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Arts and crafts are one of the most revealants cultural witnesses for the study of the prehistorical and protohistorical periods, because they are the result of « savoire-faire » , technics, designs and functions which include tradition and change. Among this material culture, weaponry is very important, since it means the contact point between the craftmen and the impact point between people. The story of the invention and the evolution of weapons is related to needs, abilities and limits linked to three main factors : - the metal, which allows complex forms perfectly adapted to a specific use. - strategy in constant evolution and interaction with the material possibilities (quality and quantity) and the social and politic environment. - cultural traditions. The increasing knowledge is ponderated by the cultural choices. Some forms and types are the result of some research of identity more than a technical limit. The main base of this resarch is constituted by a large corpus of weapons, from the first metallic ones during the Chalcolithic to the numerous and variated weapons of the Middle Bronze Age. Until now, there was no global synthesis on this subject. Most studies concerned one form or one region. We have choose to treat the whole phenomenon, in a large geographic scale (including Eastern Aegean, Anatolia, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, the Levant, Northen Egypt, Cyprus, Iran, Persian Gulf, Margiana – 620 sites) and on the « longue durée ». In order to know and to understand the patterns of invention, development and diffusion of forms ans types, we had to create a large database. 6133 weapons are described in about sixty fields which include intrinsec data (form, dimensions, metallography), extrinsec data (region, site, context, assemblage), analytic data (typology, chronology) and bibliographical data. This database have been integrated in a GIS, allowing a evolutive cartography of weapons. The results of the typo-chronological analysis and of the distribution of weapons allow us to consider the evolution, ...

Arts and crafts are one of the most revealants cultural witnesses for the study of the prehistorical and protohistorical periods, because they are the result of « savoire-faire » , technics, designs and functions which include tradition and change. Among this material culture, weaponry is very important, since it means the contact point between the craftmen and the impact point between people. The story of the invention and the evolution of weapons is related to needs, abilities and limits linked to three main factors : - the metal, which allows complex forms perfectly adapted to a specific use. - strategy in constant evolution and interaction with the material possibilities (quality and quantity) and the social and politic environment. - cultural traditions. The increasing knowledge is ponderated by the cultural choices. Some forms and types are the result of some research of identity more than a technical limit. The main base of this resarch is constituted by a large corpus of weapons, from the first metallic ones during the Chalcolithic to the numerous and variated weapons of the Middle Bronze Age. Until now, there was no global synthesis on this subject. Most studies concerned one form or one region. We have choose to treat the whole phenomenon, in a large geographic scale (including Eastern Aegean, Anatolia, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, the Levant, Northen Egypt, Cyprus, Iran, Persian Gulf, Margiana – 620 sites) and on the « longue durée ». In order to know and to understand the patterns of invention, development and diffusion of forms ans types, we had to create a large database. 6133 weapons are described in about sixty fields which include intrinsec data (form, dimensions, metallography), extrinsec data (region, site, context, assemblage), analytic data (typology, chronology) and bibliographical data. This database have been integrated in a GIS, allowing a evolutive cartography of weapons. The results of the typo-chronological analysis and of the distribution of weapons allow us to consider the evolution, ...

Arts and crafts are one of the most revealants cultural witnesses for the study of the prehistorical and protohistorical periods, because they are the result of « savoire-faire » , technics, designs and functions which include tradition and change. Among this material culture, weaponry is very important, since it means the contact point between the craftmen and the impact point between people. The story of the invention and the evolution of weapons is related to needs, abilities and limits linked to three main factors : - the metal, which allows complex forms perfectly adapted to a specific use. - strategy in constant evolution and interaction with the material possibilities (quality and quantity) and the social and politic environment. - cultural traditions. The increasing knowledge is ponderated by the cultural choices. Some forms and types are the result of some research of identity more than a technical limit. The main base of this resarch is constituted by a large corpus of weapons, from the first metallic ones during the Chalcolithic to the numerous and variated weapons of the Middle Bronze Age. Until now, there was no global synthesis on this subject. Most studies concerned one form or one region. We have choose to treat the whole phenomenon, in a large geographic scale (including Eastern Aegean, Anatolia, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, the Levant, Northen Egypt, Cyprus, Iran, Persian Gulf, Margiana – 620 sites) and on the « longue durée ». In order to know and to understand the patterns of invention, development and diffusion of forms ans types, we had to create a large database. 6133 weapons are described in about sixty fields which include intrinsec data (form, dimensions, metallography), extrinsec data (region, site, context, assemblage), analytic data (typology, chronology) and bibliographical data. This database have been integrated in a GIS, allowing a evolutive cartography of weapons. The results of the typo-chronological analysis and of the distribution of weapons allow us to consider the evolution, ...

Arts and crafts are one of the most revealants cultural witnesses for the study of the prehistorical and protohistorical periods, because they are the result of « savoire-faire » , technics, designs and functions which include tradition and change. Among this material culture, weaponry is very important, since it means the contact point between the craftmen and the impact point between people. The story of the invention and the evolution of weapons is related to needs, abilities and limits linked to three main factors : - the metal, which allows complex forms perfectly adapted to a specific use. - strategy in constant evolution and interaction with the material possibilities (quality and quantity) and the social and politic environment. - cultural traditions. The increasing knowledge is ponderated by the cultural choices. Some forms and types are the result of some research of identity more than a technical limit. The main base of this resarch is constituted by a large corpus of weapons, from the first metallic ones during the Chalcolithic to the numerous and variated weapons of the Middle Bronze Age. Until now, there was no global synthesis on this subject. Most studies concerned one form or one region. We have choose to treat the whole phenomenon, in a large geographic scale (including Eastern Aegean, Anatolia, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, the Levant, Northen Egypt, Cyprus, Iran, Persian Gulf, Margiana – 620 sites) and on the « longue durée ». In order to know and to understand the patterns of invention, development and diffusion of forms ans types, we had to create a large database. 6133 weapons are described in about sixty fields which include intrinsec data (form, dimensions, metallography), extrinsec data (region, site, context, assemblage), analytic data (typology, chronology) and bibliographical data. This database have been integrated in a GIS, allowing a evolutive cartography of weapons. The results of the typo-chronological analysis and of the distribution of weapons allow us to consider the evolution, ...

The Arab Gulf states in the west : imaginings, perceptions, and constructions / Marwa Maziad and Dania Koleilat Khatib -- Evolving perceptions of the Arab Gulf states in the US -- it didn't JASTA be this way : the passage of the Justice Against Sponsors Against Terrorism Act as a failure of Arab lobbying / David des Roches -- Arab Gulf states : lobbying in the US in the wake of the Arab uprisings / Dania Koleilat Khatib -- The United States and the Gulf in the age of Trump : perceptions, possibilities, and challenges / Charles Dunne -- Arab Gulf states in Europe and the non-Arab Middle East : France, the United Kingdom, Turkey and Israel -- The perception of the Gulf States in France : from support of terrorism to threats to the national sovereignty / Rachid Chaker -- The public diplomacy paradox : Saudi Arabia's negative image in the UK / Najah al-Otaibi -- The Turkish burden : the cost of the Turkey-Qatar alliance and hard power projection into Qatar's foreign policy / Marwa Maziad -- Image of the Gulf states in Israeli epistemic community / Mohamed Youness -- Competing images of Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates : nation branding, regional leadership, and projections in film, media, and culture -- Virtual enlargement in practice : investment policy as branding in the case of Qatar and the United Arab Emirates in the crisis-hit European Union / Màté Szalai -- Saudi Arabia's national roles after the Arab uprisings : the image transformation from Western whist partner to proactive regional leader / Luiza Gimenez Cerioli -- Film festivals in the Arabian Gulf : global image projection or local industry construction? / Abdulrahman Alghannam -- The Gulf in western hearts and minds : the dilemma of stereotypical frames and perceptions / Khalid al-Jaber -- The Arab Gulf states in international organizations : NATO and the United Nations -- NATO and the threats to the Gulf regional security / Ashraf Keshk -- Relations between the Gulf Cooperation council (GCC) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) : perceptions of change / Angus Taverner -- Islam and UN human rights treaty ratification in the GCC countries / Rachel A. George.

The lower valley of the Syrian Euphrates, the Shahrizor Plain in Iraq and the Balkh Oasis in Afghanistan are three regions where archaeological tells have been collateral victims of contemporary conflicts. Through the analysis of 483 sites in these regions and three sites outside these areas, this research focuses on a range of damage including mechanical erosion, chemical erosion, biospheric erosion, looting, military occupation of sites and weapons impacts. The study of this damage has made it possible to identify the chronological periods targeted by looters and their preferred excavation methods. The military occupation of the sites also reflects a certain form of planning, and the study of the damages has highlighted the sites most likely to be militarised. Furthermore, the study of the overall damage bears witness to the archaeological potential still present on these sites. We thus estimated that the vast majority of the damaged sites could still provide us with information on past societies and propose suitable survey and excavation methods. The study of looting and military occupations is also part of a contemporary archaeology approach, for which there is a high potential in the Middle East and Central Asia. A discipline which, if it emerges, will require an ethical and collaborative approach. ; La basse vallée de l'Euphrate Syrien, la plaine de Shahrizor en Irak et l'Oasis de Balkh en Afghanistan, sont trois régions où les tells archéologiques ont été les victimes collatérales des conflits contemporains. À travers l'analyse de 483 sites de ces régions et de trois sites hors zones, la présente recherche dissèque un éventail de dégâts comprenant l'érosion mécanique, l'érosion chimique, l'érosion biosphérique, le pillage, l'occupation militaire des sites et les impacts d'armes. L'étude de ces dommages a permis d'identifier les périodes chronologiques ciblées par les fouilleurs clandestins et leurs méthodes de fouilles privilégiées. L'occupation militaire des sites traduit également une certaine forme de ...

The lower valley of the Syrian Euphrates, the Shahrizor Plain in Iraq and the Balkh Oasis in Afghanistan are three regions where archaeological tells have been collateral victims of contemporary conflicts. Through the analysis of 483 sites in these regions and three sites outside these areas, this research focuses on a range of damage including mechanical erosion, chemical erosion, biospheric erosion, looting, military occupation of sites and weapons impacts. The study of this damage has made it possible to identify the chronological periods targeted by looters and their preferred excavation methods. The military occupation of the sites also reflects a certain form of planning, and the study of the damages has highlighted the sites most likely to be militarised. Furthermore, the study of the overall damage bears witness to the archaeological potential still present on these sites. We thus estimated that the vast majority of the damaged sites could still provide us with information on past societies and propose suitable survey and excavation methods. The study of looting and military occupations is also part of a contemporary archaeology approach, for which there is a high potential in the Middle East and Central Asia. A discipline which, if it emerges, will require an ethical and collaborative approach. ; La basse vallée de l'Euphrate Syrien, la plaine de Shahrizor en Irak et l'Oasis de Balkh en Afghanistan, sont trois régions où les tells archéologiques ont été les victimes collatérales des conflits contemporains. À travers l'analyse de 483 sites de ces régions et de trois sites hors zones, la présente recherche dissèque un éventail de dégâts comprenant l'érosion mécanique, l'érosion chimique, l'érosion biosphérique, le pillage, l'occupation militaire des sites et les impacts d'armes. L'étude de ces dommages a permis d'identifier les périodes chronologiques ciblées par les fouilleurs clandestins et leurs méthodes de fouilles privilégiées. L'occupation militaire des sites traduit également une certaine forme de ...

The term Middle-Income Trap (MIT) began to develop due to the growth rate of middle-income countries which had stagnated since 1980 (Pruchnik & Zowczak, 2017). This is due to the inability of a country to compete with high-income countries that are superior in technology, as well as low-income countries which are superior because they have cheap labour costs (Pruchnik & Zowczak, 2017). Indonesia as one of the MIT countries need to find a solution so that it does not continue to be trapped in it, the case experienced by Indonesia does not only threaten Indonesia to be caught in MIT's trap, but it can fall back into a low-income country (Basri & Putra, 2016). Therefore, Indonesia's role in the economic sector in the Indo-Pacific region is essential. The Indonesian government is expected to be able to use this opportunity to get out of the MIT trap as well as take advantage of the opportunities that exist to minimize the potential for Indonesia to fall back into a low-income country. In order to improve its economy, Indonesia can maximize the marine and fisheries sector or better known as the Blue Economy, including developing the marine tourism industry, such as increasing diving tourism destinations. Apart from that, the national leadership role is also significant and crucial, especially in strengthening the industrial sector (Basri & Putra, 2016). Using secondary data and case study methods, this paper will examine the opportunities that can be taken by Indonesia as an MIT country in the economic sector (especially the Blue Economy) in the Indo-Pacific region.Istilah Middle-Income Trap (MIT) mulai berkembang karena laju pertumbuhan negara-negara berpenghasilan menengah yang mengalami stagnasi sejak tahun 1980 (Pruchnik & Zowczak, 2017). Hal ini disebabkan ketidakmampuan suatu negara untuk bersaing dengan negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi yang unggul dalam teknologi, serta negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah yang unggul karena memiliki biaya tenaga kerja yang murah (Pruchnik & Zowczak, 2017). Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara MIT perlu mencari solusi agar tidak terus terjebak di dalamnya, kasus yang dialami Indonesia tidak hanya mengancam Indonesia untuk terjebak dalam jebakan MIT, namun bisa jatuh kembali ke posisi terendah pendapatan negara (Basri & Putra, 2016). Oleh karena itu, peran Indonesia dalam sektor ekonomi di kawasan Indo-Pasifik sangat penting. Pemerintah Indonesia diharapkan dapat memanfaatkan peluang ini untuk keluar dari jebakan MIT serta memanfaatkan peluang yang ada untuk meminimalisir potensi Indonesia terjerumus kembali menjadi negara berpenghasilan rendah. Dalam rangka meningkatkan perekonomiannya, Indonesia dapat memaksimalkan sektor kelautan dan perikanan atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Blue Economy, termasuk mengembangkan industri wisata bahari, seperti memperbanyak destinasi wisata selam. Selain itu, peran kepemimpinan nasional juga signifikan dan krusial, terutama dalam penguatan sektor industri (Basri & Putra, 2016). Dengan menggunakan data sekunder dan metode studi kasus, tulisan ini akan mengkaji peluang yang dapat diambil oleh Indonesia sebagai negara MIT di sektor ekonomi (khususnya Blue Economy) di kawasan Indo-Pasifik.

В статье осуществлен теоретический анализ национализма на государственном и общественно-политическом уровнях в национальных регионах Поволжья в период формирования федеративного государственного устройства России. Исторические условия формирования рассматриваемого национализма – параллельные процессы становления федеративной государственности России и регионального суверенитета поволжских национальных республик: республики Татарстан и республики Башкортостан. В статье методом сравнительного анализа исследуется генезис национализмов, его основания и формы; исследуется деятельность общественно-политических движений; сопоставляются статистические данные по этническому составу республик, данные результатов республиканских плебисцитов; анализируются нормы конституций республик Татарстан и Башкортостан. В результате исследования установлено, что «региональный» национализм Поволжских республик объективно вступил в противоречие с федеральным, общероссийским государственным национализмом с его демократизмом этнического равноправия, в то время как «региональный» национализм закрепился в форме этнонационализма в вопросах кадровой политики. Также установлено, что процесс суверенизации стал ответом на исторически предшествующую ему сверхцентрализацию, что представляется закономерным явлением исторической динамики. ; The article is a theoretical analysis of nationalism in the state, public and political levels in the national regions of the Volga region during the formation of a federal state structure of Russia. The historical conditions of formation considered nationalism the parallel processes of formation of a federal state and regional sovereignty of the Russian Volga national republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. In the article the method of comparative analysis investigated the genesis of nationalism, its foundation and forms; The activity of social and political movements; compared statistical data on the ethnic composition of the republics, these results republican plebiscites; analyzes the provisions of the Constitution of Republic of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. The study found that "regional" objective nationalism Volga Republic came into conflict with the federal, national state nationalism with its democracy ethnic equality, while the "regional" entrenched nationalism in the form of ethnic nationalism in matters of personnel policy. It is also established that the sovereignty was in response to historically precedes it excessive centralization, which seems a natural phenomenon of historical dynamics.

SUMMARY:
Diliara Usmanova poses a question whether the framework of national history captures vicissitudes of historical experience of Tatars in the Russian empire and Soviet Union. The author also surveys history of the construction of the past that had gradually shifted from a narrative of a Muslim religious community to the one of national community (Tatars). Usmanova points to the fact that the "father-founders" of Tatar national history at the beginning of the 20 th century came out from the Muslim intellectual milieu and educational network and yet they represented a shift from a religious to a more secular and ethno-centric perspective in imagining history of the Volga region population. Usmanova observes that the first stage in the formation of the canon Tatar national history was represented by the recovery of history of ancient states that had existed in the Volga region (including history of the Golden Horde). In an effort that was both a scholarly pursuit and a political action, Tatar intellectuals created a continuous narrative of Tatar history, which stressed the ancient roots of the nation and imagined an integral Tatar nation with the inclusion of Mishari, Kriashcheny, Teptiari and other diaspora and ethnic groups. Usmanova emphasizes the fact that the construction of ancient history for the Tatar national narrative did not preclude a heated debate over the key concepts that were to capture the Tatar national identity. The author argues that at the beginning of the 20 th century the concept of Tatar nationhood was no longer religious but neither was it ethnically exclusive: the concept of the Tatar people was supplemented with the notion of Turkic community. Usmanova then surveys the development of the Tatar national history narrative in the Soviet period and through the post Soviet years, describing a crystallization of the Tatar national identity on the one hand and the persistent ambiguity of historical definitions of the Volga Tatars' nationhood (Bulgar-Tatar debate), on the other.

The Arctic is attracting a great amount of attention from the publishing world. This has to do with the consequences of climate change, the suspected riches, and the reverberations of Russia's underwater journey to the seabed at the North Pole. There is still a lack of basic analytical information needed to organise the various developments. There are also few innovative suggestions for a sustainable political, economic, social, and ecological development of the region. Adapted from the source document.

This project was implemented by the Centre for East European Policy Studies in cooperation with the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in the Baltic States and European Commission Representation in Latvia

This doctoral dissertation explores, why Poland pursued a policy of engagement and balancing towards Russia between the parliamentary elections in 2001 and the European Unions Eastern Partnership summit in Vilnius in 2013. Such a policy was conducted by a middle power towards a major power, though in such cases structural realism predicts that middle powers either bandwagon or balance against major powers. Thus, this research employs neoclassical realist theory and the method of systematic process analysis to find out the reasons behind Poland's decisions in foreign policy and for that purpose four hypotheses are formulated and tested. It turned out that Poland engaged Russia for several reasons. In 2001-2005 and 2005-2007 Poland attempted to change Russia's intentions towards Poland. However, in 2007-2013 the pursuit of such policy was dictated by motives of domestic politics. But most importantly in three cases of 2001-2005, 2005-2006 and 2007-2013 Polish governments sought through a policy of engagement to show Western states, that Poland is not a "russophobic country," trying to entangle the EU and NATO into its drive to withhold Russia's expansionism.

This doctoral dissertation explores, why Poland pursued a policy of engagement and balancing towards Russia between the parliamentary elections in 2001 and the European Unions Eastern Partnership summit in Vilnius in 2013. Such a policy was conducted by a middle power towards a major power, though in such cases structural realism predicts that middle powers either bandwagon or balance against major powers. Thus, this research employs neoclassical realist theory and the method of systematic process analysis to find out the reasons behind Poland's decisions in foreign policy and for that purpose four hypotheses are formulated and tested. It turned out that Poland engaged Russia for several reasons. In 2001-2005 and 2005-2007 Poland attempted to change Russia's intentions towards Poland. However, in 2007-2013 the pursuit of such policy was dictated by motives of domestic politics. But most importantly in three cases of 2001-2005, 2005-2006 and 2007-2013 Polish governments sought through a policy of engagement to show Western states, that Poland is not a "russophobic country," trying to entangle the EU and NATO into its drive to withhold Russia's expansionism.

This doctoral dissertation explores, why Poland pursued a policy of engagement and balancing towards Russia between the parliamentary elections in 2001 and the European Unions Eastern Partnership summit in Vilnius in 2013. Such a policy was conducted by a middle power towards a major power, though in such cases structural realism predicts that middle powers either bandwagon or balance against major powers. Thus, this research employs neoclassical realist theory and the method of systematic process analysis to find out the reasons behind Poland's decisions in foreign policy and for that purpose four hypotheses are formulated and tested. It turned out that Poland engaged Russia for several reasons. In 2001-2005 and 2005-2007 Poland attempted to change Russia's intentions towards Poland. However, in 2007-2013 the pursuit of such policy was dictated by motives of domestic politics. But most importantly in three cases of 2001-2005, 2005-2006 and 2007-2013 Polish governments sought through a policy of engagement to show Western states, that Poland is not a "russophobic country," trying to entangle the EU and NATO into its drive to withhold Russia's expansionism.