The paper investigates whether generalized trust in government varies among ethnic groups in a society. Theories on trust predominantly explain such institutional trust by the capabilities and intentions of the trusted actors, and research into trust is mainly done at the individual level measuring whether individual characteristics of the trustee and trusted one has explanatory power. Meanwhile, this paper analyzes the institutional trust at the macro (country) level. Based on a comparative study among 27 countries, this paper argues that there are significant differences between ethnic groups regarding their trust in the country's government and that significant effects are visible with the country's income inequality and one of Hofstede's dimensions of national culture, namely 'power distance'. This is an important finding as it calls for multi-level analyses when explaining institutional trust. Trust is not only dependent on the individual characteristics of the trusted one and the trustee but also on macro-level variables.
The paper investigates whether generalized trust in government varies among ethnic groups in a society. Theories on trust predominantly explain such institutional trust by the capabilities and intentions of the trusted actors, and research into trust is mainly done at the individual level measuring whether individual characteristics of the trustee and trusted one has explanatory power. Meanwhile, this paper analyzes the institutional trust at the macro (country) level. Based on a comparative study among 27 countries, this paper argues that there are significant differences between ethnic groups regarding their trust in the country's government and that significant effects are visible with the country's income inequality and one of Hofstede's dimensions of national culture, namely 'power distance'. This is an important finding as it calls for multi-level analyses when explaining institutional trust. Trust is not only dependent on the individual characteristics of the trusted one and the trustee but also on macro-level variables.
The paper investigates whether generalized trust in government varies among ethnic groups in a society. Theories on trust predominantly explain such institutional trust by the capabilities and intentions of the trusted actors, and research into trust is mainly done at the individual level measuring whether individual characteristics of the trustee and trusted one has explanatory power. Meanwhile, this paper analyzes the institutional trust at the macro (country) level. Based on a comparative study among 27 countries, this paper argues that there are significant differences between ethnic groups regarding their trust in the country's government and that significant effects are visible with the country's income inequality and one of Hofstede's dimensions of national culture, namely 'power distance'. This is an important finding as it calls for multi-level analyses when explaining institutional trust. Trust is not only dependent on the individual characteristics of the trusted one and the trustee but also on macro-level variables.
The paper investigates whether generalized trust in government varies among ethnic groups in a society. Theories on trust predominantly explain such institutional trust by the capabilities and intentions of the trusted actors, and research into trust is mainly done at the individual level measuring whether individual characteristics of the trustee and trusted one has explanatory power. Meanwhile, this paper analyzes the institutional trust at the macro (country) level. Based on a comparative study among 27 countries, this paper argues that there are significant differences between ethnic groups regarding their trust in the country's government and that significant effects are visible with the country's income inequality and one of Hofstede's dimensions of national culture, namely 'power distance'. This is an important finding as it calls for multi-level analyses when explaining institutional trust. Trust is not only dependent on the individual characteristics of the trusted one and the trustee but also on macro-level variables.
Trust in Lithuanian police, courts and prosecutors oqce has reached the record values in 2015. Trust and conCdence in these institutions is growing, though it is diqcult to identify what exactly is stimulating that growth. Public relations or media in_uence, or good organization of the institutional work as well as other reason can be an explanation for the better public attitudes. Answers to the question "Do you trust the police, courts, prosecutors oqce?" do not explain what was done properly when trust values raise, and what problematic areas of institution work need attention when evaluations are getting worse. `ere is a signiCcant doubt expressed in academic literature if this and only indicator, so oƒen used for the evaluation of institution work, adequately describes how good or eQectively prosecutors oqce works, police safeguards public security, and courts ensure protection of citizen rights, defence of interests and other demands of democratic society. `e article analyses trust and conCdence in institutions of criminal justice system in Lithuania. Analysis uses ideas and data of two international research projects - EURO-JUSTIS and FIDUCIA. We examine trust and conCdence as complex phenomenon, which include several important aspects: 1) eQectiveness of criminal justice institutions; 2) distributive justice; 3) procedural justice; 4) shared perceptions of right and wrong and shared moral values with institutions; 5) legitimacy of institutions; 6) co-operation between society and criminal justice institutions. Evaluation of the survey data shows that diQerent elements of this phenomenon obtain diQerent ratings, and diQer from the evaluation of trust and conCdence in the broad sense. Understanding of these diQerences gives us a possibility to assess and improve work of criminal justice institutions more purposefully
Trust in Lithuanian police, courts and prosecutors oqce has reached the record values in 2015. Trust and conCdence in these institutions is growing, though it is diqcult to identify what exactly is stimulating that growth. Public relations or media in_uence, or good organization of the institutional work as well as other reason can be an explanation for the better public attitudes. Answers to the question "Do you trust the police, courts, prosecutors oqce?" do not explain what was done properly when trust values raise, and what problematic areas of institution work need attention when evaluations are getting worse. `ere is a signiCcant doubt expressed in academic literature if this and only indicator, so oƒen used for the evaluation of institution work, adequately describes how good or eQectively prosecutors oqce works, police safeguards public security, and courts ensure protection of citizen rights, defence of interests and other demands of democratic society. `e article analyses trust and conCdence in institutions of criminal justice system in Lithuania. Analysis uses ideas and data of two international research projects - EURO-JUSTIS and FIDUCIA. We examine trust and conCdence as complex phenomenon, which include several important aspects: 1) eQectiveness of criminal justice institutions; 2) distributive justice; 3) procedural justice; 4) shared perceptions of right and wrong and shared moral values with institutions; 5) legitimacy of institutions; 6) co-operation between society and criminal justice institutions. Evaluation of the survey data shows that diQerent elements of this phenomenon obtain diQerent ratings, and diQer from the evaluation of trust and conCdence in the broad sense. Understanding of these diQerences gives us a possibility to assess and improve work of criminal justice institutions more purposefully
We are concerned in day by day life whether something we see, hear and read can be trusted. All around the globe we can find tens of public opinion surveys that outline public trust in media in comparison with state public institutions. However, the comparison with other institutions gives us too limited view and no particular reasons of public to trust in media. Examining reasons of public trust in media solves current problematic approach. The objective of this paper is to identify practical and theoretical reasons that affect public trust in media. Hypothesis, that public trust in media is mainly dependent on media's content has been raised. Theoretical outline of this paper is supported by McQuail's theoretical approach which distinguishes four different forces that influence the media content. According to this, media and its content fall under economical, social and political pressures. While analyzing media within latter framework, media and society relationship, media's role in social life were examined. This gave a theoretical view of factors that influence media's content from the social perspective. Economical and political factors that influence media's content were analyzed using the same framework. When the theoretical analysis is done a public trust in media in Lithuania research was organized. In a survey of 149 respondents, relationship between trust in media and the relationship of attitudinal components was tested. Theoretical analysis supported by the results of the survey suggests that public trust in media is mainly dependent not only on media's ability to satisfy social, political and information needs, but also on individual's attitude towards the media content. In the end, paper can be used as a framework for more detailed analysis of public trust in media. To be exact, the practical analysis and the research on public's social, political and information needs with the support of this paper will give a comprehensive approach to public trust in media.
We are concerned in day by day life whether something we see, hear and read can be trusted. All around the globe we can find tens of public opinion surveys that outline public trust in media in comparison with state public institutions. However, the comparison with other institutions gives us too limited view and no particular reasons of public to trust in media. Examining reasons of public trust in media solves current problematic approach. The objective of this paper is to identify practical and theoretical reasons that affect public trust in media. Hypothesis, that public trust in media is mainly dependent on media's content has been raised. Theoretical outline of this paper is supported by McQuail's theoretical approach which distinguishes four different forces that influence the media content. According to this, media and its content fall under economical, social and political pressures. While analyzing media within latter framework, media and society relationship, media's role in social life were examined. This gave a theoretical view of factors that influence media's content from the social perspective. Economical and political factors that influence media's content were analyzed using the same framework. When the theoretical analysis is done a public trust in media in Lithuania research was organized. In a survey of 149 respondents, relationship between trust in media and the relationship of attitudinal components was tested. Theoretical analysis supported by the results of the survey suggests that public trust in media is mainly dependent not only on media's ability to satisfy social, political and information needs, but also on individual's attitude towards the media content. In the end, paper can be used as a framework for more detailed analysis of public trust in media. To be exact, the practical analysis and the research on public's social, political and information needs with the support of this paper will give a comprehensive approach to public trust in media.
We are concerned in day by day life whether something we see, hear and read can be trusted. All around the globe we can find tens of public opinion surveys that outline public trust in media in comparison with state public institutions. However, the comparison with other institutions gives us too limited view and no particular reasons of public to trust in media. Examining reasons of public trust in media solves current problematic approach. The objective of this paper is to identify practical and theoretical reasons that affect public trust in media. Hypothesis, that public trust in media is mainly dependent on media's content has been raised. Theoretical outline of this paper is supported by McQuail's theoretical approach which distinguishes four different forces that influence the media content. According to this, media and its content fall under economical, social and political pressures. While analyzing media within latter framework, media and society relationship, media's role in social life were examined. This gave a theoretical view of factors that influence media's content from the social perspective. Economical and political factors that influence media's content were analyzed using the same framework. When the theoretical analysis is done a public trust in media in Lithuania research was organized. In a survey of 149 respondents, relationship between trust in media and the relationship of attitudinal components was tested. Theoretical analysis supported by the results of the survey suggests that public trust in media is mainly dependent not only on media's ability to satisfy social, political and information needs, but also on individual's attitude towards the media content. In the end, paper can be used as a framework for more detailed analysis of public trust in media. To be exact, the practical analysis and the research on public's social, political and information needs with the support of this paper will give a comprehensive approach to public trust in media.
We are concerned in day by day life whether something we see, hear and read can be trusted. All around the globe we can find tens of public opinion surveys that outline public trust in media in comparison with state public institutions. However, the comparison with other institutions gives us too limited view and no particular reasons of public to trust in media. Examining reasons of public trust in media solves current problematic approach. The objective of this paper is to identify practical and theoretical reasons that affect public trust in media. Hypothesis, that public trust in media is mainly dependent on media's content has been raised. Theoretical outline of this paper is supported by McQuail's theoretical approach which distinguishes four different forces that influence the media content. According to this, media and its content fall under economical, social and political pressures. While analyzing media within latter framework, media and society relationship, media's role in social life were examined. This gave a theoretical view of factors that influence media's content from the social perspective. Economical and political factors that influence media's content were analyzed using the same framework. When the theoretical analysis is done a public trust in media in Lithuania research was organized. In a survey of 149 respondents, relationship between trust in media and the relationship of attitudinal components was tested. Theoretical analysis supported by the results of the survey suggests that public trust in media is mainly dependent not only on media's ability to satisfy social, political and information needs, but also on individual's attitude towards the media content. In the end, paper can be used as a framework for more detailed analysis of public trust in media. To be exact, the practical analysis and the research on public's social, political and information needs with the support of this paper will give a comprehensive approach to public trust in media.
Trust in civil service is considered as the main condition for progress and prosperity in every country. The article analyzes civil service, which has a special legal status and the main responsibility for public administration in Lithuania. According to theoretical insights, trust in civil service can be defined as institutional level trust of civil servants, who have a legal status and implements public administration; it is formed on the use of public/administrative services or non-use basis and is characterized by low (civil servant vs. user) mutual knowledge, dependence and continuity. The main factors, which affects trust in civil service is honesty, interest, openness, justice, obligations and competence. The answers of EUPAN country experts showed that the main factors determining trust in civil service in European countries (Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Sweden, Finland, Croatia and the European Commission) is the image of civil service, the future prospects for cooperation, the pursuance of Code of Ethics, honesty, economic and social environment variability, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, quality of services, efficiency and dissemination of information. The factors found in the answers in the first part of the study were checked statistically with the public survey data in the case of Lithuania. The correlational analysis revealed that in Lithuania statistically significant correlations between trust other variables are observed in case of the image of civil service, economic situation of the country, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, the quality of services, integrity and dissemination of information. Meanwhile statistically insignificant factors were found to be cooperation and the pursuance of Code of Ethics, the country's social situation and contacting a public servant.
Trust in civil service is considered as the main condition for progress and prosperity in every country. The article analyzes civil service, which has a special legal status and the main responsibility for public administration in Lithuania. According to theoretical insights, trust in civil service can be defined as institutional level trust of civil servants, who have a legal status and implements public administration; it is formed on the use of public/administrative services or non-use basis and is characterized by low (civil servant vs. user) mutual knowledge, dependence and continuity. The main factors, which affects trust in civil service is honesty, interest, openness, justice, obligations and competence. The answers of EUPAN country experts showed that the main factors determining trust in civil service in European countries (Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Sweden, Finland, Croatia and the European Commission) is the image of civil service, the future prospects for cooperation, the pursuance of Code of Ethics, honesty, economic and social environment variability, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, quality of services, efficiency and dissemination of information. The factors found in the answers in the first part of the study were checked statistically with the public survey data in the case of Lithuania. The correlational analysis revealed that in Lithuania statistically significant correlations between trust other variables are observed in case of the image of civil service, economic situation of the country, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, the quality of services, integrity and dissemination of information. Meanwhile statistically insignificant factors were found to be cooperation and the pursuance of Code of Ethics, the country's social situation and contacting a public servant.
Trust in civil service is considered as the main condition for progress and prosperity in every country. The article analyzes civil service, which has a special legal status and the main responsibility for public administration in Lithuania. According to theoretical insights, trust in civil service can be defined as institutional level trust of civil servants, who have a legal status and implements public administration; it is formed on the use of public/administrative services or non-use basis and is characterized by low (civil servant vs. user) mutual knowledge, dependence and continuity. The main factors, which affects trust in civil service is honesty, interest, openness, justice, obligations and competence. The answers of EUPAN country experts showed that the main factors determining trust in civil service in European countries (Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Sweden, Finland, Croatia and the European Commission) is the image of civil service, the future prospects for cooperation, the pursuance of Code of Ethics, honesty, economic and social environment variability, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, quality of services, efficiency and dissemination of information. The factors found in the answers in the first part of the study were checked statistically with the public survey data in the case of Lithuania. The correlational analysis revealed that in Lithuania statistically significant correlations between trust other variables are observed in case of the image of civil service, economic situation of the country, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, the quality of services, integrity and dissemination of information. Meanwhile statistically insignificant factors were found to be cooperation and the pursuance of Code of Ethics, the country's social situation and contacting a public servant.
Trust in civil service is considered as the main condition for progress and prosperity in every country. The article analyzes civil service, which has a special legal status and the main responsibility for public administration in Lithuania. According to theoretical insights, trust in civil service can be defined as institutional level trust of civil servants, who have a legal status and implements public administration; it is formed on the use of public/administrative services or non-use basis and is characterized by low (civil servant vs. user) mutual knowledge, dependence and continuity. The main factors, which affects trust in civil service is honesty, interest, openness, justice, obligations and competence. The answers of EUPAN country experts showed that the main factors determining trust in civil service in European countries (Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Sweden, Finland, Croatia and the European Commission) is the image of civil service, the future prospects for cooperation, the pursuance of Code of Ethics, honesty, economic and social environment variability, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, quality of services, efficiency and dissemination of information. The factors found in the answers in the first part of the study were checked statistically with the public survey data in the case of Lithuania. The correlational analysis revealed that in Lithuania statistically significant correlations between trust other variables are observed in case of the image of civil service, economic situation of the country, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, the quality of services, integrity and dissemination of information. Meanwhile statistically insignificant factors were found to be cooperation and the pursuance of Code of Ethics, the country's social situation and contacting a public servant. ; Straipsnyje analizuojami pasitikėjimą valstybės tarnyba sąlygojantys veiksniai, skiriami viešojo valdymo mokslinėje literatūroje, tarptautinių organizacijų rekomendacijose ir Europos Sąjungos šalyse narėse. Straipsnyje formuluojamas tikslas – nustatyti veiksnius, sąlygojančius pasitikėjimą valstybės tarnyba Lietuvoje. Tyrimas buvo atliekamas dviem etapais: pirmiausia buvo atlikta Europos Sąjungos šalių narių pasitikėjimo valstybės tarnyba veiksnių lyginamoji analizė, vėliau – antrinių duomenų statistinio reikšmingumo analizė. Atliekant lyginamąją analizę, identifikuoti pagrindiniai veiksniai, sąlygojantys pasitikėjimą valstybės tarnyba Europos Sąjungos šalyse narėse: valstybės tarnybos įvaizdis, valstybės tarnybos ateities perspektyvos, bendradarbiavimas, valstybės tarnautojų etikos kodekso laikymasis, šalies ekonominės ir socialinės situacijos kintamumas, valstybės tarnautojų tinkamumas eiti pareigas, paslaugų kokybė, sąžiningumas, veiksmingumas ir informacijos sklaida. Atliktas antrinių duomenų lyginamasis tyrimas papildė prieš tai atliktą lyginamąją analizę ir pagrindė veiksnių statistinį reikšmingumą pasitikėti valstybės tarnyba Lietuvoje.
This work is of theoretical and practical importance, that is, generation of new knowledge associated with mobile commerce adoption in terms of security concerns and trust which will help not only future researchers but also e-businesses. Despite the fact researchers have examined the adoption of m-commerce in a holistic way, the author found there was no research focusing solely and in-depth on the determinants of trust and perceived risk. The problem was to examine how the above determinants affect the intention to adopt m-commerce. The objects are mobile commerce, security concerns and trust. The purpose of this study is twofold, namely, empirical and explanatory. As for the objectives, it was necessary to review the literature, propose a research model, analyze the results, and verify or reject the proposed hypotheses. When it comes to the hypotheses, there was a test on whether trust, perceived risk, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use negatively or positively affect the constructs of the proposed model. The author used theoretical and empirical collection methods. As for the theoretical ones, analogy, generalization and modeling methods were used. Concerning the empirical ones, due to the fact that quantitative approach was chosen, a survey instrument, that is, questionnaire was used. After the results had been collected, SPSS 22 was used to perform descriptive data analysis of Likert summative scales. At last, the results along with the research limitations were discussed. The final outcome of this study was to confirm all the proposed hypotheses. As for the conclusions, the perception of risk in terms of privacy, m-payments, m-commerce legislation and quality of delivered products has negative effect in the intention to use mobile commerce. Additionally, trust elements such as good reputation, enticing promises, good encryption security and transparency, reduce the perception of risk and increase the intention to use m-commerce. Also, the availability of policies that are easy to understand and find, has positive effect in the intention to use m-commerce. Last, but not least, when customers feel free of risks and have high level of trust in the intention to use mobile commerce they actually adopt it.