Suchergebnisse

One of the most important elements in the development of international economic relations is undoubtedly the activities of international economic corporations. These companies are the result of a rapidly developing world economy, as their work is the basis of economic development and technological progress in any developed country. It should be noted that transnational corporations are a powerful means of influencing the world economy. Thanks to the activities of transnational corporations, the most important institution of international law — interstate economic relations-is being implemented. For the most successful implementation of this aspect requires competent legal regulation of this kind of relationship, taking into account the legitimate rights and interests of all parties involved. As a result, the article deals with the problem of effective legal regulation of transnational companies, the question of the legal personality of transnational corporations (hereinafter — TNCs) as subjects of international legal relations. We also study the characteristics of different levels of legal action on the part of States in relation to TNCs, the impact of legislation in different countries on TNCs, as well as the interaction of legal systems of different States among themselves on the legal regulation of TNC activities, the analysis of the viewpoints of researchers on this issue.

Aus sowjetischer Sicht + Aus politischer Sicht

Bei dem Aufsatz handelt es sich um den zweiten Teil eines Beitrags, der die Ergebnisse einer Diskussion von französischen Sozialwissenschaftlern zum Problem der Globalisierung zusammenfaßt, wie sie im Sommer 1997 in einem Sonderheft der Zeitschrift "Sciences humaines" geführt wurde. In diesem Teil werden die Rolle der USA als globaler Hauptakteur der Globalisierung sowie die Funktionen der transnationalen Konzerne, der großen Städte und der sozialen Individuen und Gruppen im Globalisierungsprozeß näher beleuchtet. (BIOst-Mrk)

Der Verfasser analysiert zunächst die Entwicklung des Umfangs ausländischer Direktinvestitionen insbesondere 1995 auf internationalem Niveau, wobei die Staaten Westeuropas, die USA und Japan auf diesem Gebiet den größten Anteil stellen. Es geht weiter vor allem um die Grundvoraussetzungen, die die einflußreichsten transnationalen Gesellschaften zu Auslandsinvestitionen motivieren. Im zweiten Kapitel betrachtet der Autor die Rolle des Wirtschaftsfaktors Außenhandel, seine Wechselwirkung mit den ausländischen Investitionen sowie den Einfluß auf die wichtigsten Wirtschaftssektoren. In den 90er Jahren haben sich zudem in vielen Ländern gravierende Veränderungen ergeben, was die Regulierung der Investitionen durch den Staat betrifft. (BIOst-Rgl)

After the Second World War supporters of the official mainstream sought to refute Lenin's theory of imperialism, checking it for "incompatibility with the facts". With the appearance in the 1980s of the concept of globalisation, the Leninist theory was relegated by these critics to the category of ideas that had been scientifically disproven. The analysis presented in this article shows that various theoretical versions of globalisation and of global capitalism are constructed on the basis of contradictory and methodologically doubtful ideas concerning the essential features of globalisation, of the sources from which it arose, and of its historical dynamics and limitations. As the main points in its discussion of the concept of globalisation, the article examines the controversies between empiricism and essentialism concerning the question of the essence of globalisation (culture or economics); the question of the sources of globalisation (technology, politics or productive relations); and the question of the trends in the dynamic of globalisation (toward full integration or growing antagonism). The authors further take up the controversy that pits abstract against concrete historicism on the question of the historical limits of globalisation. At the same time, the article reveals that in its richness and in the depth of its grasp of modern capitalism, Lenin's theory of imperialism up to the present has surpassed many present-day theories. Employing the theoretical heritage of Lenin makes it possible to provide, as the result of analysis, a comprehensive and methodologically precise definition of globalisation.

В статье рассматривается проблема транснациональных связей польских священников, создаваемых с помощью интернета. Статья является кратким обобщением исследовательского опыта антрополога в изучении Польских священников Беларуси. Основываясь на материалах Нины Глик-Шиллер, Линды Баш и Кристины Шантон-Блан, учитывая также и другие исследовательские теории, методики и данные, которые исследуют и иллюстрируют отношения между религией и СМИ, автор доказывает, что благодаря интернету священники формируют наднациональные отношения на экономическом, политическом и культурном уровнях. ; This article discusses the problem of transnational connection of Polish priests in Belarus created via the internet. This is the summary of anthropological field research and an experience connected with that. Thanks to Linda Basch's and Cristina Szanton-Blanc's concept of "transnationality", combined with other different theories about new media and religions, as well as results of anthropological field research conducted among Polish priests in Belarus, the author is trying to approve that the priests are creating economical, political and socio-cultural relations on the transnational level.

The article is a detailed response to the text by Martin Müller "In Search for the Global East", written on the basis of the experience of a scientist specializing in post-socialist realities, and included in the global circulation of social and humanitarian knowledge. It deals with the possibility of reflection of the place of the post-socialist part of the world in the world as a whole, from the point of view of a community formed by those who live in the post-socialist space and those who explore different aspects of post-socialist life. The genealogy of discussions about the Global South and the Global North, which are fundamental for such disciplines as geography (political, economic, and human) and urban studies, as well as the formation of the conceptual link of "development = the global South" in the political history of the second half of the twentieth century and in the intellectual history of this period is discussed. It is argued that the Global South is actively discussed in the global debates of geographers, urbanists, and historians. It also occupies a prominent place in transnational, big stories about what is happening in the world, and with the world. At the same time, the post-socialist world (Müller proposes the name "Global East" for it) occupies an insignificant place in these narratives. "Development" (no matter how different and controversial it may be) in relation to that part of the "global" which is comprised from Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is understood as a task of national governments, and which must be solved by following Western recipes. The article explains the reasons for the lack of understanding of what this region means today, as well as the difficulties of conducting and popularizing research about it, in particular, the ongoing post-colonial decentralization of the West as a privileged place of knowledge production. The conclusion of the article is that much more research is needed in which different perceptions of the global are compared, including the ones ...

The modern conditions for the transformation of the productive forces and the production relations of capitalism are increasingly prompting us to turn to the theory and methodology of such important categories as commodities, money, capital, property, etc., critically analyze its potential, determining the possibilities for the effective use of the classical heritage, supplementing the luggage of new research. The evolution of capital leads to the fact that corporate capital becomes its dominant form, that is, ownership of capital is prevailing in the modern economy of the corporate sector. Special attention of theoretical scientists, economists and politicians, as well as politicians, concentrates on the analysis of the movement of corporate capital in the stream of modern transformations in all the richness of the contradictions in development. The reason for this is those transformations that corporate capital experiences in connection with systemic socio-economic transformations. It is these transformations, as shown in the article, logically cause the transition of the stages of the movement of corporate capital from one to another. Modern transformations of corporate and network structures turn corporate capital into virtual fictitious capital, creating certain contradictions and forming a complex system of economic relations at the macro and mega-level. The author used in the research process a methodological-theoretical, dialectical, historically-logical, evolutionary, systemic, critical approach. ; Современные условия трансформации производительных сил и производственных отношений капитализма все чаще побуждают нас обращаться к теории и методологии таких важнейших категорий как товар, деньги, капитал, собственность и др., критически анализировать ее потенциал, определяя возможности эффективного использования классического наследия, дополняя багажом новых исследований. Эволюция капитала приводит к тому, что господствующей его формой становится корпоративный капитал, то есть собственность на капитал является преобладающей в современной экономике корпоративного сектора. Особое внимание и ученых-теоретиков, и экономистов-практиков, а также политических деятелей концентрируется на анализе движения корпоративного капитала в потоке современных преобразований во всем богатстве противоречий развития. Причиной этого являются те трансформации, которые корпоративный капитал испытывает в связи с системными социально-экономическими преобразованиями. Именно эти трансформации, как показано в статье, логично обусловливают переход стадий движения корпоративного капитала из одной в другую. Современные преобразования корпоративных и сетевых структур превращают корпоративный капитал в виртуальный фиктивный капитал, порождая определенные противоречия и формируя сложную систему экономических отношений на макро- и мега- уровне. Автором в процессе исследования использованы методолого-теоретический, диалектический, исторически-логический, эволюционный, системный, критический подходы.

The starting point of the conclusions of politicians and experts was the recognition of the changed nature of threats to the New World Order. In post-Westfalia system of international relations the main actors are not sovereigns, but transnational actors of world politics, including transnational terrorist and criminal networks. In this situation, the support of global security threat serves the underground world – terrorists, shady business structures, failed states. The unconventional nature of the threat to peace and stability of the New World Order requires an equally innovative response which transcends the formal constraints of international law and the traditional doctrine of deterrence. An analysis of the U.S. foreign policy concepts suggests that today's academic and political community has promoted consensus of neoliberals and neoconservatives, supporters of the institutional functionalism and representatives of the school of Realpolitik. This consensus was based on the recognition of the admissibility of pre-emptive strikes on the territory of failed states, sponsoring international terrorism, or the implementation of open interference in the internal affairs of "rogue states" for human rights and democratic freedoms guarantee. ; В современных условиях становления новой конфигурации международных отношений вооруженная агрессия по-прежнему остается не только популярной альтернативой дипломатическому урегулированию конфликтов, но и одной из постоянно совершенствуемых насильственных практик. Место войн на международной арене все активнее занимают терроризм, геноцид, интервенция и т.д. Иностранное военное вмешательство в дела суверенных государств в настоящее время получает все более широкое распространение, поэтому противодействие попыткам интервенции на данный момент входит в число приоритетных задач государства, так как от эффективности этой деятельности нередко зависит существование страны.

The process of transforming international relations goes on under the influence of globalization mechanisms together with the development of integration processes. The establishment of more complex and at the same time simple mechanisms of cooperation in the system of international relations between its actors is the result of a change in the methods of introducing cases. Moving away from the classical principles of cooperation-diplomatic contacts, alliances, the world ceases to be a bipolar system of world device, thanks to the process of globalization, a multipolar world structure is being built with the new actors inherent in the globalization process, gives an example of multinational corporations and NGOs. Under the influence of globalization, the usual tools of international politics are being modified, since within the framework of the new system of transnational interaction, national states are forced to adapt to a changing, interconnected and interdependent world in which there is no longer a clear division between external and internal affairs. State power is forced to transform, transferring to a larger extent part of its functions to supranational structures, sharing its administrative functions with these structures and creating new models of world political governance. The Northern Forum acts as an organization uniting the regions of the subjects for solving common problems in the Arctic region.