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Contents: 1. Outcomes and Situations after 1989 (Ghodsee, Kristen: Red Nostalgia? Communism, Women's Emancipation, and Economic Transformation in Bulgaria. - Fabian, Katalin: Bridges Across the Public-Private Divide. The Welfare-Related Activism of Hungarian Women after 1989. - Javakhadze, Khatuna: Gender Balance and the Board of Trustees Program in Georgia. - Burkhardt, Anke/Schlegel, Uta: Frauen an ostdeutschen Hochschulen - in den gleichstellungspolitischen Koordinaten vor und nach der "Wende". - Tolstokorova, Alissa: A Gender Approach to Linguistic Discrimination. Global Developments and Post Communist Reality. - Kolarova, Marta: The Activist Stream within the Feminist Movement in the Czech Republic at the Beginning of 21st Century. - Novikova, Irina: History, National Belongings and Women's Movements in the Baltic Countries. - Dabrowska, Magdalena: What does it mean to be Feminist in Poland? Debates on Feminism in the Young Democracy. - Wöhrer, Veronika: "Som feministika, no a co?" Versuche, mit einem Schimpfwort politische Arbeit zu machen. - Jogan, Maca: The Decomposition of Sexism in the Second part of the 20th Century in Slovenia. - Kasic, Biljana: Feminist Moments, Time-Lags, Innovations - a case study of Feminism(s) in Croatia. - Cickaric, Lilijana: Nationalism, Ethnis Conflicts, and Women's Resistance in Serbia. - Bejtullahu, Alma: Female Singers in Rural Kosovo - from the Domestic to the Public Domain. - Mitrofanova, Anastasia V.: Gender in Russian Literacy and Philosophical Culture - Transcending Sex. - Zherebkin, Sergei: "Male fantasies" in Ukraine. "Fucking Women and Building Nation". - Zherebkina, Irina: "How we solve Woman's Issue" or Performative Gender in the former USSR). - 2. Gender Policies and Images of Women in Socialism (Antic, Milica G./Vidmar, Ksenija H.: The construction of Woma's Identity in Socialism - the case of Slovenia. - Praspaliauskiene, Rima: Women's Activism in Lithunia 1945-1985. - Peto, Andrea: Redefinitions of "Statist Feminist" and Contemporary Conservative and Extreme Rightist Hungarian Female Politicians. The Case of the Hungarian 1956 Revolution. - Eremeeva, Anna: The Woman-Scientist in Soviet Artistic Discourse). - 3. Women's Movements (Pushkareva, Natalia: Feminism in Russia - two Centuries of History. - Gerasymenko, Ganna: The Development of Feminist Tradition in Ukraine. - Smolyar, Lyudmyla: Between Feminism and Nationalism or the Main Features of ...

Description for press or other media: The dialogue between the sciences and theology becomes ever more urgent. Hans Schwarz chronicles the dialogue of the last two centuries, introduces the main protagonists of today's dialogue and explains the current areas of conflict.

Martin Luther`s Theses against indulgences (1517) provided the impetus for the Reformation. This volume examines the context of this epochal moment against the backdrop of the extensive campaigns against indulgences that had roiled Church life over the previous two centuries. The essays explore theological, canonical, societal, economic, and cultural aspects of the sale of indulgences in the Late Middle Ages.

"The role of migration for Christianity as a world religion during the last two centuries has drawn considerable attention from scholars in different fields. The main issue this book seeks to address is the question whether and to what extent migration and diaspora formation should be considered as elements of a new historiography of global Christianity, including the reflection upon earlier epochs. By focusing on migration and diaspora, the emerging map of Christianity will include the dimension of movement and interaction between actors in different regions, providing a more comprehensive 'map of agency' of individuals and groups previously regarded as passive. Furthermore, local histories will become parts of a broader picture and historiography might correlate both local and transregional perspectives in a balanced manner. Behind this approach lies the desire to broaden the perspective of Ecclesiastical History - and religious history in general - in a more systematic manner by questioning the traditional criteria of selection. This might help us to recover previously lost actors and forgotten dynamics."

Im Zuge der Aufklärung kam die Idee auf, dass Demokratien eine friedliche Außenpolitik betreiben würden. Verschiedene Politiker aus dem liberalen Spektrum haben in den vergangenen zweihundert Jahren mit dieser Vorstellung sympathisiert und dennoch Kriege geführt, wenn sie an der Macht waren. Der Band untersucht dieses widersprüchliche Phänomen – angefangen mit Thomas Jeffersons Vorstellungen von Krieg und Frieden, über William E. Gladstones Intervention in Ägypten und die Entscheidung David Lloyd Georges und Woodrow Wilsons zum Eintritt in den Ersten Weltkrieg bis hin zu John F. Kennedys Eingreifen in Vietnam. Zudem werden Joschka Fischers Unterstützung für eine Intervention im Kosovo, Tony Blairs Beteiligung am Irakkrieg und Barack Obamas Drohnenkrieg gegen den Terror betrachtet. During the Enlightenment the idea emerged that democracies would pursue a peaceful foreign policy. Various liberal politicians sympathised with this concept during the last two centuries, yet still fought wars when they came into power. This volume analyses this controversial phenomenon – from Thomas Jefferson's conception of war and peace; William E. Gladstone's intervention in Egypt to David Lloyd George's and Woodrow Wilson's decision to enter the First World War, up to John F. Kennedy's intervention in Vietnam. Additionally, the volume focuses on Joschka Fischer's support of an intervention in Kosovo, Tony Blair's involvement in the Iraq war and Barack Obama's drone war against terrorism.

For at least two centuries, democratic representation has been at the center of debate. Should elected representatives express the views of the majority, or do they have the discretion to interpret their constituents' interests? How can representatives balance the desires of their parties and their electors? What should be done to strengthen the representation of groups that have been excluded from the political system? Representative democracy itself remains frequently contested, regarded as incapable of reflecting the will of the masses, or inadequate for today's global governance. Recently, however, this view of democratic representation has been under attack for its failure to capture the performative and constructive elements of the process of representation, and a new literature more attentive to these aspects of the relationship between representatives and the represented has arisen. In Creating Political Presence, a diverse and international group of scholars explores the implications of such a turn. Two broad, overlapping perspectives emerge. In the first section, the contributions investigate how political representation relates to empowerment, either facilitating or interfering with the capacity of citizens to develop autonomous judgment in collective decision making. Contributions in the second section look at representation from the perspective of inclusion, focusing on how representative relationships and claims articulate the demands of those who are excluded or have no voice. The final section examines political representation from a more systemic perspective, exploring its broader environmental conditions and the way it acquires democratic legitimacy.

Since the beginning of the 19th century, orally transmitted songs in the Alpine region have been increasingly transcribed into music notation. The translation of sound into writing poses an essential problem of ethnomusicology; here we can study this process in a field that is clearly defined and delimited and has experienced many different forms of music transcription over a period of more than two centuries. The present research results provide insight into the processes by which wordless singing in the German-speaking Alpine region was transcribed and how the results affected musical traditions. Characteristics of alpine yodeling and related singing styles came under the influence of norms of notation-based music, in particular diatonic scales and the formal characteristics of written songs. Music notation functions as a transformative technology, which helps to shape the content and form of music and leads to new possibilities as well as to limitations in the presentation and storage of musical content. - Seit dem Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden mündlich tradierte Gesangs­gattungen im Alpenraum zunehmend musikalisch transkribiert. Die Übersetzung des Klangs in Schrift, eine wesentliche Thematik der Musikethnologie, kann hier in einem Feld beobachtet werden, das klar definiert und abgegrenzt wird und diesen Prozess der Verschriftlichung über rund zwei Jahrhunderte in vielfältigen Aus­prägungen erlebte. Die vorliegenden Forschungsresultate geben Einsicht in die Prozesse, durch welche der wortlose Gesang im deutschsprachigen Alpenraum verschriftlicht wurde, und die daraus erfolgten Rückwirkungen auf die musikalische Tradierung. Merkmale des alpenländischen Jodlers und verwandter Gesangsstile wurden von den Normen der schriftbasierten Musik, im Speziellen von diatonischen Tonskalen und den formalen Eigenschaften von Liedern, überlagert. Musiknotation funk­tioniert hierbei als transformative Technologie, welche den Inhalt und die Form der Musik mitgestaltet und sowohl zu neuen Möglichkeiten als auch zu Einschränkungen in der Darstellung und Speicherung musikalischer Inhalte führt.

The necropolis of Ripacandida in southern Italy (Apulia/prov. Foggia) is situated on a hill mediating between the uplands of the southern Apennines to the west and the Adriatic shore to the east. The local Archaic-Classical community (6th/5th century BCE) witnessed the rise of eastern Mediterranean settlements (apoikiai) in southern Italy and thereby the creation of a completely new situation of cultural transfer and encounter in the region. This is reflected in the material goods incorporated in the tombs that will entirely be presented and discussed in the volume. While largely maintaining their traditional ties to the neighboring areas, reflected in the use of material culture from the adjacent areas, the influx of Greek elements rises remarkably during the use period of the graveyard. It however becomes apparent that the Greek-style pottery incorporated into the local society does not replace traditional shapes and wares but rather complemented by these imports or imitations. In the course of the two centuries under investigation, the affiliation of the local community seems to shift from a more inland-orientated perspective to a closer connection to the lowlands Adriatic shore. The local community in the 6th century BCE was basically organized in an egalitarian way in small household units as suggested by the tombs arranged in clusters. In the 5th century BCE, richly equipped burials of males were separated from the tomb clusters, indicating social changes. At the same time, richly equipped females become prominent in some clusters and take over some male burial features (body placement), possibly indicating the takeover of male characteristics, like the household head, in the living community as well. The minute analysis of the local community and the comparison with other sites of the region shows that the indigenous society in the period under study is not at all static but very dynamic, and not a mere static receiver of new impulses coming from the 'culturally superior' (and much better researched) newcomers from the east. A number of internal social developments (i.e. hierarchization, reorganization of familial structures and gender roles, economic reorientation) occurred within the indigenous communities of southeastern Italy that cannot be attributed to external stimuli triggered by foreign presence alone.

This is the first German work since 1955 about Iranian weaponry of the 15th to the 19th centuries – universally considered by experts as the most masterful works of metallurgy of their times in form and ornamentation. It presents types of weaponry from two museums, especially those made of Damascus steel. The study is one of very few comprehensive academic works on the theme and is sure to be of great interest to collectors.