Suchergebnisse

In 1839 after Abdülmecit Sultan coming to the throne advertised a reformative adumbration composed a necssety of expansive political and socio changes (Tanzimat Fermani). The "Islahat Fermani" issued at the beginning of 1856 enforced the right assurance of the non islamic peoples lived int he Empire or enlarged their right. At the second half of the 19th century the statesmen were in Western Europe and the students learning in european schooles had have new acquaitances expedited further all comprehensive reforms, included the initiation of european type education. They were full of trust to build up social sistem will be acceptable for Europe. Than Turkey would have not been at european's mercy nor enemy, foreign int he sight of Western Europe. What the education had been they wanted to change and how that processes were going on, what results and failers happened during that reforms trys to expose this essay.

Míg a populizmus korábban csak a szélsőséges pártokra volt jellemző, addigra mostanra általánossá vált, hogy számos ország belpolitikájának alkotják meghatározó elemét. A szakirodalomból azonban nem egyértelmű, hogy mely tényezők vezettek el ezeknek a pártoknak a megerősödéséhez, részben az eltérő minták és eltérő becslési eljárások miatt. A tanulmány három csoportra bontja azokat a változókat, amelyek befolyással vannak a populista pártok térnyerésére: gazdasági okok; bizalmon alapuló változók; kulturális tényezők. A tanulmány arra a következtetésre jut, hogy a regionális és választói heterogenitás miatt nehezen hasonlíthatók össze az adatok, emiatt kontinenseken átívelő panel adatokra lenne szükség, hogy általános ok-okozati kapcsolatot lehessen alkotni a populizmus térnyerésének okairól. = While populism in the past was associated mainly with radical parties, by today they have become a part of the political mainstream in many countries. However, looking at the literature it is unclear what factors have led the rise in populist demand. A problem when trying to understand the causal relationship is, that large econometric analyses which were conducted over the past 5 years use different samples and measurement methods. This article will investigate three groups of reasons which may have led to the increase in populist demand: economic reasons; trust reasons and cultural factors. The article finds that because of regional and electoral heterogeneity it is not really possible to compare data from Europe with that of the USA, therefore before any general conclusions can be drawn it would be useful to have panel data across continents.