations within the scope of EU law may have extraterritorial effects. By challenging the principle of territoriality of public law, this phenomenon opens a new field of study whose object is the transnational dimension of administrative activity. Through the study of administrative cooperation between Member States, this work explores the establishment of a system of recognition of administrative decisions in the European administrative space. ; La littérature juridique a montré que les décisions administratives adoptées par les administrations nationales dans le champ d'application du droit de l'Union européenne peuvent avoir des effets extraterritoriaux. En remettant en cause le principe de territorialité du droit public, ce phénomène ouvre un nouveau champ d'étude qui a pour objet la dimension transnationale de l'activité administrative. A travers l'étude de la coopération administrative entre Etats membres, ce travail explore la mise en place d'un système de reconnaissance des décisions administratives dans l'espace administratif européen.

One of the consequences of the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 has been the end of the tacit agreement between the US administration & certain allied Arab governments on the need to keep Arab public opinion out of politics, specifically in matters of foreign policy. Arab governments' claim to represent their people can no longer fool anyone. Indeed, the structural changes Arab societies have undergone (spread of literacy, urbanization etc.), the waning legitimacy of the powers that be & the emergence of relatively independent pan-Arab media have spurred the autonomization of public opinion. The handling of hostile Arab public opinion by home & foreign governments, particularly the US, is complicated by its twofold nature: at once national & transnational. This special configuration of Arab public opinion, involving vigorous supranational identification & multiple allegiances, needs to be taken into account in trying to understand the workings of politics in the region. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; Transnational perspective at work : municipal American travellers in Europe 1900-1940 The circulation of experiments, people, technical and administrative devices marks the contemporary municipal scene. Those who organised and took part to this work of connections shared the conviction that municipal achievements could be imported, transferred and adapted despite radical differences in local contexts or national legislative realities. All along the 20th century, exhibitions, congresses, specialised periodicals and networks or associations of cities adopted this attitude. Perhaps this principle was most intensely developed through the work of American municipal reformers who scoured Europe for ideas and suggestions. This new sort of reforming Grand Tour developed from the years 1880-1890 when more and more American considered that the Old and the New worlds had a common destiny. Those last decades of the 19th century welcomed a considerable growth of the North-Atlantic cultural and intellectual trade, that from the 1930s was completed by an hemispheric concern towards Latin and South America. This article makes use of existing scholarship to map the travelling interests of American municipal reformers between 1890 and 1914, before scrutinising the series of travels carried on by a cluster of professional societies of municipal administrators and technicians in the 1930s. This double endeavour helps to understand the possibilities, constraints and limits of the European municipal travel. For its American visitors, municipal Europe was simultaneously a rhetoric tool, an inspiration and a beachhead to spread the gospel of reformed municipal government towards the rest of the world. ; La sphère municipale contemporaine est riche de circulations d'expériences, de recettes, d'hommes, de solutions techniques ou réglementaires. Les acteurs de ces circulations partagèrent l'idée que les expériences en matière municipale sont transmissibles, traduisibles et transférables au delà des spécificités législatives ou des contextes locaux. Au 20e siècle, divers périodiques, expositions, ou encore les travaux d'une association internationale comme l'Union Internationale des Villes adoptent explicitement ce point de vue. Mais c'est peut-être dans le regard et la pratique des visiteurs états-uniens en Europe que ce principe transnational a été le plus intense à partir des années 1880-1890 où le constat d'un devenir commun l'emporte sur la méfiance vis à vis du vieux monde corrompu et non démocratique. Les dernières dé¬cen¬nies du 19e siècle voient grandir l'échange nord-atlantique, qui dans les années 1930 se combine, de la part des acteurs états-uniens, avec un investissement hémis¬phérique en direction du reste des Amériques. On se propose ici revenir sur l'économie générale de ces échanges entre 1890 et 1914 (thèmes, modalités, milieux), avant de scruter plus en détail une série de voyages initiés par les organisations professionnelles d'administrateurs et de techniciens municipaux états-uniens dans les années 1930, afin de mieux comprendre les possibilités, les contraintes et les limites du voyage municipal en Europe. L'Europe municipale fut pour ses spectateurs américains à la fois un outil rhé¬tori¬que, une source d'inspiration et un théâtre d'opérations. ?????

International audience ; Transnational perspective at work : municipal American travellers in Europe 1900-1940 The circulation of experiments, people, technical and administrative devices marks the contemporary municipal scene. Those who organised and took part to this work of connections shared the conviction that municipal achievements could be imported, transferred and adapted despite radical differences in local contexts or national legislative realities. All along the 20th century, exhibitions, congresses, specialised periodicals and networks or associations of cities adopted this attitude. Perhaps this principle was most intensely developed through the work of American municipal reformers who scoured Europe for ideas and suggestions. This new sort of reforming Grand Tour developed from the years 1880-1890 when more and more American considered that the Old and the New worlds had a common destiny. Those last decades of the 19th century welcomed a considerable growth of the North-Atlantic cultural and intellectual trade, that from the 1930s was completed by an hemispheric concern towards Latin and South America. This article makes use of existing scholarship to map the travelling interests of American municipal reformers between 1890 and 1914, before scrutinising the series of travels carried on by a cluster of professional societies of municipal administrators and technicians in the 1930s. This double endeavour helps to understand the possibilities, constraints and limits of the European municipal travel. For its American visitors, municipal Europe was simultaneously a rhetoric tool, an inspiration and a beachhead to spread the gospel of reformed municipal government towards the rest of the world. ; La sphère municipale contemporaine est riche de circulations d'expériences, de recettes, d'hommes, de solutions techniques ou réglementaires. Les acteurs de ces circulations partagèrent l'idée que les expériences en matière municipale sont transmissibles, traduisibles et transférables au delà des spécificités législatives ou des contextes locaux. Au 20e siècle, divers périodiques, expositions, ou encore les travaux d'une association internationale comme l'Union Internationale des Villes adoptent explicitement ce point de vue. Mais c'est peut-être dans le regard et la pratique des visiteurs états-uniens en Europe que ce principe transnational a été le plus intense à partir des années 1880-1890 où le constat d'un devenir commun l'emporte sur la méfiance vis à vis du vieux monde corrompu et non démocratique. Les dernières dé¬cen¬nies du 19e siècle voient grandir l'échange nord-atlantique, qui dans les années 1930 se combine, de la part des acteurs états-uniens, avec un investissement hémis¬phérique en direction du reste des Amériques. On se propose ici revenir sur l'économie générale de ces échanges entre 1890 et 1914 (thèmes, modalités, milieux), avant de scruter plus en détail une série de voyages initiés par les organisations professionnelles d'administrateurs et de techniciens municipaux états-uniens dans les années 1930, afin de mieux comprendre les possibilités, les contraintes et les limites du voyage municipal en Europe. L'Europe municipale fut pour ses spectateurs américains à la fois un outil rhé¬tori¬que, une source d'inspiration et un théâtre d'opérations. ?????

International audience ; Transnational perspective at work : municipal American travellers in Europe 1900-1940 The circulation of experiments, people, technical and administrative devices marks the contemporary municipal scene. Those who organised and took part to this work of connections shared the conviction that municipal achievements could be imported, transferred and adapted despite radical differences in local contexts or national legislative realities. All along the 20th century, exhibitions, congresses, specialised periodicals and networks or associations of cities adopted this attitude. Perhaps this principle was most intensely developed through the work of American municipal reformers who scoured Europe for ideas and suggestions. This new sort of reforming Grand Tour developed from the years 1880-1890 when more and more American considered that the Old and the New worlds had a common destiny. Those last decades of the 19th century welcomed a considerable growth of the North-Atlantic cultural and intellectual trade, that from the 1930s was completed by an hemispheric concern towards Latin and South America. This article makes use of existing scholarship to map the travelling interests of American municipal reformers between 1890 and 1914, before scrutinising the series of travels carried on by a cluster of professional societies of municipal administrators and technicians in the 1930s. This double endeavour helps to understand the possibilities, constraints and limits of the European municipal travel. For its American visitors, municipal Europe was simultaneously a rhetoric tool, an inspiration and a beachhead to spread the gospel of reformed municipal government towards the rest of the world. ; La sphère municipale contemporaine est riche de circulations d'expériences, de recettes, d'hommes, de solutions techniques ou réglementaires. Les acteurs de ces circulations partagèrent l'idée que les expériences en matière municipale sont transmissibles, traduisibles et transférables au delà des spécificités législatives ou des contextes locaux. Au 20e siècle, divers périodiques, expositions, ou encore les travaux d'une association internationale comme l'Union Internationale des Villes adoptent explicitement ce point de vue. Mais c'est peut-être dans le regard et la pratique des visiteurs états-uniens en Europe que ce principe transnational a été le plus intense à partir des années 1880-1890 où le constat d'un devenir commun l'emporte sur la méfiance vis à vis du vieux monde corrompu et non démocratique. Les dernières dé¬cen¬nies du 19e siècle voient grandir l'échange nord-atlantique, qui dans les années 1930 se combine, de la part des acteurs états-uniens, avec un investissement hémis¬phérique en direction du reste des Amériques. On se propose ici revenir sur l'économie générale de ces échanges entre 1890 et 1914 (thèmes, modalités, milieux), avant de scruter plus en détail une série de voyages initiés par les organisations professionnelles d'administrateurs et de techniciens municipaux états-uniens dans les années 1930, afin de mieux comprendre les possibilités, les contraintes et les limites du voyage municipal en Europe. L'Europe municipale fut pour ses spectateurs américains à la fois un outil rhé¬tori¬que, une source d'inspiration et un théâtre d'opérations. ?????