Suchergebnisse

The digital economy and sharing platforms generate new types of mechanisms, ensuring credible commitments. Transparency and bilateral rating systems for both consumers and producers constrain opportunistic behavior, thus creating trust. The main hypothesis is that sharing companies and platforms act as a substitute for institutional trust. Country- level data analysis shows that there is a negative correlation between the sharing economy index and institutional trust and a positive correlation between the sharing economy index and institutional quality. The findings support the idea that as sharing companies can compensate for the lack of institutional trust and stimulate economic transactions, they are especially useful in the countries with a low level of trust.

The purpose of this article is to show how a coordination of interests in education occurs based on trust. Trust in sociology of education is usually understood as an indicator or a foundation of social consensus. In the latter case, researchers focus on the essential characteristics of trust (transparency, openness, etc.). However, such an understanding only fixates a certain state of interaction, or just prepares the ground for it. In this text, the focus is on ways or strategies of trust. They allow us to see not only the existence of a consensus, but also how it is achieved. In this case, we are not talking about the best or only form of consensus, which is often identified with the notion of ''quality education''. The emphasis is on there existing many forms of consent in the field of education. The source of legitimacy for justifying the transition from single to multiple forms was the joint research work of L. Boltanski and L. Theveno on the problem of reconciliation of interests. Different forms of consent arise when the expectations of interested participants in interactions are justified. Thus, the basis for their occurrence is not a reference to a bad or good education, but to how much it meets expectations or does not meet expectations.

The purpose of this article is to characterize trust in higher education as a fundamental problem of sociological research, review existing achievements in its analysis and the presentation of experience in the empirical study of trust in higher education facilities of the Ural macro-region. Trust is interpreted by the authors as a major non-material asset of the development of higher education in a situation of crisis, social and economic uncertainty. It is proposed to consider the establishment of trust and the formation of a culture of trust in higher education as a constructive way to implement positive changes in the institution and the country's system of higher education, increasing its social effectiveness. Substantiated is the need for an interdisciplinary methodology for studying trust in higher education, developed at the intersection of sociological, psychological, socio-psychological, economic, moral and professional-ethical, educational, and management approaches. Going beyond the narrow disciplinary route, according to the authors, provides an opportunity to identify the resource potential of trust as an non-material asset. This article shows the main directions for researching trust in higher education in foreign and Russian science. The discourse of trust in higher education is shown as undergoing dynamic changes. On this basis, there are prospects for the further theoretical and empirical study of this problem. Data from the empirical study of trust as a new resource of higher education in the aforementioned Russian macro-region demonstrates the most acute contradictions given its current state and development, which have to do with an ever growing distrust in educational policies and the strategies for their implementation.

This article is devoted to disclosing the idea of trusting knowledge, which is laid out in the monograph "Trusting knowledge in conditions of social turbulence: risks, vulnerabilities, security challenges". The genre of the article/review allowed for presenting the key positions of the sociological conception and the results of empirical research conducted by the book's authors (the research team of MGIMO University under the guidance of Professor S.A. Kravchenko), as well as for interpreting them while taking into account our own theoretical and methodological approaches to the phenomenon of trust and the results of its research.
The article deals with concepts that have become the basis for the book — the concept of institutional trust in knowledge systems, and the concept of how the dynamics of institutional trust impact the system of producing and spreading knowledge. Highlighted is the novelty and originality of the author's interpretations of scientific knowledge dynamics — from linear to non-linear knowledge. Following this, we present our own interpretations of the problem of nonlinear trust — as a response to the ideas of the monograph's authors on the dynamics of reflexive trust (from linear to non-linear). Special attention is paid to the criteria for evaluating scientific knowledge which bears credibility in the eyes of various social actors.
The reflections on the book "Trusting knowledge in conditions of social turbulence: risks, vulnerabilities, security challenges" which this article/review contains fit into the broad context of the theoretical and methodological problems with studying the phenomenon of trust. Shown are possible paths for developing sociological research of trust, while taking into account the ideas presented in the monograph.

The article discusses how educational organizations are chosen based on trust and how educational relationships stabilize after that choice is made. In order answer to these questions, we propose a conceptual model that contains two time perspectives — before admission and after admission to an educational organization. These temporal perspectives imply different languages for description: the first is described using the language of confidence, the second — using the language of consent. Moreover, the basis for distinguishing trust consists to a certain degree of a combination of knowledge and ignorance when it comes to the object of trust, while the basis for distinguishing consent is the presence or absence of disappointment in the education being received. The study's main theoretical resources are G. Simmel's intuitions about the nature of trust and L. Boltanski and L. Theveno on the nature of consent. The conceptual model includes the assumption that the types of trust formed at the very beginning, before entering the educational organization, determine how stable educational relationships subsequently prove to be. The article discusses the features and limitations of such a conceptual model, and displays an empirical mapping of distinction systems.

The paper attempts to identify the relationship between trust viewed through private good, club good, private external effects and public good, and pension systems, presented in the form of vertical and horizontal social contracts. Guided by the typology of benefits in the analysis of trust, the author argues: trust in a horizontal pension contract develops in a network of transactions regarding the production of a pension good and is a combination of its various types. In a vertical contract, the possibilities of individuals' retirement planning and the position of private structures in the pension market are limited, that reduces the role of trust as a private and club good and strengthens the importance of trust in the form of a public good. The author shows that in a horizontal pension contract, trust is a basic prerequisite for all pension interactions. The effectiveness of a horizontal pension contract depends on the level of trust: low trust increases transaction costs and makes pension planning unviable. The author concludes that in conditions of low confidence, satisfaction of pension needs is easier to organize through a vertical type contract in which pension needs are satisfied centrally. At the same time, low trust of Russians to pension institutions is the result of a vertical pension contract.

Modern higher education's central issue – educational inefficiency among a considerable portion of students – is examined in close conjunction with developing relationships of trust within universities. The main goal of this article is to reveal the issue of educational inefficiency among Russian college students and to present trust within universities as a vital resource for solving the issue. The article interprets the basic concepts of trust within universities and students' educational inefficiency. Trust within universities is shown to be a predictor for developing stable motivation in education, as well as students' professional inclinations, which ultimately define success in education and human capital quality. Sociological analysis revealed the source of students' educational inefficiency, as well as how it transfers through all levels of education – from preschool to university. Determined are the risks associated with an increase in the magnitude of students' educational inefficiency and with an emergence of imitational strategies in universities, which serve to conceal this phenomenon. Brought forth is the issue of educational inefficiency being concentrated among students attending provincial universities. The authors maintain that "two-way" trust could become a factor in overcoming such inefficiency in universities – both on behalf of students towards other educational collectives, primarily the scientific-pedagogical community and administrative personnel, and coming from these university collectives towards students. This article reveals the main characteristics of such mutual trust, which can act as a resource for overcoming students' inefficiency. Illustrated is the purpose for developing and fortifying trust within universities, based on the economic and socio-cultural necessity to transform those students who are experiencing trouble in the academic field into professionally and socially successful actors. The dominant idea in their life after university should be pursuing an aptitude for achievement in vital fields of activity.

The article is devoted to the most burning issue of the world amid the global crisis: economic, financial, political. Within the ranks of social linguistics we investigate the American and British behaviour in the Middle East which caused the Iraq Inquiry Commission in November, 2009. ; Статья посвящена одному из ключевых мировых событий последних дней: созданию независимой комиссии по расследованию обстоятельств войны в Ираке. Авторы проводят социолингвистический анализ дискурса СМИ, относящегося к этому событию.

In the current global crisis, a fall in living standards and the obvious narrowing of the window of opportunities for the young, in almost all parts of the world (Middle East, North Africa, Europe and the former Soviet Union) have forced many self-organizational processes among youth to take a radical turnover. The contemporary trends of individualization and emancipation of the social subject, setting oneself free from various restrictions and expanding the space of individual freedom, are accompanied both by the plurality of young people's views and ideas of their social milieu — and by a rise in protest mood. Youth has now become the main driving force of extremist action.In accordance with the theoretical and methodological approaches developed by the Department of Sociology of Youth at the Institute of Socio-Political Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, the article examines the role of trust as a significant factor of extremism among the young. We analyze the outcomes of two surveys titled "The Sociocultural Mechanism of Building and Reproducing Attitudes to the Objects of Social Reality in Russian Society" and "Trust as a Social Reality Phenomenon" done by a team lead by Yu. A. Zubok and V. I. Chuprov in 13 constituent regions of the Russian Federation. The total number of respondents in the year 2011 stood at 1301, with a subsample of youth aged 18–29 accounting for 323. In 2014, the respondents totaled 1459, with 790 of them representing the subsample of youth aged 15–29.Our interpretation of youth extremism as a social phenomenon is based on the peculiarities of youth as a social group, the nature of its consciousness and subcultures as a way of self-organization. Theoretical foundations of the concept of trust are found within the phenomenological approach to sociology of knowledge, which defines trust as a form of positive perception of the objects and the creation of its subjective image laden with specific meanings. Trust in government is the outcome of rational and emotional perception of its leaders and institutions by young people. Thus trust comes up as a measure of overlapping by expectations and realities.The surveys have demonstrated how youth's trust in government act as a significant regulator of the socio-political activity of the young, as well as the general direction of this activity and its particular manifestations, providing sustainable links to institutional norms, helping to reduce radicalization of young people, and weakening their commitment to extremist action. ; В условиях современного кризиса во многих странах мира, падения уровня жизни и очевидного сужения структуры возможностей молодежи ее самоорганизационные процессы и их направленность приобретают экстремальные формы. Современные тенденции индивидуализации и усиления социальной субъектности молодежи, эмансипации как освобождения молодых людей от различных форм ограничений и расширения пространства свободы сочетаются не только с плюрализмом идеалов и представлений молодых людей о социальном окружении, но и с повышением протестного потенциала. Молодежь становится основной движущей силой экстремистских акций.На основе теоретико-методологических подходов, разрабатываемых Отделом социологии молодежи Института социально-политических исследований РАН, в статье рассматривается роль доверия как одного из значимых регуляторов экстремизма в среде молодежи. Анализируются результаты исследований «Социокультурный механизм формирования и воспроизводства отношения к объектам социальной реальности в российском обществе», и «Доверие как феномен социальной реальности», проведенных под руководством Ю. А. Зубок и. В. И. Чупрова в 13 субъектах Российской Федерации. В 2011 г. всего было опрошено 1301 чел., объем подвыборки молодежи в возрасте 18–29 лет составил 323 чел.; в 2014 — 1459 чел., объем подвыборки молодежи в возрасте 15–29 лет — 790 чел.Рассмотрение молодежного экстремизма как социального явления осуществляется, исходя из социально-групповых особенностей молодежи, специфики ее сознания и субкультуры, как способа самоорганизации. Теоретическое обоснование концепции доверия производится на основе феноменологического подхода социологии знания, согласно которому доверие определяется как форма позитивного восприятия объекта, и формирование его субъективного образа. Доверие к власти является результатом ее рационального и чувственно-эмоционального восприятия молодежью с последующей позитивной оценкой деятельности ее структур как меры совпадения ожиданий и реальности.На основе данных исследований выявлено, что доверие молодежи к власти выступает значимым регулятором не только ее социально-политической активности, но также ее направленности и конкретных форм реализации, придавая им институциональный характер, способствует снижению радикальных настроений молодежи, ослаблению установок на экстремизм.

The problem of trust in political institutions is currently relevant and is becoming the object of research in many scientific fields, including political science. The interest of foreign and Russian researchers is not only the understanding of this phenomenon at the theoretical level, but also its empirical analysis for solving practical problems. In addition to the problem of a conceptual explanation of the concept of "institutional trust", which has developed due to the theoretical diversity of interpretations of this phenomenon, scientists are faced with the need to choose the best way to collect and measure data (depending on the purpose of a particular study). In this paper, the author focuses on the problem of measuring institutional trust, highlights the key areas of institutional trust analysis, considers their advantages and disadvantages.

The article is devoted to consideration and an analysis of different
psychological and pedagogical approaches to understanding of the phenomenon of
confidence of primary school age children to unfamiliar adults; of factors of arising
of confidence in the process of interaction with adults; of characteristics of methods
and procedure of investigation of confidence of primary school age children to
unfamiliar adults and also of rous of systematic recommendation using.

The article examines the impact of social capital and institutional trust on attitudes towards innovation. On a sample of 6077 respondents representing 10 Russian regions, it was found that social capital and institutional trust positively influence the attitude towards technologies in general. The analysis of a specific technology (automated judicial systems) showed that the relationship can also be reversed: the lower the social capital, the more positively the respondents refer to the introduction of new technology. These results may indicate that in conditions of poor institutional environment and in spheres that require high interpersonal and institutional trust, technologies allowing people to go to depersonalized relationships may be accepted, despite the negative attitude towards technologies in general. The findings allow us to take a fresh look at the prospects of introducing breakthrough technologies depending on the socio-cultural and institutional environment and contribute to the development of research on the impact of socio-cultural factors on the economy.

Цель настоящего исследования – анализ и количественное оценивание влияния институциональных факторов на политическое доверие различным уровням власти (федеральной, региональной и местной) в современной России. Данные и методы. Исследование основано на микроданных опроса Европейского банка реконструкции и развития (ЕБРР) «Мониторинг уровня жизни домохозяйств/индивидов в развитых, переходных и развивающихся странах» (LiTS – Life in Transition Survey). В качестве институциональных факторов доверия нами рассматривались воспринимаемая эффективность и коррупционность органов власти, а также уровень межличностного доверия. Дополнительной объясняющей переменной стал субъективный дециль богатства домохозяйств. Для оценивания параметров модели использовались линейные регрессии с инструментальными переменными. Результаты и их применение. Во-первых, нами было установлено, что в 2016 году главной детерминантой доверия российских граждан президенту была воспринимаемая эффективность действий федерального правительства. В то же время главным фактором (не)доверия российских граждан местным органам власти был воспринимаемый уровень коррупции на местах. Во-вторых, мы установили, что бедные домохозяйства оказывались наиболее лояльными по отношению к российскому президенту группами населения, и объяснили данный феномен активной перераспределительной политикой федеральных властей. В-третьих, на микроуровне мы обнаружили существенную положительную связь политического доверия с межличностным доверием. В заключение даны рекомендации относительно эффективного управления политическим доверием в современной России. ; The aim of this study is to analyze and assess the impact of institutional factors on political trust in various levels of government (federal, regional and local) in modern Russia. Data and methods. The study is based on microdata from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) "Life in Transition Survey" (LiTS). We examined such institutional factors of political trust as perceived government performance and level of corruption, as well as the level of interpersonal trust. The subjective decile of household wealth was an additional explanatory variable in our analysis. We estimated the model parameters using linear regressions with instrumental variables. Results and their application. First, we found that in 2016 the perceived effectiveness of the federal government was the main determinant of Russian trust in the president. At the same time, the perceived level of local corruption was a major factor of Russian citizens' (mis)trust in local authorities. Second, we found that poor households turned out to be the most loyal groups of the population towards the Russian president, and we explained this phenomenon by the active redistributive policy of the federal authorities. Third, we revealed a significant positive relationship between political and interpersonal trust at the micro level. In conclusion, we made recommendations on the effective management of political trust in modern Russia.

Trust is a basis of social relations, is a constant object of research attention. It is influenced by many different factors of endogenous and exogenous nature. The focus of the article is trust, revealed as the respondents' attitude to others (interpersonal trust) and attitude to social institutions (institutional). Against the backdrop of a trend of declining confidence recorded by many large research companies (FOM), the analysis of the reasons that help trust is important. It is important to understand what factors and mechanisms form trust, and how it affects social institutions. The paper presents the results of a study obtained by specialists of the VolNС RAS. Interpretation of trust is carried out on the basis of existing theoretical and methodological approaches. An indicator method was used for the analysis and grouping data. The novelty of the work is the use of an integral index. The integral index of trust was calculated on the base of particular indices of interpersonal trust and institutional trust. Both indices are complex and calculated for each respondent. The study revealed the influence of factors of a socializing and institutional nature on trust. It is established that the level of trust influences the attitude to existing political institutions. The purpose of this article is to show by means of empirical material the distribution of trust between groups of respondents identified on the basis of the calculated confidence index, the relationship of interpersonal and institutional trust, as well as the influence of macro and micro level factors on its formation. ; В фокусе статьи — доверие, раскрывающее отношение респондентов к окружающим (межличностное) и к социальным институтам (институциональное). Цель статьи — показать на эмпирическом материале распределение доверия между группами респондентов, выделенными на основе рассчитанного индекса доверия, взаимосвязь межличностного и институционального доверия, а также влияние на его формирование факторов макро— и микроуровня. Новизна работы заключается в использовании для анализа интегрального индекса доверия, включающего в себя индексы межличностного доверия и институционального доверия. Оба индекса носят комплексный характер и рассчитывались по каждому респонденту. В ходе анализа конструировались группы по уровню доверия. Было выявлено влияние на доверие факторов социализирующего и институционального характера. Установлено, что уровень доверия оказывает влияние на отношение к существующим политическим институтам. Понимание механизма формирования доверия, выявление влияющих на него факторов дает возможность выстраивать социальную политику, принимать управленческие решения.

Настоящая статья преследует три цели. Во-первых, мы оцениваем фундаментальные основания экономико-социологического подхода к проблеме доверия на концептуальном и операциональном уровнях, которые развиваются в последние годы в России и за рубежом. Во-вторых, мы анализируем результаты социологических исследований в финансовом секторе экономики России на данных динамики оценки доверия населения финансовым институтам за последние шесть лет. В-третьих, мы обсуждаем эффективность финансового рынка России, которая определяется как низкой глубиной российского финансового рынка в целом, так и проблемами качественного характера, ключевые из которых: слабое доверие бизнеса к государству как регулятору; недоверие государства к населению и бизнесу; слабое доверие населения / домохозяйств к бизнесу и государству. Проблемы взаимного недоверия являются тормозом финансового развития в России; в то время как сами эти проблемы обусловлены низким качеством действующих институтов, предопределяющих плохой инвестиционный климат и низкое качество государства в целом. ; The present article pursues three goals. Firstly, we estimate the fundamental basis of economic-sociological approach to the issue of trust on the conceptual and operational levels, which have been developed in the recent years in Russia and abroad. Secondly, we analyze the results of sociological research in the financial sector of the Russian economy on data of the dynamics of the assessment of public trust in financial institutions over the past six years. Thirdly, we discuss the effectiveness of the Russian financial market, which is defined by both the lowest depth of the Russian financial market in General and the problems of qualitative character, the defining of which are: lack of businesses' trust in the government as the regulator; distrust of the government to citizens and businesses; lack of trust of the population/households to business and the government. The problems of mutual distrust are a brake on financial development in Russia, while these problems are caused by poor quality of institutions that determine poor investment climate and the poor quality of the state as a whole.