Suchergebnisse

Resumo. Este artigo analisa possibilidades de purificação que visam superar a exclusão simbólica de travestis e transexuais do espectro de inteligibilidade do humano, uma vez que essas pessoas vivem e manifestam socialmente uma ruptura com a matriz heterossexual. A partir de observações etnográficas de encontros do movimento LGBT e específicos de travestis e transexuais no Brasil, assim como de entrevistas com travestis e transexuais que são consideradas como lideranças dentro do movimento, são abordados dois caminhos de purificação da diferença que se mostraram mais relevantes: a medicalização e a politização das identidades "travesti" e "transexual". Além disso, destaca-se uma possibilidade menor de relativa purificação que passa pelo uso do glamour como meio de superação das adversidades. Palavras-chave: travesti; transexual; medicalização; militância; purificaçãoLa (im)posible pureza: medicalización y militancia en las experiencias de travestis y transexualesResumen. Este artículo discute estrategias de purificación orientadas a superar la exclusión simbólica de travestis y transexuales del espectro de inteligibilidad de lo humano, al romper con la matriz heterosexual. A partir de la observación etnográfica de encuentros del movimiento LGBT, y en particular, de travestis y transexuales en el Brasil, así como de entrevistas a travestis y transexuales consideradas líderes de ese movimiento, se abordan dos caminos de purificación de la diferencia que se han mostrado como más relevantes: la medicalización y la politización de las identidades "travesti" y "transexual". Se destaca, además, otra posibilidad de purificación relativa, que pasaría por el glamour como medio de superación de las adversidades.Palabras clave: travesti; transexual; medicalización; militancia; purificaciónThe (im)possible purity: medicalization and activism in travesti and transsexual experienceAbstract. This article discusses strategies of purification to overcome the symbolic exclusion of travestis and transsexuals from the spectrum of human intelligibility, as they break hetero-sexual matrix. Based on ethnographic observation conducted at LGBT movement and–particularly–trans movement meetings in Brazil, as well as interviews with self-identified travesti and transsexual activists, two purification paths considered most relevant are analyzed: the medicalization and politicization of "trans" identities. Additionally, a third possibility of relative purification is highlighted: glamour as a way of overcoming adversity. Keywords: travesti; transsexual; medicalization; activism; purification

Includes bibliographical references ; The purpose of this study was to understand the life-world of transsexual women in relation to their awareness of their unique health needs as a direct result of sexual realignment treatment, and their health-seeking behaviours, practices and experiences of responses in negotiating health care for their transgender-related health needs in the healthcare system. The overarching question asked in this research was: What are the lived experiences, and meaning of these experiences, for transsexual women during the sexual-realignment process when negotiating health care for their transgender-related healthcare needs in the healthcare system? Participants in this study were selected through purposive and snowball sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted with ten participants selected from urban, peri-urban, and rural areas of the Western Cape. Theoretical saturation was reached with the tenth participant, and further selection of participants was ceased. The data was viewed through a trans-inclusive feminist lens with a concurrent collection and analysis process as guided by the steps of analysis of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), as developed by Smith (2010). IPA is a modern qualitative approach to research inquiry which harnesses the strengths of phenomenology, hermeneutics, and ideography. The analysed data were illustrated in a master theme graphic which contained one superordinate theme, two subordinate themes and various categories. The superordinate theme of this study was named "Towards organic Womanhood", while the two subordinate themes were coined "Embracing Womanhood", and "Facing the Giant in order to Become". The subordinate theme Embracing Womanhood gives insight into aspects of transsexual women's journey of moving towards a state of organic womanhood, whereas the subordinate theme Facing the Giant in order to Become maps out powers in the healthcare system which prevent transsexual women from having a smooth transition journey. This study illustrates that transsexual women have a need to align their bodies with their gender identities, but even though South Africa has legislation which protects the health and rights of transsexual women, transsexual women find it challenging to make the transition. Health practitioners are ill-equipped to manage transsexual women, the care which they receive in the government-funded healthcare system is of a poor standard, and they are4subjected to extremely long waiting periods to have access to surgical sexual realignment services. Recommendations are made for the healthcare system, policy makers and educational institutions in order to stimulate the South African healthcare system to become inclusive and affirming to the needs of transsexual women. Furthermore, recommendations for researchers are made to stimulate the debate around transsexual health care in the scientific literature.

Resumo: Neste artigo são analisadas as políticas públicas de saúde voltadas à população LGBT (lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais) no Brasil, a partir de entrevistas com gestoras governamentais e com integrantes da sociedade civil organizada, além da análise crítica de planos, programas e outros documentos de referência. Destacamos ações no âmbito do Poder Executivo Federal, concebidas e executadas por parcerias intragovernamentais e com a sociedade civil, tendo LGBT como público-alvo. Identificamos, por fim, que tais ações, quando comparadas às de outras áreas, caracterizam-se como mais consolidadas, transversalizadas, intersetorializadas e pioneiras, embora ainda não plenamente estruturadas segundo os princípios de universalidade, integralidade e equidade.Palavras-chave: políticas públicas; saúde; sexualidade; gênero; LGBTPolíticas de salud para lesbianas, gays, bisexuales, travestis y transexuales en el Brasil: en busca de la universalidad, integralidad y equidadResumen. En este artículo se analizan políticas públicas de salud dirigidas a la población LGBT (lesbianas, gays, bisexuales, travestis y transexuales) en el Brasil, a partir de entrevistas con gestoras gubernamentales e integrantes de la sociedad civil organizada, y de una crítica de planes, programas y otros documentos de referencia. Se destacan acciones orientadas al público LGBT desde el ámbito del Poder Ejecutivo nacional, concebidas y ejecutadas por instancias gubernamentales así como otras realizadas conjuntamente con la sociedad civil. Por último, se plantea que tales acciones, en comparación a las de otras áreas, pueden caracterizarse como más consolidadas, transversalizadas, intersectorializadas y pioneras, aunque no plenamente estructuradas todavía según los principios de universalidad, integralidad y equidad.Palabras clave: políticas públicas; salud; sexualidad; género; LGBT; BrasilHealth policies for lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transsexuals and travestis in Brazil: the pursuit of universality, integrality and equity Abstract. In this article we analyze health policies targeting the Brazilian LGBT population (lesbian, gay, bisexual, travesti, and transexual), based on interviews with government civil society actors, and a critical reading of programmatic documents and other sources. We highlight courses of action by the Federal Executive branch of government, conceived and carried out by means on intra-governmental and civil society partnership. In conclusion, we find that, when compared with with actions in other areas, LGBT health policies seem more consolidated, transversalized, intersectorialized, therefore pioneering, although not yet fully structured on the principles of universality, integrality and equity.Keywords: public policy; health; sexuality; gender; LGBT; Brazil

Las personas trans están entre los miembros más vulnerables de cualquier sociedad y experimentan altos niveles de estigmatización y marginación. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis de los derechos de las personas transexuales, abordando para ello tanto la jurisprudencia como la legislación en el contexto europeo y latinoamericano. Dentro del nudo cognitivo jurídico internacional y apoyado en la metodología cualitativa se realizó una caracterización de la realidad facto-jurídica de la legislación aplicable a estas personas. = Trans people are among the most vulnerable members of any society and experience high levels of stigmatization and marginalization. This article is analyzing the rights of transsexual people, addressing both case law and legislation in the European and Latin American context. Within the international legal cognitive knot and supported by the qualitative methodology, a characterization of the legal-fact reality of the legislation applicable to these people.

Aim and Methods: The aim of this article is to provide a narrative literature review of the 'third gender' phenomenon in Brazil ( Travestis), India ( Hijras) and Mexico ( Muxes), considering the social stigma, the legal and health aspects of these identities. Results: These three groups share similar experiences of stigmatisation, marginalisation, sexual abuse, HIV infection, infringement of civil rights and harassment accessing health services. Brazil, India and Mexico public services for the third gender conditions are still very scarce and inadequate for the heavy demand from potential users. Discussion and Conclusion: Although all three countries have used legislation to promote provision of comprehensive healthcare services for third gender, there is still strong resistance to implementation of such laws and policies. Brazil, India and Mexico face a huge challenge to become countries where all human rights are respected.

Abstract
Mariela Muñoz became the first transsexual widely socially recognized as a mother in Argentina. She emerged as a leading figure during her struggle to recover legal custody of three of her children, which had been previously annulled by a judge. Moreover, in 1997 she became the first transsexual recognized as a woman by the state. This text analyzes the making of Mariela Muñoz's motherhood repertoires to redefine political, social, and intimate citizenship. It argues that her politics were paradoxical, in that she appealed to traditional meanings of womanhood such as fulfilment through motherhood and the duty of care for others. On the other hand, these uses of key cultural symbols displaced the imagined margins for travestis and transexuales and helped her enjoy popular support.

Transsexual people are a part of society, for which the legal framework is not provided in Lithuania. The law projects, presented by the members of the Seimas, remained at project level and nowadays, there is no law at Lithuania, which would recognise sex change. The recognition of gender is the most important aspect for people that want to change genders. Certain subordinate legislation regulates the identification document change, health care, partnership of transsexual people; however, not all laws are implemented due to a legal gap. The problem of the work. In the Lithuanian Civil Code, a person's right to medically change genders, if it is medically possible, was established. The sex change surgery, the gender itself was supposed to have been adjusted by a special Sex change law, which still has not been admitted. So, the question addressed is how such a person's rights can be ensured in Lithuania, if a person after a full or partial sex change, once their passport and other important documents have been changed, could legalise themselves in Lithuania. Another aspect due to which even more questions arise is how you could determine the retirement age of the person that had changed their gender, since the retirement age for men and women is different. The raised problem is that health care services concerning sex change are not provided to people that had changed their gender. In addition, the question of family formation is important – can people that had changed their gender adopt when they marry a representative of the opposite gender, since no such regulation in Lithuania exists. Also, questions are raised about sports: could a person, after changing their gender, take part in a sport, i.e. play for the women's team if they were a man before and vice versa; could they resume their sports activities after the surgery. Therefore, it can be said that the topic is quite problematic and has many unanswered questions. The main problem of the work is the limiting of rights of people, who wish to change their gender, which leads to the uncertainty of those people's situation. Lithuania is not the only country, which does not have an established Sex change law, such a problem is sore in other countries of the European Union; therefore, it should be solved. The relevance of the work. After analysing the Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature, after conducting the surveys, the legal regulatory failures that over time change in certain aspects in each country are revealed. After the Sex change law has not been passed in Lithuania, the legal status of transsexual people is not clear. You cannot have gender reassignment surgery, directly address authorities, which would perform the change in the civil status acts, healthcare is not provided. A detailed analysis of legal problems concerning sex change, the lack of its regulations both in Lithuania and in other countries is provided. In addition, the relevance is distinguished also by the fact that a changing practise is noticed in The European Court of Human Rights Cases, in which a different view on transsexual people's rights is reflected than in national law. A hypothesis that has been brought in that the rights of a person that had changed his gender by medical means are not ensured has confirmed itself. After conducting the analysis, it can be concluded that such a limitation of the people's legal framework and the non-establishment of the Sex change law does not ensure the rights of transsexual people. A full change of the person's gender is required in Lithuania, yet such surgeries cannot be performed in the very same country and health care is not provided. For this reason, the most frequently encountered is the illegal inaction of the government institutions and the government itself, when the government takes no measures to implement the laws or at least to fix the subordinate legislation so that people could use it. Such passiveness of the government violates the people's rights to a quick, clear and easily accessible procedure. So, from the survey conducted in this work, it can be concluded that the rights of a person are not ensured to people that have changed their gender. The object of the work is the rights of people that had medically changed their gender. The purpose of the work is to determine whether the rights of people that have changed their gender are ensured in Lithuania, where there are no regulations, by conducting an analysis of the practice of the courts, legislation and sources. The tasks of the work: 1. To conduct an analysis of the legal regulation concerning the people that have changed their gender in Lithuania. 2. To analyse the legal regulation of sex change in foreign countries and evaluate it; 3. To conduct an analysis of the legal practise in Lithuania and foreign countries concerning the people that have changed their gender. The hypothesis of the work: the rights of a person that had medically changed their gender are not ensured.

Transsexual people are a part of society, for which the legal framework is not provided in Lithuania. The law projects, presented by the members of the Seimas, remained at project level and nowadays, there is no law at Lithuania, which would recognise sex change. The recognition of gender is the most important aspect for people that want to change genders. Certain subordinate legislation regulates the identification document change, health care, partnership of transsexual people; however, not all laws are implemented due to a legal gap. The problem of the work. In the Lithuanian Civil Code, a person's right to medically change genders, if it is medically possible, was established. The sex change surgery, the gender itself was supposed to have been adjusted by a special Sex change law, which still has not been admitted. So, the question addressed is how such a person's rights can be ensured in Lithuania, if a person after a full or partial sex change, once their passport and other important documents have been changed, could legalise themselves in Lithuania. Another aspect due to which even more questions arise is how you could determine the retirement age of the person that had changed their gender, since the retirement age for men and women is different. The raised problem is that health care services concerning sex change are not provided to people that had changed their gender. In addition, the question of family formation is important – can people that had changed their gender adopt when they marry a representative of the opposite gender, since no such regulation in Lithuania exists. Also, questions are raised about sports: could a person, after changing their gender, take part in a sport, i.e. play for the women's team if they were a man before and vice versa; could they resume their sports activities after the surgery. Therefore, it can be said that the topic is quite problematic and has many unanswered questions. The main problem of the work is the limiting of rights of people, who wish to change their gender, which leads to the uncertainty of those people's situation. Lithuania is not the only country, which does not have an established Sex change law, such a problem is sore in other countries of the European Union; therefore, it should be solved. The relevance of the work. After analysing the Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature, after conducting the surveys, the legal regulatory failures that over time change in certain aspects in each country are revealed. After the Sex change law has not been passed in Lithuania, the legal status of transsexual people is not clear. You cannot have gender reassignment surgery, directly address authorities, which would perform the change in the civil status acts, healthcare is not provided. A detailed analysis of legal problems concerning sex change, the lack of its regulations both in Lithuania and in other countries is provided. In addition, the relevance is distinguished also by the fact that a changing practise is noticed in The European Court of Human Rights Cases, in which a different view on transsexual people's rights is reflected than in national law. A hypothesis that has been brought in that the rights of a person that had changed his gender by medical means are not ensured has confirmed itself. After conducting the analysis, it can be concluded that such a limitation of the people's legal framework and the non-establishment of the Sex change law does not ensure the rights of transsexual people. A full change of the person's gender is required in Lithuania, yet such surgeries cannot be performed in the very same country and health care is not provided. For this reason, the most frequently encountered is the illegal inaction of the government institutions and the government itself, when the government takes no measures to implement the laws or at least to fix the subordinate legislation so that people could use it. Such passiveness of the government violates the people's rights to a quick, clear and easily accessible procedure. So, from the survey conducted in this work, it can be concluded that the rights of a person are not ensured to people that have changed their gender. The object of the work is the rights of people that had medically changed their gender. The purpose of the work is to determine whether the rights of people that have changed their gender are ensured in Lithuania, where there are no regulations, by conducting an analysis of the practice of the courts, legislation and sources. The tasks of the work: 1. To conduct an analysis of the legal regulation concerning the people that have changed their gender in Lithuania. 2. To analyse the legal regulation of sex change in foreign countries and evaluate it; 3. To conduct an analysis of the legal practise in Lithuania and foreign countries concerning the people that have changed their gender. The hypothesis of the work: the rights of a person that had medically changed their gender are not ensured.

Transsexual people are a part of society, for which the legal framework is not provided in Lithuania. The law projects, presented by the members of the Seimas, remained at project level and nowadays, there is no law at Lithuania, which would recognise sex change. The recognition of gender is the most important aspect for people that want to change genders. Certain subordinate legislation regulates the identification document change, health care, partnership of transsexual people; however, not all laws are implemented due to a legal gap. The problem of the work. In the Lithuanian Civil Code, a person's right to medically change genders, if it is medically possible, was established. The sex change surgery, the gender itself was supposed to have been adjusted by a special Sex change law, which still has not been admitted. So, the question addressed is how such a person's rights can be ensured in Lithuania, if a person after a full or partial sex change, once their passport and other important documents have been changed, could legalise themselves in Lithuania. Another aspect due to which even more questions arise is how you could determine the retirement age of the person that had changed their gender, since the retirement age for men and women is different. The raised problem is that health care services concerning sex change are not provided to people that had changed their gender. In addition, the question of family formation is important – can people that had changed their gender adopt when they marry a representative of the opposite gender, since no such regulation in Lithuania exists. Also, questions are raised about sports: could a person, after changing their gender, take part in a sport, i.e. play for the women's team if they were a man before and vice versa; could they resume their sports activities after the surgery. Therefore, it can be said that the topic is quite problematic and has many unanswered questions. The main problem of the work is the limiting of rights of people, who wish to change their gender, which leads to the uncertainty of those people's situation. Lithuania is not the only country, which does not have an established Sex change law, such a problem is sore in other countries of the European Union; therefore, it should be solved. The relevance of the work. After analysing the Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature, after conducting the surveys, the legal regulatory failures that over time change in certain aspects in each country are revealed. After the Sex change law has not been passed in Lithuania, the legal status of transsexual people is not clear. You cannot have gender reassignment surgery, directly address authorities, which would perform the change in the civil status acts, healthcare is not provided. A detailed analysis of legal problems concerning sex change, the lack of its regulations both in Lithuania and in other countries is provided. In addition, the relevance is distinguished also by the fact that a changing practise is noticed in The European Court of Human Rights Cases, in which a different view on transsexual people's rights is reflected than in national law. A hypothesis that has been brought in that the rights of a person that had changed his gender by medical means are not ensured has confirmed itself. After conducting the analysis, it can be concluded that such a limitation of the people's legal framework and the non-establishment of the Sex change law does not ensure the rights of transsexual people. A full change of the person's gender is required in Lithuania, yet such surgeries cannot be performed in the very same country and health care is not provided. For this reason, the most frequently encountered is the illegal inaction of the government institutions and the government itself, when the government takes no measures to implement the laws or at least to fix the subordinate legislation so that people could use it. Such passiveness of the government violates the people's rights to a quick, clear and easily accessible procedure. So, from the survey conducted in this work, it can be concluded that the rights of a person are not ensured to people that have changed their gender. The object of the work is the rights of people that had medically changed their gender. The purpose of the work is to determine whether the rights of people that have changed their gender are ensured in Lithuania, where there are no regulations, by conducting an analysis of the practice of the courts, legislation and sources. The tasks of the work: 1. To conduct an analysis of the legal regulation concerning the people that have changed their gender in Lithuania. 2. To analyse the legal regulation of sex change in foreign countries and evaluate it; 3. To conduct an analysis of the legal practise in Lithuania and foreign countries concerning the people that have changed their gender. The hypothesis of the work: the rights of a person that had medically changed their gender are not ensured.