Suchergebnisse

Defence date: 13 January 2014 ; Examining Board: Professor Stephen Anthony Smith, University of Oxford /EUI (Supervisor); Professor Alexander Etkind, EUI Professor; Alexei Miller, CEU Budapest; Professor Boris Kolonitskii, European University in St. Petersburg. ; First made available online on 26 February 2015. ; The dissertation investigates the Russification policy of the late-imperial Russian state, as it related to educational policy in the Middle Volga region. It seeks to understand how the tsarist authorities sought to define Russianness and how they sought to craft relations with pagan minorities and Muslims in a region where the Slavic-Orthodox, the Turkic-Islamic and the Finno-pagan worlds interacted. It asks how far the educational projects of the Orthodox missions and the secular authorities brought about Russification. The analysis of the changes in imperial policy in the period between the 1860s to 1914 allows for the conclusion that the methods, instruments and aims of Russification policy continually changed and that policy was applied quite differently vis-à-vis the Muslim and pagan, or in most cases only superficially Orthodox , population of the region. When dealing with the educational project for the non-Muslim population in the region, also known as the project of N.Ilminskii, the dissertation aims to understand how the russifying and missionary components related to each other. Furthermore, it studies the alternative educational projects aiming at Russification of the non-Russian population of the region that the Ilminskii system had to compete with. A considerable amount of the dissertation is devoted the discussion of the Muslim reform movement and emergence of Jadidism. By analyzing and comparing the curricula of old-method madrasahs and the new-methods ones, the dissertation demonstrates the evolution that the Middle Volga Muslims underwent under the influence of both inner reforms and the actions of the authorities.

Volga State University of Technology was established in 1932. It's Russia's leading university in areas of: predicting the use and protection of natural resources in order to prevent the negative effects, and methods of evaluation of the biological productivity of forest plantations using remote sensing data, the development of new energy-saving technologies and equipment for harvesting and processing of timber and non-timber forest resources; aerobic , anaerobic and vermitechnological organic waste, use only renewable resources, the creation of new technological installations for production and purification of biogas, the creation of modern technological solutions for greenhouses with autonomous energy supply based on local renewable energy, the creation of device-analytical systems for the study and modeling of membrane contactor and gas separation membrane-sorption processes in relation to the processes of organic waste and produce biogas fuel, new technologies of organic waste and non-fertilizer in green building, new technologies reclamation of disturbed areas, reforestation, creation of objects in areas of intensive logging and taken out of use of agricultural land under the Kyoto Protocol. The strategic development program of the University received funding of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. To improve the efficiency of research in 2001, the University established the Center for collective use "Ecology, biotechnology, and the processes of generating clean energy" with unique equipment, which is funded under the Federal Target Program "Research and development on priority directions of scientific-technological complex of Russia in 2007-2013 ". To concentrate educational resources for the training of skilled workers , vocational training specialists, specialists with higher education in the forestry sector at the university was established resource center of professional education, funded by the Federal Program of Education Development for 2011-2015. The main focus is on the development of innovation infrastructure in the University of the , favorable conditions for the development of small innovative companies. In 2011, the University has won the competition for funding under the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation № 219 "On state support of innovation infrastructure in the federal educational institutions of higher education." The university holds a lot of projects funded under the Federal Target Program "Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia in 2009-2013", including a project to develop a high school student self-management.

Until the mid-19th century, the Middle Volga and Trans-Volga region could be considered as a frontier of the Russian state. It was a specific border between Europe and Asia, an imperial periphery facing the southeast, the nomadic steppe world. Until the mid-18th century, the administrative system in the Middle Volga had primarily fulfilled military and fortification tasks. The permanent process of mass colonization was the most important feature of the region's history between the mid-17th century and the early 20th century; it was facilitated owing to a large amount of vacant land and favorable market conditions. Mass migration caused establishment of Russian farms and landownership in the region and a gradual replacement of nomadic pastoralism. By the mid-19th century, the policies of the Russian Empire in the Trans-Volga region had lost their military and foreign-policy functions, and the administrative system had been brought into line with the all-imperial standards. The region began to turn into an "inner periphery" of Russia which combined some features of the border region and those of the inlands of the Empire. After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the Trans-Volga region acquired the status of the "Russian breadbasket", one of the main centers of grain production and supply of bread to the national and international markets. Construction of railways and the development of the Volga river shipping lines contributed to the intensive influx of people to the region, and to the plowing and cultivation of the virgin steppe lands. The main feature of the region's population was its ethnic and religious diversity, as well as historically conditioned interaction of the peoples of "forests and steppes". By the beginning of the 20th century, the "inner periphery" had acquired its recognizable historical and cultural image and become motherland for its diverse population. ; Авторский коллектив исходит из концепции, согласно которой вплоть до середины XIX в. средневолжский регион может быть охарактеризован как один из фронтиров Российского государства – специфическое пограничье Европы и Азии, окраинная территория, обращенная на юго-восток, к кочевому степному миру. До середины XVIII в. система управления в Среднем Поволжье выполняла прежде всего военные и фортификационные задачи. Важнейшей особенностью региона был процесс его массовой колонизации, осуществлявшейся с середины XVII и до самого начала ХХ в., чему способствовали наличие здесь значительного фонда свободных земель и благоприятная рыночная конъюнктура. Результатом переселенческого движения стало укоренение на основной территории региона русского крестьянского хозяйства и помещичьего землевладения, постепенное вытеснение кочевого скотоводства. К середине XIX в., когда имперская политика в Заволжье утратила военные и внешнеполитические функции, а система управления была унифицирована по общероссийскому образцу, средневолжский регион из фронтира вдоль юго-восточной границы начал превращаться в своеобразную «внутреннюю окраину» России, обладавшую чертами пограничья и одновременно внутренних территорий империи. В пореформенный период Заволжье обрело статус «российской житницы», одного из основных центров товарного зернового производства, поставщиков хлеба на внутренний и внешний рынки. Строительство железных дорог, развитие волжского пароходства способствовали интенсивному притоку населения, стремительной распашке степных земель. На рубеже XIX–ХХ вв. регион стал транзитным узлом, через который шло массовое переселение крестьян из центральных губерний России и Украины в Сибирь. Особенностью сельского населения региона, его отличием от других «внутренних районов» России являлась этноконфессиональная неоднородность и активное взаимовлияние народов «леса и степи», что имело глубокие исторические корни. К началу ХХ в. «внутренняя окраина» превратилась в особое историко-культурное пространство со своим узнаваемым обликом, в «общую родину» для своего многоликого населения.

Background The dataset presented in the current study contains information regarding alien vascularplant species found in the Middle Volga Region (South-East of the European part ofRussia). The dataset overall includes 413 species belonging to 247 genera and 67families. The described dataset is based on the data published during floristic studies from1851 to 2019. The dataset does not include alien vascular plant species that havepresently disappeared from the territory of the region. It contains a total of 7,782 records ofoccurrences, extracted from the Salix system of information and analytics, developed in theInstitute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin of the Russian Academy of Sciences.New informationA total of 7,782 records were published on the occurrence of alien vascular plants in theMiddle Volga Region. Each entry includes information regarding the place of occurrence ofthe alien plant species, the year of occurrence, the person who recorded the alien plantand who identified it, status of the species (introduced or invasive), link to the herbarium,which contains the specimen and the literary source. If it were impossible to establish thenames of the persons who collected the samples and (or) their identification in theidentifiedBy and recordedBy fields, the names of the authors of the publication given in theassociatedReferences field were entered. The presented dataset supplements theinformation on the distribution of alien plant species in the whole European part of Russiaand specifies the places of their findings in the Middle Volga Region © Senator S et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ; Funding: This work was supported by the Competitiveness of the Ural Federal University (Russian Federation Government Regulation no. 211, contract no. 02. A03.21.0006).

For the first time in regional historiography, the author carried out a comprehensive historiographic analysis of information on ethnography, linguistics, religious studies, regional history, sociopolitical and sociocultural life of the Finno-Ugric and Turkic peoples of the Middle Volga contained in the works of the outstanding German, historian, geograph and ethnograph G.F. Miller. Value of the submitted material is comprised in the research of the collected by the scientist of copies of unique historical documents, manuscripts of his unpublished works, numerous notes and other valuable materials. The relevance of the subject is predetermined by the development of a perspective trend of historical research development of the problem of relationship between the government and society on the example of the development of the regions of Russia in the XVIII century in the works by G.F. Miller. This study is based on the principles of historicism and multi-factor nature of the historical process, realized through the use of historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-biographical, dialectic and typological methods of research. The author concluded that the writings of the scientist allowed not only to carry out detailed description of spiritual and material life of the representatives of Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples of the Middle Volga Region, to define their ethnoconfessional characteristics, but also to take into account historical, geographical and geopolitical conditions influencing their development and integration into sociocultural, sociopolitical and social and economic space of the Russian Empire. Scientific heritage of G.F. Miller also contributed to the creation of the system of methodological bases of archiving and source study. Potential of this heritage for carrying out different researches is high, partly owing to the handwritten archive of the historian in German in the funds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, containing extensive cohort of unique historical documents, not introduced into scientific discourse. ; В статье автор впервые в региональной историографии осуществил комплексный историографический анализ сведений по этнографии, лингвистике, религиоведению, региональной истории, общественно-политической и социокультурной жизни финно-угорских и тюркских народов Среднего Поволжья, содержащихся в работах выдающегося немца, историка, географа, этнографа Г.Ф. Миллера. Ценность представленного материала заключается в исследовании в том числе собранных ученым копий уникальных исторических документов, рукописей неизданных произведений, многочисленных заметок и других редких материалов. Актуальность темы обусловлена разработкой перспективного направления исторических исследований раскрытия проблемы взаимоотношения власти и общества на примере развития регионов России в XVIII в. в трудах Г.Ф. Миллера. Данное исследование основано на принципах историзма и многофакторности исторического процесса, реализованных благодаря историко-генетическому, историко-сравнительному, историко-биографическому, диалектическому и типологическому методам. Автор сделал вывод, что сочинения ученого позволили не только произвести детальное описание духовной и материальной жизни представителей тюркских и финно-угорских народов Средневолжского региона, определить их этноконфессиональную характеристику, но и принять к сведению исторические, географические и геополитические условия, повлиявшие на их развитие и интеграцию в социокультурное, общественно-политическое и социально-экономическое пространство Российской империи. Научное наследие Г.Ф. Миллера также способствовало созданию системы методологических основ архивного дела и источниковедения. Потенциал этого наследия для осуществления разнообразных исследований высок, в том числе благодаря рукописному архиву историка на немецком языке в фондах Российского государственного архива древних актов, содержащему обширный массив уникальных исторических документов, не введенных в научный оборот.

In the article the preparation, carrying out, results of municipal elections of 1917, their influence on differentiation of party and political forces and revolutionary process in the cities of the Volga region is analyzed. ; В статье анализируется подготовка, проведение, итоги муниципальных выборов 1917 г., их влияние на дифференциацию партийно-политических сил и революционный процесс в городах Поволжья.

The text is a part of the project for the historical reconstruction of the Soviet regional sociology of religion in the late Soviet Middle Volga region. The process of the development of the discipline is studied primarily from the point of view of the interaction of the state-party apparatus and various groups of the scientific community. This approach is dominant in the study of the revival of sociology in the USSR. The weak side of the issue is its historiography that remains the problem at the regional level. The research is based mainly on the set of sociological data, on documents discovered by the author in historical archives, on the works of domestic and foreign researchers, and author's expert interview. The author's point of view is that, first of all, the development of the regional sociology of religion was influenced by the state-party order created by the need for scientific support of the Soviet atheistic campaigns. There was also a significant public demand for the services of the sociology of religion. The flip side of the CPSU's enthusiasm for sociology turned out to be ideological diktat over scientific activity. The ideological and corporate interests of various groups engaged in the ideological service of party politics hindered the institutionalization in the region of both sociological science in general and the sociology of religion as its particular discipline. The article describes various barriers to the institutionalization of regional sociological science at the union, regional and intra-university levels. Political fluctuations have negatively affected the development of discipline. Since the early 1970s in most republics and regions of the Middle Volga region, it is going through a stagnation period. ; В статье рассматриваются внешние факторы развития региональной социологии религии на материале позднесоветского Среднего Поволжья. Процесс развития дисциплины изучается в первую очередь под углом зрения взаимодействия власти и различных групп научного сообщества. Данный подход ...

the 18th-century expeditions from the Academy of Sciences aimed at colonizing new territories, especially eastern, exploring their landscapes, natural resources, and inhabitants. The article focuses on the team working in the Cheremshan basin. The description of findings is arranged in five sections, following Lepyokhin's classification: landscape, population, clothing, occupations, and rituals. For the first time, a complete, updated, and verified list of settlements visited by the expedition members is provided. The role of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Director, Count Vladimir Orlov, in the organization of the expedition is described. The author disproves the opinion regarding the authorship of the anonymous article "Brief News About Simbirsk Vicegerency" published in the "Mesyatsoslov" journal in 1786. The persons to whom the article was attributed include Lepyokhin, Maslenitsky, and Ozeretskovsky, but the textological analysis of the article and of the manuscript at the Russian State Archives of Military History suggests that this is a collective digest of manuscripts by Milkovich and Maslenitsky. ; Статья посвящена анализу путешествия И.И. Лепёхина в Средневолжский регион в рамках Академической экспедиции 1768–1774 гг. Целью всех академических экспедиций XVIII в. было освоение территорий России (особенно восточных), изучение их ландшафта, природных богатств и народов. В статье делается акцент на работе отряда в бассейне р. Черемшан. Анализируемый материал разбит по пяти разделам в соответствии с информацией, изложенной И.И. Лепёхиным: ландшафт, население, одежда, занятия, обряды. Впервые дается полный, уточненный и выверенный, список населенных пунктов, которые посетили участники экспедиции. Рассматривается роль директора Императорской петербургской академии наук В.Г. Орлова в организации экспедиции. Автор дискутирует с имеющимся в литературе мнением об авторстве анонимной статьи «Краткое известие о Симбирском наместничестве», опубликованной в 1786 г. в журнале «Месяцослов». Данная публикация приписывалась И.И. Лепёхину, Т.Г. Масленицкому и Н.Я. Озерецковскому. На основании текстологического анализа статьи и архивной рукописи из Российского государственного военно-исторического архива делается заключение, что опубликованная в «Месяцослове» статья «Краткое известие о Симбирском наместничестве» является коллективной компиляцией рукописей К.С. Мильковича и Т.Г. Масленицкого.

В статье анализируются взаимоотношения власти и общества, в первую очередь администраций губерний и органов местного самоуправления Средней Волги и Заволжья, в годы Думской монархии, их сотрудничество в хозяйственных и конфликты в социально-политических вопросах. ; In the article the interrelations between the authorities and society, in the first place the administration of provinces and organs of local government of Middle Volga region and Zavolzhye in the years of duma monarchy, their cooperation in economic and conflicts in social and political questions are analyzed.

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is the top destination for Russian food exports, grains in particular. Focusing on Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, this chapter shows that Russia's food trade with MENA countries is strongly affected by bilateral political relations. Russia banned most food imports from Turkey over a political conflict in 2016. In the same year, improved intergovernmental cooperation with Saudi Arabia resulted in a diversification of Russia's food exports to the Gulf country, and in 2019, Iran's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) led to increasing food trade with Russia. Food imports in MENA countries are usually managed by powerful state trading enterprises (STEs), which recurrently disapprove food products originating from Russia based on non-adherence to food quality standards. Our analysis shows that Russia is successfully working to open additional destination markets, while simultaneously impeding imports of food products that it aims to produce domestically.

The article is dedicated to the study of composition and deployment of military people on the territory of the Simbirsk district. The analysis of aggregate sources indicates that the military value of the garrisons of the county preserved up to the beginning of the XVIII century. However, there have been significant changes in their placement. During the second half of the XVII century county territory has expanded significantly, especially in the southern direction. A set of garrisons, designed to protect newly developed territories, has developed along Penza and Syzran. It became the basis of a new military system of the Southern Middle Volga Region. Service class people formations of the old categories (Cossacks, streltsy, local nobles, etc.) preserved mainly on Karsunsk, Simbirsk, the western part of Zakamsk defense lines built in the middle of the XVII century. However, the number of garrisons on them has decreased significantly, and the military significance declined. ; Статья посвящена изучению состава и размещения служилых людей на территории Симбирского уезда. Анализ совокупности источников свидетельствует, что военное значение гарнизонов уезда сохранилось вплоть до начала XVIII в. Однако произошли существенные изменения в их размещении. За вторую половину XVII в. территория уезда намного расширилась, прежде всего в южном направлении. Здесь, по широте Пензы и Сызрани, сложилась совокупность гарнизонов, призванных защищать вновь осваиваемые территории. Именно она стала базисом новой военной системы Южного Средневолжья. Формирования из старых категорий служилых людей (казаков, стрельцов, местного дворянства и т. д.) остались в основном по засечным линиям, построенным в середине XVII в.: Карсунской, Симбирской, западной части Закамской. Однако численность гарнизонов на них существенно уменьшилась, а военная значимость снизилась.

This is a review of: Ochirova, V. M. Politicheskie elity polietnicheskikh regionov v usloviiakh transformatsii rossiiskogo obshchestva [Political elites of polyethnic regions in Russia's changing society]. Ulan-Ude, Buryat State University Publ., 2013. 512 p. ; Рецензия на издание: Очирова В. М. Политические элиты полиэтнических регионов в условиях трансформации российского общества. Улан-Удэ : Изд-во Бурят. гос. ун-та, 2013. 512 с.

The article deals with the formation and resettlement of the autochthonous serving population of the Kazan Region in the Southern Middle Volga region during the initial mass colonization of its territory. An analysis of published and archival sources made it possible to clarify the specifics of the dislocation of these categories of the serving population. On the example of the border Simbirsk district, the features of migration and demographic processes were shown, the main stages of the folding of the area of permanent settlement in the middle of the XVII - the beginning of the XVIII century were outlined. The conclusion was made that various ethnoconfessional groups of military people were approximately in an equal legal position. ; В статье рассмотрено формирование и расселение автохтонного служилого населения Казанского края на территории Южного Средневолжья в период начальной массовой колонизации его территории. Анализ опубликованных и архивных источников позволил уточнить специфику испомещения этих категорий служилого населения. На примере пограничного Симбирского уезда показаны особенности миграционных и демографических процессов, выделены основные этапы складывания ареала постоянного расселения в середине XVII начале XVIIIв. Сделан вывод, что различные этноконфессиональные группы ратных людей находились примерно в равном правовом положении.

В статье подведены итоги изучения складывания военизированного населения Южного Средневолжья в середине XVII начале XVIII в. Выявлена его ведущая роль в обеспечении безопасности и колонизации новых территорий. Особую значимость для исследования имело привлечение новых источников из фондов РГАДА. Показаны особенности формирования и деятельности разных категорий служилых людей. Предложена целостная концепция развития региона как фронтирного, интенсивно осваиваемого пространства Юго-Востока Европейской России. Доказано, что для разных в этническом, конфессиональном и социальном отношении групп военного населения его заселение стало процессом обретения общей родины. ; The article summed up the study of formation militarized population of the Southern Middle Volga Region in the middle of the XVII beginning of the XVIIIcentury. Its leading role in ensuring the safety and colonization of new territories was revealed. The attraction of new sources of RGADA funds had aparticular significance for the study. The features of formation and activities ofdifferent categories of service class people were shown. A holistic concept ofdevelopment of the region as an intensively mined frontier area of the Southeast European part of Russia was offered. It is proved that for various in ethno-confessional and social plan paramilitary groups of population it was the process ofacquisition of common homeland.

Abstract: Russia is the largest country in the world, on the two continents of Europe and Asia. Russia, despite great extent, from time immemorial has always been concerned about access to the seas warm the world, and Even "Ivan IV" as the founder of the country was forced to command a series of a failed expeditions to the Crimea. After that, "Peter the Great" Between 1700 and 1721 lunched bloody wars with Sweden over the Baltic Sea and After the victory, he was so concerned about access to open waters that he had to move the capital, St. Petersburg, and move Russia's political heart from Moscow to the Baltic coast. After Peter and the end of the Romanov dynasty, the Russians always considered access to hot water important, so that Russia's existence was linked to it. Perhaps this is why, during the Soviet era, Kremlin officials went beyond the development of the Crimean port region in southern Ukraine to consider building maritime terminals in Libya and Syria. Russia in the middle of the first decade of the new century after the internal crisis turned its attention to international issues. In the meantime, the Middle East, which is geographically located between Europe and East Asia, has once again come to Russia's attention. But with the recent developments in the Middle East, Moscow's military contracts and economic cooperation have shifted back to its traditional allies (such as Syria) in the region. In the new era, restored its relations with Syria. In this article, we intend to examine the geopolitical situation in Russia and answer the question: what factors have led to the Russian military presence in Syria? Factors directly related to the country's geopolitical characteristics, such as attention to Russian identity, Russia's inefficiency in resolving the Central Asian crisis, and Russia's turn to the Middle East, play an important role.